Geometry

MTHT 206 - Teaching Math in the Primary Grades

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Targets
At the end of the unit, the student must have:

• described and identified parallel, intersecting, and

perpendicular lines;
• described and illustrated different angles (right,
acute, obtuse, straight) using models; and
• identified pairs of supplementary angles and
vertical angles.

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Targets
At the end of the unit, the student must have:

• described the attributes/properties of triangles and

quadrilaterals;
• identified and described the triangles according to
sides and angles; and
• identified and described the different kinds of
quadrilaterals: square, rectangle, parallelogram,
trapezoid, and rhombus;
Basic Geometric
Ideas

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 Observe the things around you at home. Can you
imagine the things inside your house without
shape? How will it looked like without shape?

All the things you see inside your house suggest

geometric ideas and figures.

Study some of the common geometric figures listed the next slide.

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Geometric Figures Description Synbol Read as

A A point is an exact location is space. A Point A

A line is a collection of points along a
PQ Line PQ or line QP
P Q straight path.
A line segment is a part of a line having two Line segment XY or line
end points. XY segment YX
X Y
A ray is a part of a line having only one Ray OT (not the same as
endpoint. OT ray TO)
O T
X ∠ XOY, Angle XOY
1 An angle is formed by two rays that have a
O ∠ 1, or Angle 1
common endpoint.
Y ∠O Angle O

D C A plane is a set of points that goes on Plane ABCD Plane ABCD or plane
endlessly in all directions as it froms flat or plane
A
α alpha
surface aplha
B

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Please take note that

Geometric figures like points, lines, line segments, angles, and

planes can be seen almost everywhere. We draw tangible
representations of these ideas to make it easier to imagine
what they look like.

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Kinds of Angles

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 Angles, like any geometrical figure, are found everywhere, We
see them in twigs, buildings, street maps, and many more.
Here is an illustration
B

A C
Figure 1

The sides of ∠BAC in Figure 1 are rays namely AC and

ray AB as denoted as AC and AB, respectively. The two
rays have A as the common endpoint called vertex. The
measure of an angle can be determine using a protractor.
A protractor looks like a half of a circular region as
shown on the right.

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Please take note that

A protractor is used to measure any angle. Degree (°) is the

standard unit of measure for angles.
A vertex is the point where two straight rays or line segments
meet. The plural of vertex is vertices.

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There are two scales on a protractor: the inner scale and the outer scale. The outer
scale is marked counterclockwise from 0° to 180°. The outer scale is marked
clockwise from 0° to 180°.

To get the measure of ∠CAB, we put the vertex A at the center of the protractor and
let AB point at 0. Then AC must be pointing a number between 0 and 180. This
number is the measure of ∠CAB. We use “degree” as the unit of measure of an angle.

If the measure of an angle is 30 degrees, we write 30°.

C

B A

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How to draw an angle with a given measure?
Let us draw angles with degree measures 50°.
Step 1. Draw a ray.
Step 2. Put the center of the protractor at the endpoint of the ray with the arrowhead
pointing at zero (0). The endpoint of the ray serves as the vertex of the angle.
Step 3. Mark with a point the number 50 at the outer scale of the protractor.
Step 4. Lift the protractor and use its straightedge to draw the second ray from the
vertex through the point at the 50-mark of the protractor.

50°

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An angle can be classified according to its measure.

This angle measures 90°. It forms a square

corner. This is called a right angle.

This angles measure 45°. An angle that

measure greater than 0° but less than 90° is
an acute angle.

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An angle can be classified according to its measure.

This angle measures 120°. An angle that

measure greater than 90° but less than 180°
is an obtuse angle.

This angle measures 180°. This is called a

straight angle.

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Please take note that

Angles are classified according to their degree measure. These

are:
acute angle which measures greater than 0° but less than 90°,
obtuse angle which measures more than 90° but less than 180°,
right angle which measures 90°, and
straight angle which measures 180°.

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 Angle Pairs

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 Based on the picture, we can see paddles that
intersect. Just like the rice paddles,
intersecting lines form pairs of angles.

A D
In Figure 1, AB and CD intersect each other at P forming two sets of angle
P pairs, namely supplementary angles and vertical angles

∠APC and ∠APD are supplementary angles.

C ∠APC and ∠BPC are supplementary angles.
B
Figure 1
∠APD and ∠BPD are supplementary angles.
∠BPC and ∠BPD are supplementary angles.

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 A D
Vertical Angles
P
∠APC and ∠BPD are vertical angles.
∠APD and ∠BPC are vertical angles. C
B
Figure 1

How are two vertical angles related and how are two supplementary angles related?
To answer the question, we use a protractor and the angle pairs in Figure 1. If we put
P at the center of the protractor and let PA point at 0 obviously points at 180°. This is
because PA and PB are opposite rays. The other pair of rays, PC and PD, are also
opposite rays.

As the figure shows, the sum of the measures of supplementary angles is 180°, and
the measures of the vertical angles are equal. To express the measure of angle, we
use the symbol m∠APC, read as “the degree measure of angle APC”

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 A D

Here is the summary. P

Supplementary Angles
C
m∠APC + m∠APD = 180° B
Figure 1
m∠APC + m∠BPC = 180°
m∠APD + m∠BPD = 180°
m∠BPC + m∠BPD = 180°

Vertical Angles

m∠APC = m∠BPD
m∠APD = m∠BPC

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If two lines in a plane intersect each other forming right angles, then the lines are
said to be perpendicular with each other. For emphasis, we can also say that two
lines intersect perpendicularly.

