Thermal Physics

IBDP1
Physics
Specific heat capacity calculation
Experimental Investigation
Using Power in Heat Equation
Δ𝐸
• P𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑃 =
𝑡
𝑄
• Power 𝑃 =
𝑡
𝑄
• Time taken 𝑡 =
𝑃
Phase Change
• Heating ice
Phase changes
Melting: when a solid changes to a liquid (thermal energy is
transferred to the solid)
Freezing: when a liquid changes into a solid (thermal energy is
transferred away from the liquid)
Vaporization (or boiling): when a liquid changes into vapour (thermal
energy is transferred to the liquid)
Condensation: when a vapour changes into a liquid (thermal energy is
transferred away from the vapour).
Evaporation: vaporization taking place at the surface of a liquid at any
temperature
Phase change
When water is heated, each change of state
(melting, boiling) involves the following:
• there must be an input of energy
• the temperature does not change
• the molecules are breaking free of one another
• their potential energy is increasing.

In between the changes of state:

• the input of energy raises the temperature of the
substance
• the molecules move faster
• their kinetic energy is increasing.
Specific Latent heat
Specific Latent heat
Value for numerical
C ice 2.1 x 103 J/Kg/C
C water 4.2 x 103 J/Kg/C
C steam 2.0 x 103 J/Kg/C
L fusion 3.3 x 105 J/Kg
L vaporization 2.3 x 106 J/Kg
T mp water 0 C
T bp water 100 C
• How much energy would it take for 5kg of ice at 0C to melt into
water at 0C
C ice 2.1 x 103 J/Kg/C
C water 4.2 x 103 J/Kg/C
C steam 2.0 x 103 J/Kg/C
L fusion 3.3 x 105 J/Kg
L vaporization 2.3 x 106 J/Kg
T mp water 0 C
T bp water 100 C
• How much energy will be released from 20kg of steam at 100C if it
completely condenses into water at 100C?
C ice 2.1 x 103
J/Kg/C
C water 4.2 x 103
J/Kg/C
C steam 2.0 x 103
J/Kg/C
L fusion 3.3 x 105
J/Kg
L 2.3 x 106
varorisatio J/Kg
n
T mp 0 C
water
T bp water 100 C
• You have 2kg of water at 20C and you want to heat it until the
moment it is completely evaporated into gas. How much heat do you
need to supply?
C ice 2.1 x 103
J/Kg/C
C water 4.2 x 103
J/Kg/C
C steam 2.0 x 103
J/Kg/C
L fusion 3.3 x 105 J/Kg
L varorisation 2.3 x 106 J/Kg
T mp water 0 C
T bp water 100 C
• You want to heat 5kg of -15C ice until it becomes 20 C water. How
much heat do you need to supply?
C ice 2.1 x 103
J/Kg/C
C water 4.2 x 103
J/Kg/C
C steam 2.0 x 103
J/Kg/C
L fusion 3.3 x 105
J/Kg
L 2.3 x 106
varorisation J/Kg
T mp water 0 C
T bp water 100 C
• A constant power supply of 5000W is used to heat a 10kg block of ice
at its melting point. Using the table of information for water,
determine how long it will take to completely melt the ice.

C ice 2.1 x 103 J/Kg/C

C water 4.2 x 103 J/Kg/C
C steam 2.0 x 103 J/Kg/C
L fusion 3.3 x 105 J/Kg
L varorisation 2.3 x 106 J/Kg
T mp water 0 C
T bp water 100 C
• How much power would be required to heat 20kg of water from 10C
to 30 C in 5 minutes?

C ice 2.1 x 103

J/Kg/C
C water 4.2 x 103
J/Kg/C
C steam 2.0 x 103
J/Kg/C
L fusion 3.3 x 105 J/Kg
L varorisation 2.3 x 106 J/Kg
T mp water 0 C
T bp water 100 C
• A stove provides 2000W to 10kg of water initially at 20C. how much
time would it take to completely evaporate the water?

C ice 2.1 x 103 J/Kg/C

C water 4.2 x 103 J/Kg/C
C steam 2.0 x 103 J/Kg/C
L fusion 3.3 x 105 J/Kg
L varorisation 2.3 x 106 J/Kg
T mp water 0 C
T bp water 100 C
Method of Mixtures
• The principle of the method of mixtures states that
The heat lost by a hot body is equal to the heat gained by the
cold body when they are mixed together and attain the same
temperature.

