FRM 120- WATERSHED MANAGEMENT

PINAMALAYAN WATERSHED

INTEGRATED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PLAN

Is Presented
TO THE FACULTY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY, COLLEGE OF FORESTRY AND
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AGROFORESTRY

SUBMITTED BY:

APARECIO, RIEZEL
CAGADAS, PRINCESS ANIE LOU
CAÑON, FREILD A.
GERAWON, JAYVIE
LUMAGOD, MIEKO P.
PIA, HAZEL
OMOY, JOSH

SECTION:

JK1

SUBMITTED TO:

FOR. JESHAIAH CHEN MOPHETH B. AGUILAR

DATE
I. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND INFORMATION

Watershed is an area of land that drains downslope until it reaches a common point. “Watershed” is
synonymous with other terms you may have heard such as “drainage basin” and “catchment area”.

Watershed are extremely important to both ecological health and human needs. Forested and healthy
watersheds offer numerous benefits, including natural filtration of drinking water and stabilization of soil. The
rivers, lakes, and other waterbodies they feed also provide recreational opportunities and scenic value. However,
when natural vegetation is replaced with impervious surfaces like road, rooftops, and parking lots, the watershed’s
health can decline. These surfaces increase the volume and the speed of stormwater runoff, resulting from rain or
melting snow, which can lead to erosion, murky water, and habitat degradation. Runoff transports various
pollutants into waterbodies, but forested areas help reduce these impacts by absorbing rainwater and stabilizing
soil, promoting infiltration and cleaner, slower water flow into waterbodies.

Historically, Pinamalayan is one of the oldest towns in Oriental Mindoro. Its territory once encompassed
areas that are now part of the municipalities of Bansud, Bongabong, Pola, and Gloria. The town was organized as
a permanent settlement in the 1800s under the leadership of a Gobernadorcillo. In 1916, the municipal government
seat was transferred from Lumangbayan to its current location. During the American occupation, the town was
meticulously planned with wide, symmetrical roads and a central plaza, making it a model in town planning.

Pinamalayan is a first-class coastal municipality located in the central part of Oriental Mindoro, within the
MIMAROPA region of the Philippines. It lies approximately 71 kilometers from Calapan City, the provincial
capital, and about 108 kilometers from Puerto Galera, the northernmost town of the province. The municipality is
bounded to the north by the towns of Socorro and Pola, to the south by Gloria, to the west by the province of
Occidental Mindoro, and to the east by Tablas Strait, which separates it from the island-province of Marinduque
and the island-towns of Concepcion and Banton in Romblon.

The characterization in the Integrated Watershed Management Plan (IWMP) aims to understand the
watershed’s natural and human-related conditions. It helps identify environmental issues, assess available
resources, and determine the impact of human activities on the watershed. By gathering this information, the
IWMP can support sustainable development, protect water resources, and reduce risks like flooding and erosion.
This process also aids in planning effective conservation strategies and guiding policies to ensure the long-term
health of the watershed and the communities that rely on it.
II. PRESENT STATE OF THE WATERSHED

2.1 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

2.1.1 GEOPHYSICAL LOCATION

Pinamalayan is located at the east of Oriental Mindoro. It is about 108 kilometers away
from Puerto Galera, the northernmost town of the province; 71 kilometers from Calapan City, the
provincial capital and major entry point connecting to mainland Luzon; approximately 69
kilometers from the town of Roxas; and around 110 kilometers from Bulalacao, the gateway to
Visayas Region.

The municipality is located in the central part of Oriental Mindoro, within the MIMAROPA
Region, and is bounded by Socorro and Pola to the north, Gloria to the south, Occidental Mindoro
to the west, and the Tablas Strait to the east, which separates it from the island provinces of
Marinduque and Romblon. Its approximate geographic center lies near 13° 02.1655'N latitude and
121° 30.0820'E longitude, establishing Pinamalayan as a strategic location for watershed
management, agriculture, and disaster risk reduction. The area supports diverse land uses and plays
a crucial role in sustaining potable water sources, biodiversity, and community livelihoods.

Fig. 1. Location Map

2.1.2 TOPOGRAPHY / GEO-MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES

Pinamalayan, Oriental Mindoro, features a diverse topography with coastal plains, rolling
hills, and mountainous areas. It’s geo-morphological characteristics, including dendritic drainage
patterns, river systems, and coastal features like mangrove forests and sandy beaches, influence
water movement and soil erosion. Steep slopes and heavy rainfall can lead to increased runoff and
erosion. The area’s topography also determines land use suitability, with gentle slopes suitable for
agriculture, steep slopes for forestry, and low-risk areas for urban development. Understanding
these features is crucial for sustainable land use planning and management.
 A. Watershed-shape Parameters:

1. Area

Pinamalayan covers a total land area of 282.26 square kilometers,

accounting for approximately 6.5% of Oriental Mindoro's total land area.
The municipality is politically subdivided into 37 barangays, comprising 9
urban and 28 rural barangays. The urban core includes the barangays of
Wawa, Zone I, Zone II, Zone III, and Zone IV. The watershed spans across
several sub-watersheds, including Pula, Babahurin, Guinhawa, Balete
River, Lumambayan, Papandayan, and Quinabigan.

Morphometric analysis of watershed is the best method to identify

the relationship of various aspects in the area. The watershed can be
classified as either river basin, large, medium, small, or micro based land
area as described in the table below. (Table 1). This categorizes it as a
medium-sized watershed based on DENR watershed classification
standards.

Table 1. Watershed Classification based on Area

Classification Area (in km2) Area (in ha)

Drainage/ River Basin >1,000 >100,000

Large 500 to 1,000 50,000 to 100,000
Medium 100 to 500 10,000 to 50,000
Small 10 to 100 1,000 to 10,000
Micro <10 <1,000
Source: DENR

2. Bifurcation ratio

The bifurcation ratio represents the relationship between the number

of streams of a particular order within a watershed and the number of
streams of the next lower order. It serves as an important tool for assessing
the watershed’s vulnerability to flooding. A lower bifurcation ratio suggests
a higher potential for flooding in certain areas of the watershed. Watersheds
with long, narrow shapes and high bifurcation ratios tend to experience
longer, lower peak flood discharges, while rounder basins with low
bifurcation ratios are more likely to produce sharp, high flood peaks. Stream
ordering is used to classify the stream network, with first-order streams
having no tributaries.
The parameter can be calculated using this particular formula:
where:
Nu = is the total number of stream segments order of u
Nu + 1 = is the number of stream segments of the next higher order

PINAMALAYAN has three (3) stream orders. The average bifurcation ratio
of PINAMALAYAN is 5.
Table 2. Bifurcation Ratio Results

Sub-watershed Stream Order Bifurcation Ratio Average Bifurcation Ratio

No. of Streams

1 26
PINAMALAYAN 4
2 6
WATERSHED 5
3 1 6

10/2

A bifurcation ratio of 5 suggests a moderate to high level of drainage

complexity within the Pinamalayan watershed. This value indicates that the
terrain may be relatively less permeable, potentially characterized by steeper
slopes or more resistant rock types that promote the development of
numerous tributaries. Such conditions can result in a more branched stream
network, facilitating faster surface runoff. Consequently, a higher
bifurcation ratio may also imply a greater potential for flash flooding, as
water is more rapidly accumulated and conveyed through the drainage
system, increasing the risk of sudden flood events during periods of intense
rainfall. (Table 2).