E In Figure 2, CD and EF are perpendicular. The small box at

the intersection indicates perpendicularity and the four
P
angles formed, namely ∠CPE, ∠CPF, ∠DPE, and ∠DPF are
C D right angles. As we already know, the degree measure of the
F right angle is 90°. Hence,
m∠CPE = m∠CPF =∠DPE = m∠DPF = 90°
Figure 2

Note that all pairs of supplementary angles and all pairs of vertical angles
formed by perpendicular lines are right angles.

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If we just get an angle in Figure 2, say ∠EPD and draw another ray from P
going to Q, then we have another pair of angles as shown in the figure below.

Q In Figure 3, ∠EPQ and ∠DPQ are complementary

angles. The sum of the degree measures of
complementary angles if 90°. Thus,
P D
Figure 3 m∠EPQ + ∠DPQ = 90°

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We have shown two ways on how a pair of lines can be drawn in a plane. These
are the intersecting lines and the perpendicular lines. There is a third way on how
two lines can be drawn in a plane, but this time they do not intersect as shown
below.

W
A B
V

Y
C D
X
Figure 4

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Two lines in a plane that do not intersect are called parallel lines, In Figure 4, AB
and CD are parallel lines, and VW and XY are parallel lines. As we can see,
parallel lines do not determine angles. If we draw a line that intersect the parallel
line, we form angle pairs.

W E
A B V
G A B
Y
C D X
H
C D

Figure 4
F
Figure 5

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In Figure 5, GB and HD are parallel, and EF intersects both of them at A and C,
respectively.
E
At vertex A, the pairs of supplementary angles formed are:
∠BAE and ∠EAG ∠EAG and ∠GAC G A B

∠GAC and ∠CAB ∠CAB and ∠BAE

H
C D
At vertex A, the pairs of vertical angles formed are:
Figure 5
∠BAE and ∠GAC F

∠GAE and ∠CAB

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In Figure 6, KL and MN are parallel, and I J is perpendicular to KL at I and to
MN at J. Hence, all pairs of supplementary angles and all pairs of vertical angles
formed are right angles.

I
K L

M J N

Figure 6

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Please take note that

If two lines in a plane intersect, then they form pairs of supplementary

angles and pairs of vertical angles.
The sum of the degree measures of a pair of supplementary angles is
180°.
The measure of a pair of vertical angles are equal.
If two lines in a plane intersect perpendicularly, then all angles formed
are right angles. The degree measure of a right angle is 90°.
If two lines in a plane fail to intersect, then they are said to be parallel
with each other.
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Geometric Figures Description Synbol Read as
A
B Parallel lines are lines in the same plane
Line AB is parallel to line
E that never intersect and have no common AB EF EF
F points.

R Q
X Intersecting lines are lines that cross at R S and PQ Line RS intersects line PQ
exactly one point, called the point of
intersect at at point X.
intersection. point X
P S
M
Perpendicular lines are intersecting lines Line ON is perpendicular
that form right angles.
ON ⊥ MH
to line MH.
O N

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 Triangles

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The shape shown in the picture of the food
pyramid is a triangle. A triangle is a closed
figure or polygon with three sides.

The sides are segments that intersect in pairs at

their endpoint as shown in the following
figure. B

A C
Figure 1

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 B In Figure 1, we have triangle ABC, written in
symbol as △ABC, where A, B, and C are its
vertices and AB, AC, BC, are its sides. A
triangle can be named using the vertices in any
order. Hence, △ABC can also be called
A C
△ACB, △BAC, △BCA, △CAB, or △CBA.

Figure 1

The total measure of all the angles of a

triangle is 180°.

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A triangle can be classified according to the measure of its
angles and the lengths of its sides. B

1) Acute triangle - a triangle is acute if all its

angles are acute.
∠A, ∠B, and ∠C are all acute angles. A C
Figure 2

2) Right triangle - a triangle is right if it

E
has a right angle.
The box of the vertex D indicates that ∠D is
a right angle.
D F
Figure 3
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 H
3) Obtuse triangle - a triangle is obtuse if it
has an obtuse angle.
G I
∠G is an obtuse angle.
Figure 4

K
4) Equiangular triangle - a triangle whose
angles are congruent.
∠J = ∠K = ∠L J L

Figure 5

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 K
5) Scalene triangle - a triangle is scalene if no
two of it sides have equal lengths obtuse
angle. L
J
JK, JL, and KL are not equal. Figure 6

N
6) Isosceles triangle - a triangle is isosceles if
it has at least two sides whose lengths are
equal.
The slash marks (/) on the two sides indicate
that MN = NO
M O
Figure 7

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 Q
Equilateral triangle - a triangle is
7)
equilateral if the lengths of all the slash
marks on the three sides indicate equal
lengths.
P R
Hence, PQ = PR = QR.
Figure 8

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Quadrilaterals

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One of the most common plane figures
is the quadrilaterals. Here is the family
of quadrilaterals.

Family of Quadrilateral

parallelogram
kite

rectangle isosceles
right trapezoid trapezoid
rhombus square
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Classification of Quadrilaterals

A quadrilateral are 4-sided closed figures made up of line

segments.
parallelogram

A parallelogram that has four right angles.

rectangle

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Classification of Quadrilaterals

A parallelogram that has four equal sides.

rhombus

A rectangle that has four congruent sides.

square

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Classification of Quadrilaterals

right trapezoid Only 1 pair of opposite sides are parallel.

isosceles
trapezoid

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Please take note that
A triangle can be classified according to the length of its sides,
such as equilateral, isosceles, and scalene and according to the
measure of of its angles, such as equiangular, acute, obtuse
and right.
Parallelograms, trapezoids, and kites are quadrilaterals.
Rectangles and rhombuses/rhombi are parallelograms.
A square is a rectangle.
A square is a rhombus.

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