• This principle is based on the law of conservation of energy.

𝐻ⅇ𝑎𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑡

𝐻ⅇ𝑎𝑡 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑
 𝐸0 = 𝑚0 𝐶0 20 − 𝑇

𝐸𝑖 = 𝑚𝑖 𝐶𝑖 𝑇 − −5 + 𝑚𝑖 𝑙𝑖

𝐸0 = 𝐸𝑖

𝑚0 𝐶0 20 − 𝑇 = 𝑚𝑖 𝐶𝑖 𝑇 + 5 + 𝑚𝑖 𝑙𝑖
Cooling of liquid
• the rate at which the temperature decreases,
is proportional to the difference in
temperature between the liquid and the
surroundings

Δ𝑇
= 𝑘 𝑇 − 𝑇𝑠
Δ𝑡

• the constant k is proportional to the area of

the surface of the liquid.
Thermal energy
Thermal Energy Transfer
Conduction

Solids are generally better thermal conductors than liquids, and liquids conduct
better than gases. This can be explained by considering the closeness of
particles and the strength of forces between them.
The rate of thermal energy flow, ΔQ / Δt, will be proportional
to the temperature difference, ΔT, and the area, A, but inversely
proportional to the thickness, Δx. It also obviously depends on
the thermal properties of the substance involved.

k is a constant, different for each substance. It is called the

thermal conductivity of the substance
Unit: W m−1 K−1.
Conduction
Double glazing
Convection
Thermal convection
Thermal radiation
• All matter / objects emit
electromagnetic waves because of the
movement of charged particles within
their atoms. This is called thermal
radiation.

Most commonly this radiation is called

infrared, but if the temperature is hot
enough, visible light is also emitted.
• Although it is true to say that thermal radiation is emitted
continuously by all matter at all temperatures, we tend to only notice
it coming from hot objects. The power of the emitted radiation from
any surface depends on:
Good absorbers and good emitters of
thermal radiation
 Radiation

All bodies that are kept at

some (kelvin) temperature
T radiate energy in the
form of electromagnetic
waves.
Black body
 Black body radiation
A black body will absorb all the radiation falling
upon it, reflecting none.

A black body at low temperature radiates very little,

and since it absorbs all the radiation falling on it, it
looks black.

At high temperature it radiates a lot and looks very

bright.

A very good example of this is a piece of charcoal:

dark when cold, glowing orange-red when hot.
• Absorption
When the energy of incident particles or radiation is transferred to
other forms within a material.

• Black body
An idealized object that absorbs all the electromagnetic radiation that
falls upon it. A perfect black body also emits the maximum possible
radiation.

• Black-body radiation (spectrum)

Radiation emitted from a ‘perfect’ emitter. The characteristic ranges of
different radiations emitted at different temperatures are commonly
shown in graphs of intensity against wavelength.
Wein’s displacement law
• Wien’s law : The peak wavelength λmax
depends on temperature according to Wien’s
law.

Wien’s law states that

λmaxT = 2.90 × 10–3 K m.

So, for the graph of Figure, the temperature is

2.9×10−3
T = = 11600 ≈ 1.2 × 10 4 K
0.25×10−6
 Radiation by an object
The power radiated by a body is governed by the Stefan–Boltzmann law

The power radiated by a black body

depends on its surface area A and
the absolute temperature of the
surface T

P = σAT 4

The constant σ is the Stefan–

Boltzmann constant
σ = 5.67 × 10–8 W m–2 K–4
Thermal radiation and stars
• Luminosity
When referring to celestial objects (stars, for example), the emitted
power is usually called luminosity
Total power of electromagnetic radiation emitted by a star (SI unit: W).
The Stefan–Boltzman law can be restated with respect to stars as
Sagittarius Star Cloud taken from the Hubble telescope
Apparent brightness and intensity
Intensity
• The power radiated per unit area of the body, the radiated intensity,
is given by
𝑃
𝐼= = σT 4
𝐴
Luminosity and apparent brightness
• Apparent brightness is the power received per
unit area of the detector.
𝐿
𝑏=
4𝜋𝑑2
• The total power radiated by a star luminosity,

𝐿 = 𝜎𝐴𝑇 4
where σ = 5.67 × 10−8 W m−2 K−4 is the Stefan–
Boltzmann constant, A is the surface area of the
star and T its surface temperature in kelvin.
Determining astronomical distances