3. Elongation ratio

The Elongation Ratio (Re) is a metric utilized to describe the

physical attributes of a watershed. It is employed by the DENR through
their Watershed Characterization and Assessment Framework (WCAF) to
evaluate how land use changes and other activities might affect the
watershed’s hydrology and ecology. The elongation ratio is defined as the
proportion between the greatest distance across the watershed boundary and
the perpendicular distance between those points. This value reflects how
elongated or stretched the shape of the watershed is. (Table 3).

Table 3. Elongation Ratio Index Classification

Sequence Standard Classification
1 < 0.5 More Elongated
2 0.5 – 0.7 Elongated
3 0.7 – 0.8 Less Elongated
4 0.8 – 0.9 Oval
5 0.9 – 1.0 Circular
Source: DENR

The elongation ratio was determined following the formula below:

where:
L= is the maximum basin length
A= is the Area of watershed
 The elongation ratio value of PINAMALAYAN ranges from 0.7 –
0.8 indicating that the watershed is classified as less elongated shaped,
characterized by high relief with steep slopes. The Elongation ratio of
PINAMALAYAN was computed at 0.789 which is classified as less
elongated following the elongation ratio standard.

4. Circularity Ratio

The circularity ratio (Rc) is a key indicator used to assess the shape
of a watershed. It is defined as the ratio between the length of the main river
channel and the total perimeter of the watershed. This ratio provides insights
into how compact or elongated a watershed is. Watersheds with a circularity
ratio below 0.5 are generally more elongated, meaning they tend to have a
larger area relative to their perimeter. In contrast, those with values above
0.6 are considered more circular or compact in shape.

An elongated watershed with a low circularity ratio often

experiences slower water movement, making it more susceptible to erosion,
sediment buildup, and potential flooding. On the other hand, a compact
watershed with a higher circularity ratio typically supports more consistent
water flow and is less prone to erosion and sedimentation issues.
Additionally, elongated watersheds can be more challenging to manage and
protect due to their larger size and spread, whereas more compact
watersheds are generally easier to oversee and monitor. The circularity ratio
can also be expressed as the ratio of the watershed’s area to the area of a
circle with an equivalent perimeter. Lower Rc values often indicate greater
runoff potential, especially in watersheds of similar size.

Circulatory Ratio was computed using the following formula:

where:
P= is the Perimeter of watershed
A= is the Area of watershed
Circulatory Ratio (Rc) ≈ 0.6934

The circularity ratio provides information about the shape of the

Pinamalayan Watershed Management Project (PMWMP) in terms of its
circularity. A value closer to 0.5 indicates a more elongated shape, while a
value closer to 1 suggests a near-circular form. The calculated circularity
ratio for PMNWMP is 0.6934, which indicates that the watershed is more
elongated than circular in shape and form. The elongated shape will allow
enough space for the flow of rivers to slow down especially during rainy
season (Table 4).

Table 4. Circularity Ratio Results

Name of WMP Area (km²) Perimeter (km) Circularity Ratio
PMWMP 282.26 71.52 0.6934
5. Basin length

The basin length refers to the greatest distance within a watershed,

usually measured from the outlet to the most distant point along the primary
flow path or drainage divide. It is a key factor in hydrological analysis,
affecting runoff behavior, the time it takes for water to concentrate at the
outlet, and the characteristics of peak flows. Basin length may be
determined either as a straight-line distance or by tracing the actual flow
path, with Geographic Information System (GIS) tools often used for
precise measurement. Watersheds with longer basin lengths typically
experience slower peak discharge compared to those with shorter lengths,
making basin length a critical element in flood risk assessment and drainage
planning.

The basin length of the Pinamalayan Watershed measures

approximately 24 kilometers. This means that the longest distance water
travels from the farthest point within the watershed to its outlet is about 24
kilometers, typically following the natural flow path of the main river or
stream. A longer basin length generally indicates a greater travel time for
water to reach the outlet, allowing runoff to be distributed over a longer
period. As a result, this can help reduce the intensity of flood peaks,
providing more time for water to flow through the system and lowering the
immediate risk of flash flooding. In the case of the Pinamalayan Watershed,
the 24-kilometer basin length suggests a relatively extended flow path,
which plays an important role in moderating river discharge, especially
during heavy rainfall events.

6. Elevation
 7. Slope

The municipality of Pinamalayan generally has flat to moderately

steep terrains. Most of the central areas, particularly the Poblacion and
portions of Barangays Wawa, Lumambayan, and Papandayan, have a mean
slope of 0–3%. This indicates that, on average, the land is relatively flat,
which makes it highly suitable for agriculture and urban development.
However, in the southwestern and northeastern areas, slopes increase,
leading to more varied mean slopes across the municipality.

Table 5. Slope Classifications in Pinamalayan Watershed

Sub-watershed Slope Area Location (Barangay)

(Hectares)

Anoling, Bacungan, Cacawan, Lumambayan,

Marfrancisco, Pagalagala, Papandayan, Sta.
Flat to Level Land (0– 7,472.32 Maria, Sto. Niño, Wawa, Zone l, Zone ll, Zone
3%) II and Zone IV

Portions of Bangbang, Banilad, Buli, Calingag

Del Razon, Guinhawa, Inclanay, Malaya,
Maliangcog, Nabuslot, Palayan, Pambisan
Malaki, Panggulayan, Pili, Quinabigan, Ranzo,
Rosario, Sabang and Sta. Isabel

PINAMALAYAN Level to Undulating (3– 139.45 Portions of Calingag, Maliangcog, Pambisan

WATERSHED 8%) Malaki and Sabang

2,942.36 Portions of Bangbang, Calingag, Del Razon,

Undulating to Rolling Inclanay, Malaya, Maliangcog, Maningcol
Terrain (8–18%) Marayos, Nabuslot, Palayan, Pambisan Munti
Panggulayan, Quinabigan, Rosario and Sabang

Rolling to Moderately 3,162.25 Portions of Buli, Guinhawa and Sta. Isabel

Steep Hills (18–30%)

1,975.45 Portions of Banilad, Buli, Calingag, Guinhawa,

Moderately to Steeply Inclanay, Malaya, Maliangcog, Maningcol,
Mountainous (30–50%) Marayos, Pambisan Munti, Pili, Ranzo,
Rosario, Sabang and Sta. Isabel

Very Steeply 8,130.76 Portions of Guinhawa, Pili, Rosario, Sabang

Mountainous (≥50%) and Sta. Isabel

Others/Unaccounted 4,403.41

Total Land Area 28,226.00

Source: Mines and Geosciences Bureau (MGB

 i. Flat to Level Land (0–3%): Includes major lowland and urban
barangays such as Wawa, Papandayan, Zone I–IV, Sta. Maria, and others
with minimal erosion risk.

ii. Level to Undulating (3–8%): Found in areas like Barangay

Rosario, still suitable for agriculture and urbanization but with slight
elevation changes.

iii. Undulating to Rolling Terrain (8–18%): These terrains, found

near boundaries with Occidental Mindoro and Pola, are more prone to
erosion and less suitable for dense development.

iv. Moderately to Steeply Mountainous (30–50%), and Very Steeply

Mountainous (≥50%): Seen in barangays like Sabang, Marayos, Inclanay,
Pambisan Munti, and others. These areas are highly susceptible to erosion
and less stable for intensive development.

Fig.3. Slope Map

8. Drainage Density

Drainage density is a measure of how efficiently a watershed collects

and discharges water through its stream network. It is calculated using the
formula:
where:
L= is Length of stream
A= is the Area of watershed
 Drainage Density (Dd) ≈ 0.3975km/km²

The Pinamalayan Watershed, with a drainage density of 0.3975

km/km², efficiently promotes groundwater recharge due to its widely spaced
streams, gently sloping terrain, and relatively moderate runoff generation.
Flood risks are lower, but water movement across the landscape is slower.

Table 6. Relief Ratio Results

Name of WMP Length of stream (km) Area (km²) Drainage Density (Length of Streams/ km)
PMWMP 112.222 282.26 0.3975

2.1.3 GEOLOGY

Based on the geological map of Pinamalayan that was published by the Mines and
Geosciences Bureau (MGB), majority of the municipality is underlain by the Quaternary
Alluvium rock formation which consists of unconsolidated floodplain deposits and beach
sand. This is mostly found at the low-lying barangays though it can also be found on
barangays at higher elevations. Other kinds of rock formations are summarized in Table 7.

Table 7. Rock Type

Rock Type Description Area (ha) Location

Balanga Formation Conglomerate, sandstone and Malaya, Palayan, Pambisan Munti and
shale with interbedded Portions of Calingag, Del Razon,
4,097.47
limestone Inclanay, Maliangcog Maningcol,
Marayos, Nabuslot, Panggulayan and
Sabang

E Plog Lava Flows Vesicular and glassy lava Banilad, Ranzo and Portions of Buli,
flows containing some Guinhawa, Pili and Sta. Isabel
3,403.28
hornblende phenocrysts.
Pyroxene and biotite are
present at places

Famnoan Formation Conglomerate, sandstone, Portions of Calingag, Del Razon

shale and limestone. The Maningcol Quinabigan, Rosario and
4,788.98
Sandstone and shale are Sabang
bluish gray, bedded and
fossiliferous

Lumintao Formation Basalt with basaltic tuff, 1,721.59 Portion of Sabang

sandstone shale, slate to
phyllite and green slate

Mansalay Formation Sequence of interbedded Portion of Sabang

shale sandstone,
96.89
conglomerate and limestone
Mindoro Predominantly mic schist and Portion of Sabang
Metamorphic green schist with interbedded
347.28
massive marble

Peridotite Dark green and medium- Portion of Sabang

grained with mesh texture
2,412.60
and usually cut by asbestos
veinlets

Quaternary Alluvium Unconsolidated floodplain Anoling, Bacungan, Bangbang, Cacawan

deposits and beach sand Lumambayan, Marfrancisco, Pagalagala,
Pambisar Malaki, Papandayan, Sta.
Maria, Sta. Rita, Sto. Niño Wawa, Zone l,
Zone lI, Zone IIl, Zone IV and Portions of
Buli, Calingag, Guinhawa, Inclanay,
6,954.51 Maliangcog Maningcol, Marayos,
Nabuslot, Panggulayan, Pili Quinabigan,
Rosario, Sabang and Sta. Isabel

Other/ Unaccounted 4,403.40

TOTAL 28,226.00

Source: Mines and Geosciences Bureau (MGB)

Fig. 4. Geologic Map

 2.1.4 SOIL
A. Soil texture

Pinamalayan Watershed exhibits a variety of soil textures,

typically classified based on the proportions of sand, silt, and clay.
According to field analysis and regional maps, common textures found
include loam, sandy loam, and clay loam, which influence water retention
and suitability for agriculture. These textures are essential for determining
land productivity, runoff patterns, and soil management strategies.

Table 8. Percent Share, Crop Suitability and Location by Soil Type

Soil Type Area (ha) % of Total Crop Location (Barangay)
Land Area Suitability
Alimodian Clay 5,886.73 20.86% Lowland and Portions of Calingag, Del Razon, Inclanay,
Loam Upland Malaya,
Rice, Coconut Maliangcog, Maningcol, Marayos,
Pambisan Munti, Rosario
and Sabang
Alimodian Clay 1,829.55 6.48% Lowland Rice Portions of Bangbang, Calingag, Inclanay,
Malaya,
Maliangcog, Pagalagala, Pambisan Malaki
and Sta. Maria
Baler Silty Clay 2,733.23 9.68% Lowland Rice Palayan and Portions of Anoling,
Loam Bacungan, Buli, Cacawan,
Guinhawa, Inclanay, Lumambayan,
Maningcol, Nabuslot,
Pambisan Malaki, Panggulayan,
Papandayan, Pili, Rosario,
Sabang, Sta. Isabel and Sta. Rita
Buayan Sandy 197.47 0.70% Portions of Cacawan, Lumambayan, Sta.
Loam Isabel and Wawa
Buguey Loamy 571.02 2.02% Coconut Coastal Areas (Portions of Banilad,
Sand Guinhawa, Lumambayan,
Marfrancisco, Papandayan, Pili,
Quinabigan, Ranzo, Wawa
and Zone I)
Luisiana Clay 605.51 2.15% Forest and Portions of Inclanay, Marayos and Sabang
Pasture
Maranlig Clay 3,103.54 11.00% Forest and Portions of Banilad, Buli, Guinhawa, Pili,
Pasture Ranzo and Sta. Isabel
Quingua Silty 74.58 0.26% Lowland and Portions of Inclanay, Marayos and Sabang
Loam Upland
Rice
San Manuel Silt 2,850.74 10.10% Rice, Coconut, Sto. Niño, Zone II, Zone III, Zone IV and
Loam Banana, Sweet Portions of Anoling,
Potato, Peanut
 Bangbang, Bacungan, Cacawan, Del Razon,
Inclanay, Malaya,
Marfrancisco, Nabuslot, Pagalagala,
Pambisan Malaki, Pambisan
Munti, Panggulayan, Papandayan,
Quinabigan, Rosario, Sabang,
Sta. Maria, Sta. Rita, Wawa and Zone I
Tarug Clay 5,816.84 20.61% Primary and Portion of Sabang
Loam Secondary
Forest,
Rattan, Shrubs
Others 4,556.79
TOTAL 28,226.00
Source: Bureau of Soils and Water Management (lifted from 2001-2010 CLUP)

B. Soil structure

Soil structure within watershed varies from granular in lowland and

cultivated areas to blocky or sub-angular in forested uplands. Aggregation of
primary particles form distinct structures, influencing aeration and water
movement. Predominantly moderate to strong structures are found, ranging from
fine to coarse, which affect erosion susceptibility and permeability.

C. Bulk Density and Permeability

Bulk density values in Pinamalayan Watershed generally range from

moderate to high, indicating a mix compacted and well-aerated soils. Permeability
ranges from moderately slow in clayey areas to moderately rapid in sandy or loamy
zones. This impacts the infiltration capacity, groundwater recharge, and surface
runoff potential, key to water resource planning.

D. Erosion Condition

Soil Erosion is a significant concern in areas with steep slopes and

disturbed vegetation. Erosion severity ranges from slight in the flat lowlands to
very severe in upland and deforested areas. The primary types of erosion include
sheet and gully erosion, especially in barangays with exposed slopes. Priority
areas have been identified for rehabilitation and erosion control, supported by
maps and quantitative data (e.g., hectares affected).
Table 9. Erosion Condition – Pinamalayan Watershed
Area
Erosion Severity Description Typical Location(s) Affected Remarks
(ha.)
Minimal surface Lowland areas and flat Suitable for
Non to Slight runoff; stable agricultural zones (e.g., Wawa, 7,000 agricultural; minimal
vegetative cover Zone I-IV, Sta. Maria) erosion control needed
Noticeable topsoil Undulating to rolling areas Require basic soil
Moderate removal; early (e.g., parts of Bangbang, 3,000 conservation and
gully formation Rosario, Pambisan Malaki) vegetation management

Extensive gully Hilly and sloped barangays Needs reforestation,

erosion; visible (e.g., Inclanay, Buli, Calingag, buffer zones, and slope
Severe rills and runoff Guinhawa) 5,000 stabilization measures
channels

Deep gullies; Steep upland areas (e.g., parts Priority for

complete of Pili, Marayos, Sabang, and rehabilitation, tree
Very Severe vegetative loss Sta. Isabela) 8,000 planting, and erosion
control structures

Source: [Link]

E. Soil fertility

Soil fertility varies across the watershed, influenced by pH, organic matter
content, and parent material such as volcanic and alluvial deposits. Most soils
exhibit moderate fertility, supporting agricultural use but requiring sustainable
nutrient management. Areas with critically low fertility are targeted for
reforestation or soil amendment programs.

Table 10. Soil Fertility – Pinamalayan Watershed

Parameter Lowland Areas Mid-slope Areas Upland Areas
Soil pH 6.0 – 7.0 (slightly acidic) 5.5 – 6.5 (moderately acidic) 5.0 – 6.0 (acidic)
Plant Nutrients Moderate to high Moderate Low
Organic Matter Content Moderate to high Moderate Moderate
Parent Material Origin Alluvial deposits Shale, sandstone, conglomerates Volcanic
Fertility Level High to moderate Moderate Low to very low
Management Needs Maintain fertilization and Nutrient replacement and erosion Soil amendments,
crop rotation control reforestation, and pH
adjustment
Source: Bureau of Soils and Water Management (BSWM)

F. Soil Depth

Soil depth is a critical parameter in determining land suitability for

agricultural, forestry, and conservation activities. It affects water retention, root
 penetration, erosion potential and overall land productivity. A soil depth survey
typically involves collecting samples at upper, middle, and lower elevations of the
watershed to capture variation across topographic gradients.

Table 11. Soil Depth – Pinamalayan Watershed

Elevation Average Soil Type & Erosion Morphological & Common Land
Zone Soil Characteristics Susceptibility Chemical Use
Depth Properties
Upper Shallow Rocky, thin topsoil, High Acidic (pH ~5.0-5.5); Forest,
Elevation (<50 cm) steep slopes, volcanic/ low organic matter; reforestation,
metamorphic parent blocky/sub angular restricted farming
material structure

Mid-Slope Moderate Loam or clay loam; Moderate Moderately acidic (pH Agroforestry,
Areas (50-100 signs of surface ~5.5-6.2); moderate mixed cropping,
cm) erosion; transitional nutrients; granular to coconut farming
soil development sub-angular shape

Lower Deep (>100 Alluvial deposits; Low Near-neutral (pH ~6.5- Rice farming,
Elevation cm) fertile; good water- 7.0); high organic coconut
holding capacity matter; friable and plantation,
well-structured settlements

Source: Bureau of Soils and Water Management (BSWM)

Fig. 5. Soil Map

 2.1.5 LAND CLASSIFICATION/LEGAL STATUS OF LAND

Available data coming from the DENR and Municipal Assessor’s Office
(MAssO) shows that more than 50 percent of the total land area is classified as alienable
and disposable (A&D) land that may be subjected to titling system. Forest lands comprise
roughly 33.27 percent of the land area and may be utilized if DENR issues necessary
\tenurial instrument. These are mostly located in southeast Pinamalayan or near Occidental
Mindoro boundary that covers the portions of Barangays Buli, Sta. Isabel, Guinhawa, Pili,
Sabang, and Marayos. The remaining 15.63 percent still undetermined.

Table 12. Land Classification, 2016

Land Classification Area (ha) % of Total Land Area
Alienable & Disposable Land 14,422.26 51.10 %
Forest/ Timber Land 9,391.72 33.27 %
Others 4412.02 15.63 %
TOTAL 28,226.00 100.00%
Source: Municipal Assessor’s Office (MAssO)

TENURE INSTRUMENTS/LAND ALLOCATION

In addition to the information mentioned earlier, the tenurial map below (Fig. 7)
shows other tenurial instruments for forest lands of the municipality. As seen in
Table 13, there are about 377.42 hectares of land allotted for Community-Based Forest
Management Agreement (CBFMA). The Community-Based Forest Management
Agreement is a production sharing agreement between DENR and participating People’s
organization (PO). This tenurial instrument shall give the POs authority to develop, utilize,
and manage a portion of forest lands. The CBFMA entitles the Marayos Farmers
Association Inc. to use and develop the forestland by agroforestry through the assistance
of the LGU and DENR until 2025. One of the activities in CBFMA is the participation of
the association in a reforestation project with an area of eight hectares.

There are also lots within the CBFM area, under the Certificate of Stewardship
Contract (CSC) where the total of 87.32 hectares of land is distributed to different
families. A Certificate of Stewardship Contract is awarded to individuals or families
residing in or tilling a portion of a forest land, valid for 25 years and can be renewed for
another 25 years.

These permits granted by the government for the people in or near the forestlands
for them to be economically viable and, in return, they will protect and conserve the
forestlands. Agroforestry is allowed as the economic activity that also aims to improve the
soil quality, land productivity, and vegetative cover instead of the more destructive kaingin
system. The role of the government (i.e. MENRO) is to ensure that tenure holders occupy
and develop the forestlands accordingly.
Table 13. Tenurial Instruments in Pinamalayan, Oriental Mindoro
Tenurial Instrument Area (ha.)
CBFMA 377.42
CSC 87.32
CADC No. 125 (Tau-Buid) 7,109.82
CADC No. 123 (Tadyawan) 1,490.66
Source: DENR MIMAROPA Region, NCIP
ANCESTRAL DOMAIN

For ancestral domains, a Certificate of Ancestral Domain Claim (CADC) was

granted to the Tadyawan and Tau-Buid Tribes of Pinamalayan. The CADC No. 123 for the
Tadyawan tribe covers an area of 1,490.66 hectares of land, while the CADC No. 125 for
the Tau-Buid tribe has an area of 7,109.82 hectares. The CADC No. 123 was already
approved into a Certificate of Ancestral Domain Title (CADT), however, registration in the
Registry of Deeds (ROD) is still pending because it requires projection by the Land
Registration Authority (LRA), Department of Environment and Natural Resources, and
Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR) prior to registration.

2.1.6 LAND USE

The land use within Pinamalayan Watershed was assessed through field
observations and secondary sources including aerial imagery, municipal land use plans, and
data from agencies such as BSWM and NAMRIA. Land use patterns in the watershed
reflect a mix natural ecosystems and human-modified landscapes. Most human
interventions, such as settlements, agriculture, and infrastructure, have a direct impact on
soil health and water stability.

Significant portion of the watershed utilized for agriculture and forest purposes,
while built-up areas are expanding rapidly, especially in lowland barangays. These
developments affect infiltration, erosion, and water quality. The municipality’s active
programs such as reforestation, sustainable farming, and infrastructure investments are
aligned with efforts to improve land management and watershed protection.

Table 14. Land Use – Pinamalayan Watershed

Land Use Category Description Estimated Area (ha.) Remarks/Status
Built-up Areas Residential, commercial, and 2,000 Expanding, some
institutional land use concentrated encroachment in
in lowlands watershed zones
Barren Land Areas devoid of vegetation due to 1,200 Erosion-prone,
erosion, overuse, or abandonment included in
reforestation targets
Lahar Limited; areas impacted by Minimal Possibly reclassified
historical sediment flow or for future infrastructure
designated special use and recreational uses
Inland Water Natural such as Pula, Babahurin, 500 Critical for irrigation,
Macanlig flood control, and
aquatic biodiversity
Inland Water Pond Naturally occurring inland water 200 Seasonal or permanent;
bodies some linked to fish
production
Fishpond Brackish or freshwater aquaculture 350 Livelihood source;
areas management needed to
avoid eutrophication
Agricultural Areas Rice, coconut, corn, and diversified 10,000 Largest land use
crops category; subject to
land degradation
without soil
conservation
Forest - Production Managed forest for agroforestry and 3,500 Often under CBFM or
controlled timber extraction DENR agreements
Forest - Protection Critical slopes, biodiversity zones, 3,000 Strictly protected;
and water source protection areas subject to reforestation
and no-build policies
Forest - Special Uses Includes eco-tourism, IP areas and 1,700 Some overlap with
community-managed forestland ancestral domains or
ecotourism
designations
Source: BSWM and NAMRIA

EXISTING GENERAL LAND USE

The urban built-up area comprises the Poblacion (Zone I-IV), Wawa, portions of
Marfrancisco, and adjoining portions of barangays Sta. Rita and Cacawan. It is further
divided into two: the Urban Core (Poblacion and Wawa) and Urban Core Fringe (portions
of Marfrancisco, Sta. Rita and Cacawan). The Urban Core is designated to assume the
center of urban functions while the Urban Core Fringe should perform complementary
functions of the core and is designated to contain urban sprawl. These districts house the
public market, major business establishments, banks, municipal government compound,
public park, private and public schools, fish port, food chains, telecommunication facilities,
terminals and others. Furthermore, the town proper is famed for its grid of wide, parallel
streets that offer convenience in transportation and mobility. Three main roads, namely:
Del Pilar, Mabini and Madrid have convenient 20 meters of road right-of-way. However,
some encroachment and intrusions mostly within the road shoulders remained uncontrolled
over the years.

Beaches, swamps, and marshes with tourism-oriented facilities are situated in the
northeastern and southeastern coastlines. These areas include barangays Ranzo, Banilad,
Pili, Guinhawa, Papandayan and Quinabigan. A remarkable tourism-related transformation
is best exemplified by the stretch of beach resorts that suddenly sprouted along the
Guinhawa, Pili, and Ranzo coastlines. Not much improvements are evident in the other
aforementioned coastal barangays. Moreover, the Recodo Port in Zone I is now an
improved fish port and the long concrete seawalls stretching from the Wawa shores to
Recodo assures better protection from the waves. Furthermore, seawalls were also
 constructed in portions of barangays Ranzo and Quinabigan.

Regarding the agricultural lands, majority of these are utilized for mixed uses. Other
land utilizations include those of irrigated rice, rainfed rice, and fishponds.

Existing private cemeteries and memorial gardens have consistently expanded over
the years while the crowded Public Cemetery owned by the Municipal Government, despite
reaching its capacity, still continues to serve the indigents.

For future developments, the Urban Corridor District (UCD) represents the strip of
land on both sides of the Strong Republic Nautical Highway (SRNH) and along the airport
road (provincial road) from Sto. Niño to the boundary in Gloria. This will have a 250- meter
right of way from Sta. Rita and going south to Papandayan, and another 100 meters from
Panggulayan going south to Pambisan Munti. These lands will be utilized for future
commercial, industrial, and residential uses. For the past years, however, a huge section of
the UCD is still classified as agricultural lands.

The table below (Table 15) shows the details of all existing general land uses
in Pinamalayan with the corresponding maps (Fig. 8).

Table 15. Existing General Land Use, Year 2017

Land Use Area (hectares) % to Total Land Area
Cemetery 9.58 0.03%
Agriculture Mixed 12,812.04 45.39%
Commercial 24.11 0.09%
Fish Pond 93.26 0.33%
Forest 5,587.09 19.79%
Industrial 17.01 0.06%
Infrastructure 28.25 0.10%
Institutional 54.30 0.19%
Irrigated Rice 3,553.71 12.59%
Mangrove 75.63 0.27%
Parks and Open Space 6.46 0.02%
Post Harvest 2.46 0.01%
Quarry Site 11.77 0.04%
Recreational 2.23 0.01%
Residential 442.67 1.57%
Rainfed Rice 538.45 1.91%
Rivers/Creeks 302.20 1.07%
Roads 170.42 0.60%
Shoreline 26.56 0.09%
Tourism 12.33 0.04%
Others 4,455.46 15.78%
TOTAL 28,226.00 100.00%
Source: Satellite Image (2014) and Ground Survey (2017)
Fig. 6. Land Classification Map

Fig. 7. Tenurial Map

 Fig. 8. Existing General Land Use Map

2.1.7 CLIMATE

The climate in Pinamalayan falls under Type III which has no very pronounced maximum
rain period with a short dry season lasting from one to three months. Northeast monsoon prevails
from August to March. It is east to northeast in April, Southeast in May and June, and easterly in
October.
Table 16. Climate – Pinamalayan Watershed
Climate Element Details
Heaviest: June, July, September, October, November
Rainfall Driest: March, April, May, December, February
Average Rainfall: 175.2 mm
Range: 24.8°C – 30.8°C
Temperature Coldest: December (23°C), February (23.3°C)
Hottest: May (33.5°C)
Relative Humidity Highest: October (89%)
Lowest: March–April (78%)
Aug–Dec, Jan–Mar: Northeast Monsoon (Amihan)
April: East to Northeast
Wind Direction May–June: Southeast
October: Easterly
Data Source: PAGASA
Projected Climate Emission Scenarios: A1B (medium), A2 (high)
(2011–2040) Variables: Min/Max Temperature, Precipitation
Seasons:
 → DJF (Amihan): Dec–Feb
→ MAM (Summer): Mar–May
→ JJA (Habagat): Jun–Aug
→ SON (Transition): Sep–Nov
Source: PAGASA (2017)

Based on the projections, the Municipality of Pinamalayan and the rest of Oriental
Mindoro will experience an increase in minimum and maximum temperature for all seasons in
medium and high-range scenarios. Moreover, for precipitation in medium-range scenario, JJA is
the wettest season with 60.044 mm increase followed by DJF with 53.608 mm. For high-range
scenario, SON is the wettest season with 59.946 mm increase followed by DJF with 49.512 mm.

Table 17. Projected Climate Data for the Province of Oriental Mindoro

General Observed Specific Change Projected Climate Information

Climate Variable Changes Seasons Baseline Data (2011-2040) About Seasonal
Expected in (1971- Pattern of
Medium- High- Medium- High-
Climate 2000) Change
Range Range Range Range
Variable

Increasing DJF 20.546 0.082 0.103 20.628 20.648

MINIMUM temperature Slightly warmer
TEMPERATURE for all MAM 21.902 0.110 0.088 22.012 21.99 during MAM and
seasons is JJA seasons
JJA 22.601 0.068 0.045 22.669 22.646
expected in
medium and SON 22.149 0.066 0.066 22.215 22.215
extreme
emissions

Increasing DJF 29.214 0.088 0.175 29.302 29.389

MAXIMUM temperature Slightly warmer
TEMPERATURE for all MAM 31.379 0.157 0.157 31.536 31.536 during MAM and
seasons is JJA seasons
JJA 30.933 0.155 0.186 31.088 31.119
expected in
medium and SON 30.373 0.091 0.121 30.464 30.495
extreme
emissions

Increasing DJF 178.100 53.608 49.512 231.708 227.612

MINIMUM temperature Wetter Habagat
TEMPERATURE for all MAM 123.700 48.243 32.781 171.943 156.481 (JJA) and SON
seasons is season in both
JJA 353.200 60.044 19.426 413.244 372.626
expected in scenarios
medium and SON 310.600 51.560 59.946 362.16 370.546
extreme
emissions

Source: PAGASA (2017)

 2.1.8 HYDROLOGY

The hydrology of the Pinamalayan Watershed is influenced by its topography, vegetation

cover, and human activity. Water movement across the landscape governs stream discharge,
groundwater recharge, erosion, and sediment transport. These processes significantly impact water
availability for agriculture, domestic use, and ecosystem health.

Drainage Pattern

The watershed displays a dendritic drainage pattern, typical of areas with uniform
lithology and moderate to steep slopes. Major tributaries converge into the Pula River, the
principal watercourse, and secondary rivers such as the Babahurin and Macanlig Rivers,
forming a well-distributed surface runoff network. This pattern supports broad water
collection but also increases flood risk in low-lying areas during heavy rainfall.

Stream Flow Rate (daily/annual)

The streamflow rate and quality in the Pinamalayan watershed are assessed using
a combination of field measurements, empirical modeling, and secondary data sources.
One widely applied method is the rainfall-streamflow relationship, which involves
correlating local rainfall data—averaging between 2,500 to 3,000 mm annually—with
observed stream discharge levels using regional runoff coefficients (typically ranging
from 0.3 to 0.5). This approach enables estimation of both seasonal and annual
streamflow volumes, with discharge values peaking during the wet season (June to
October) and dropping significantly during the dry months (February to May). Additional
techniques used include the velocity-area method, where flow rate is calculated by
measuring cross-sectional stream area and water velocity using a flow meter.

Table 18. Stream Flow Rate

Season Estimated Flow Rate Remarks
Dry Season (Feb - May) 0.2 – 0.5 m3/s Low flow; affects irrigation, stream connectivity, spring
supply

Wet Season (Jun - Oct) 2.0 – 4.5 m3/s High flow due to rainfall and typhoons; increased flood
and erosion risk

Annual Average Flow 20- 40 million m3 Based on rainfall of 2,500 – 3,000 mm/year and run off
coefficient (0.3 – 0.5)

Variation by Sub- Varies by land cover Forested uplands yield more stable flow; degraded areas
watershed and slope have flashier runoff

Sources: Bureau of Soils and Water Management (BSWM), Department of Agriculture (DA), & PAGASA
 Peak Flow and Minimum Flow

Peak flows occur between July and September, coinciding with typhoon activity.
Sudden increases in discharge often lead to flash flooding in barangays along the Pula.
Minimum flows occur from March to May, during which water levels drop, impacting
irrigation supply and stream connectivity.

Sedimentation

Upland deforestation and agricultural expansion have led to increased surface

erosion and sediment deposition in downstream channels. Estimated sediment yield
ranges from 30 to 50 tons/ha/year in critically eroded areas, primarily due to: Steep slope
farming, Unpaved roads and trails, and Vegetation removal.

This sediment load leads to siltation in rivers and irrigation canals, reducing
water-holding capacity and increasing flood risk. Ongoing reforestation and erosion
control interventions are aimed at stabilizing slopes and restoring vegetation.

Table 19. Soil Erosion, Sedimentation, and Sediment Load – Pinamalayan Watershed
Category Details
Estimated Soil Loss 30–50 tons/ha/year in critically eroded upland zones
Main Causes - Slash-and-burn farming (kaingin)
- Unpaved roads & trails
- Vegetation removal
Affected Areas Upland barangays, especially Pula Watershed and surrounding sub-
watersheds
Sediment Transport Carried by surface runoff during heavy rainfall
Sediment Deposition Zones - Lowland riverbeds
- Irrigation canals
- Fishponds
- Coastal areas during storms
Impacts of Sedimentation - Reduced river capacity
- Increased flooding
- Infrastructure clogging
- Aquatic habitat changes
Estimated Sediment Load Up to 50 tons/ha/year during wet season, varies by rainfall and slope
Peak Sediment Period July–September (typhoon season)
Low Sediment Period February–May (dry season)
Sediment Sources - Agricultural runoff
- Roadside erosion
- Gully/streambank erosion
Ongoing Mitigation - Reforestation
- Contour vegetative strips
- Riverbank stabilization
Future Recommendations
 - Agroforestry
- Buffer zone expansion
- Community erosion monitoring
Sources: Bureau of Soils and Water Management (BSWM) & Department of Agriculture (DA)

Stream Flow Quantity / Quality

The stream flow quantity and quality in the Pinamalayan Watershed vary
significantly across seasons and locations, influenced by rainfall intensity, land use, and
human activity. During the wet season, stream discharge increases substantially,
supplying adequate water for irrigation and ecological functions. In contrast, the dry
season brings a sharp decline in flow, limiting water availability and affecting
downstream users.

Water quality monitoring reveals that the physical and chemical characteristics of
stream water are within acceptable ranges in upland areas but deteriorate downstream.

Table 20. Physical and Chemical Properties of Streamflow

Parameter Observe Range Remarks
Temperature 26 – 29 °C Normal tropical stream temperature
pH 6.5 – 7.2 Neutral to slightly acidic; suitable for most uses
Conductivity 200 to 400 µS/cm Indicates moderate mineral content
Salinity Negligible
COD (Chemical Oxygen Low (uplands); Moderate Increases near settlements and agricultural
Demand) (downstream) zones
Sources: Bureau of Soils and Water Management (BSWM) & Department of Agriculture (DA)

Table 21. Water Quality and Streamflow Assessment Summary

Category Parameter/ Method Details/ Observations
Dissolved Chemical Calcium (Ca) Moderate levels, derived from weathered rock
Constituents materials
Nitrate (NO₃) Elevated in agricultural areas; increases during
rainy season due to fertilizer runoff
Phosphate (PO₄) Generally safe, but higher near farms and
residential areas
Microbiological Quality Fecal Coliform & Total Moderate to high near populated lowlands and
Coliform drainage; unsafe for drinking without treatment
Contamination Sources Septic leakage, livestock waste, unregulated
dumping
Streamflow Assessment Rainfall–Runoff Modeling Used to estimate stream discharge and runoff
Methods (Rational Method, SWAT) volume
Field method for measuring flow velocity and
Manual Stream Gauging
cross-sectional area
(Velocity-Area Method)
Secondary Data LGU water quality test results and DENR-FMB
reports
 Used by LGUs for basic parameters (pH,
Water Quality Test Kits
conductivity, coliform)
Water Management Watershed Management Reforestation, slope stabilization, riverbank
Implications protection
Community Monitoring Promote local participation in monitoring water
quality and stream health
Pollution Control Zoning enforcement to limit waste discharge and
encroachment
Sources: USDA Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) and Texas A&M AgriLife Research

2.2 BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES

2.2.1 VEGETATION

A vegetation analysis of the watershed areas in Pinamalayan, Oriental Mindoro, reveals a

diverse and complex plant community structure, influenced by both natural and anthropogenic
factors.

These areas support a rich flora, with 442 vascular plant species identified, spanning 323
genera and 103 families. Notable species include Aristolochia tagala, Broussonetia luzonica,
Calamus mindorensis, Celtis luzonica, and Cyathea species.

The species composition includes both native and introduced species. A study in a
comparable watershed reported the dominance of coconut (Cocos nucifera) with a Species
Importance Value (SIV) of 46.46, indicating substantial land conversion for coconut cultivation.
Other notable species include Ulayan (Macaranga tanarius), Gmelina (Gmelina arborea), and
Narra (Pterocarpus indicus).

The Shannon Diversity Index (H') is used to measure species diversity within a community.
In a related study, an H' value of 3.64 was obtained, suggesting a considerable degree of diversity.
This indicates a healthy and diverse plant community within the watershed.

Table 22. Endangered or Vulnerable Tree Species

Common Name Scientific Name Conservation Status
Yakal Shorea astylosa CR
Philippine Teak Tectona philippinensis CR
Antipolo Artocarpus blancoi VU
Narra Pterocarpus indicus VU
Molave Vitex parviflora VU
Sources: IUCN Red List

2.2.2 FAUNA

The Pinamalayan Watershed supports at least ten key faunal species, nine of which are
endemic to Mindoro or the Philippines, highlighting a high level of species richness and
endemism. This significant biodiversity includes several species of conservation concern.
Table 20. Faunal Inventory Summary – Pinamalayan Watershed
Common Name Scientific Name Status & Conservation Concern
Mindoro Hornbill Penelopides mindorensis
Endemic to Mindoro; threatened by habitat
degradation
Blue-crowned Racket-tail Prioniturus discurus Endemic to Philippines; Vulnerable, declining
due to habitat loss and pet trade
Native; considered Near Threatened/
Blue-naped Parrot Tanygnathus lucionensis Vulnerable, affected by trapping and habitat
loss
Mindoro Litter Frog Leptobrachium mangyanorum Endemic to Mindoro; threatened, especially by
local harvesting and degradation
Tamaraw Bubalus mindorensis Critically Endangered; population estimated at
263 (2008); Endemic to Mindoro
Mindoro Bleeding-heart Gallicolumba platenae Critically Endangered; limited population
mostly in Mount Siburan; Endemic to Mindoro
Philippine Crocodile Crocodylus mindorensis Critically Endangered; fewer than 100 adults;
Endemic
Black-hooded Coucal Centropus steerii
Critically Endangered; Endemic to Mindoro
Philippine Deer Rusa marianna Vulnerable/Threatened; endemic, pushed to
higher elevations by habitat loss and hunting
Giant Golden-Crowned Acerodon jubatus
Endemic, Endangered; large fruit bat,
Flying Fox
sensitive to forest and riparian habitat loss
Sources: IUCN Red List

2.3 SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY AND DEMOGRAPHY

The socio-economic profile of Pinamalayan Watershed highlights a community highly dependent on

natural resources for agriculture, water, and livelihood. The two main watersheds, Pula and Babahurin, are central
to local water supply and environmental sustainability. The municipal government, national agencies, local
communities, indigenous peoples, NGOs, and the private sector all play roles in managing the watershed. Data
collection involved participatory tools such as surveys, interviews, and workshops. Key concerns include
unregulated activities, residential encroachment, and lack of technical personnel. Interventions include forest
rehabilitation, enforcement of regulations, and community monitoring initiatives. Sustainable watershed
management in Pinamalayan relies on coordinated stakeholder action and effective implementation of the
Municipal Watershed Management Plan (MWMP) 2025.
Table 21. Socio-Economic Features
Feature Description Key Stakeholders Role in Watershed Sustainability
Livelihood Dominated by Farmers, Fisherfolk, Adopt sustainable practices, reduce
Activities farming, fishing, Cooperatives, DA, LGU resource pressure
small-scale trade
Land Use and Mix of agriculture, DENR, LGU, WMPT, Enforce zoning, promote reforestation
Resource Use forest, and open- Landowners and conservation
access lands
Poverty Incidence Higher in upland DSWD, LGU, NGOs Provide livelihood support, develop
barangays, linked to sustainable income sources
land/resource
dependence
Access to Services Limited health care, LGU Health & Improve infrastructure and basic
water, and Sanitation Office, services
sanitation in remote DPWH
areas
Agricultural Traditional and Farmers, DA, LGU, Promote agroforestry, climate-
Practices intensive; includes NGOs resilient farming
kaingin in uplands
Education on Limited DepEd, NGOs, Barangay Conduct IEC campaigns, trainings,
Environment environmental leaders and workshops
awareness and
training
Source:

Table 22. Demographic Profile

Demographic Description Key Stakeholders Implications for Sustainability

Indicator
Population Size and Steady increase; pressure PSA, LGU, Need for sustainable land use and
Growth on land and water Barangays services
Household Size Average of 4–6 PSA, MPDO Larger households may increase
members; varies by resource demand
barangay
Urban-Rural Mostly rural; 9 urban and Barangays, MPDO Tailored programs needed for rural vs.
Distribution 28 rural barangays urban
Age Distribution Large young population; DepEd, DOLE, Youth programs and livelihood
high dependency ratio LGU training needed
Educational Mostly elementary to DepEd, NGOs Impacts capacity for
Attainment high school level technical/sustainable farming
Indigenous and Present in some upland NCIP, IP leaders, Must be included in inclusive
Ethnic Groups areas LGU planning and support
Sources: Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA)
 2.3.1 POPULATION AND DENSITY

According to the PSA 2020 Census of Population, Pinamalayan has a total population of
90,383. Barangay Papandayan has the highest population with 6,912 residents accounting to 7.65
percent share of the total population. This is followed by Cacawan with 6,736 residents with 7.45
percent, and Marfrancisco with 6,079 residents comprising 6.73 percent (Table 23). On the
contrary, barangay Ranzo is the least populated barangay with only 924 residents. Following are
barangay Malaya with 935 residents and Zone IV with 1,012 residents.

Household Size

Since there is no official data on the number of households from the PSA as of this
writing, the figures were derived from the 2015 Census of Population and Housing. It is
estimated that there were 21,020 households in the municipality in 2020. In contrast to
barangay population figures, Cacawan has the highest estimated number of households at
1,684, followed by Marfrancisco with 1,520, and Papandayan with 1,382. The average
household size ranges from 4 to 5, typically composed of parents and two to three offspring.

Table 22. Total Population by Urban and Rural Barangay and Average Household Size, Year 2020
Barangay Population Percent Share (%) Number of Average
Households Household
Urban
Wawa 4,764 5.27 953 5
Zone I 2,957 3.27 591 5
Zone II 2,994 3.31 749 4
Zone III 2,029 2.24 507 4
Zone IV 1,012 1.12 202 5
Cacawan 6,736 7.45 1,684 4
Marfrancisco 6,079 6.73 1,520 4
Papandayan 6,912 7.65 1,382 5
Sta. Rita 3,028 3.35 757 4
Sub-Total 36,511 40.40 8,346 4
Rural
Anoling 1,927 2.13 385 5
Bacungan 1,593 1.76 398 4
Bangbang 1,044 1.16 261 4
Banilad 1,933 2.14 483 4
Buli 1,348 1.49 270 5
Calingag 1,984 2.20 496 4
Del Razon 1,494 1.65 374 4
Guinhawa 2,236 2.47 559 4
Inclanay 2,085 2.31 521 4
Lumambayan 2,705 2.99 541 5
Malaya 935 1.03 187 5
 Maliangcog 1,585 1.75 317 5
Maningcol 1,800 1.99 450 4
Marayos 1,751 1.94 350 5
Nabuslot 2,853 3.16 713 4
Pagalagala 1,228 1.36 307 4
Palayan 1,957 2.17 489 4
Pambisan Malaki 1,838 2.03 460 4
Pambisan Munti 1,109 1.23 222 5
Panggulayan 2,789 3.09 697 4
Pili 3,937 4.36 984 4
Quinabigan 2,455 2.72 614 4
Ranzo 924 1.02 231 4
Rosario 1,735 1.92 347 5
Sabang 2,945 3.26 736 4
Sta. Isabel 2,901 3.21 725 4
Sta. Maria 1,504 1.66 301 5
Sto. Niño 1,277 1.41 255 5
Sub-Total 53,872 59.60 12,674 4
TOTAL 90,383 100.00 21,020 4
Sources: Philippine Statistics Authority, Estimated based on the Household Size of 2015 CPH, Household size
was based on 2015 CPH

Urban – Rural Distribution

Table 23 also shows the distribution of urban and rural barangays. Of the 37
barangays, 28 are considered rural, with an aggregate population of 53,872. This accounts
for almost 60% of the total population residing in the municipality. The remaining
population resides in urban areas, comprising nine barangays with a total population of
36,511.

Population Density

Table 23 and Map (Fig. 9) show the population density of barangays. The data
shows that more people are concentrated in urban barangays. Barangay Wawa is the most
densely populated, followed by Zone I, Zone IV, Zone II, and Zone III. On the other hand,
Sabang is the least dense barangay. In the future, congestion is most likely to happen in
urban barangays as indicated by the computation of population density. This can be
attributed to the limited area of said barangays which is only less than 35 hectares each. It
is suggested that the distribution of basic social services in rural barangays should be
improved to disperse the population.

Barangay Growth Rate

Table 23 also indicates that Inclanay (9.68%) has the leading population growth
rate from 2015 to 2020 followed by Cacawan (8.67%), Zone II (4.37%), Pili (3.29%) and
 Sta. Rita (3.29%). Barangays Wawa, Buli, Zone III, Del Razon, Zone IV Lumambayan,
Ranzo, Anoling, Maningcol, Bangbang, Rosario, Bacungan and Banilad have declining
growth rates.

Table 23. Population Density of Barangays, Year 2020

Barangay Population 2015 Land Area (ha) Population Density Growth Rate (%)

Wawa 5855 21.48 273 8.22

Zone I 2824 19.33 146 -1.51

Zone II 2443 30.97 79 0.09

Zone III 2351 25.15 93 0.16

Zone IV 1112 9.94 112 0.14

Cacawan 4536 246.42 18 4.61

Marfrancisco 5787 273.74 21 0.14

Papandayan 6597 572.28 12 1.01

Sta. Rita 3027 251.32 12 1.7

Anoling 2005 443.6 5 -0.39

Bacungan 1614 615.77 3 2.48

Bangbang 1078 184.18 6 1.29

Banilad 1946 663.72 3 1.55

Buli 1589 657.09 2 1.4

Calingag 1910 777.47 2 1.81

Del Razon 1666 397.33 4 -5.35

Guinhawa 2049 798.81 3 2.06

Inclanay 1344 415.68 3 1.16

Lumambayan 2858 225.51 13 -1.73

Malaya 811 512.39 2 -4.57

Maliangcog 1512 728.66 2 0.41

Maningcol 1866 547.27 3 0.72

Marayos 1721 574.83 3 0.76

Nabuslot 2645 357.59 7 0.79

Pagalagala 1153 352.57 3 0.52

Palayan 1854 257.22 7 0.23

 Pambisan Malaki 1821 478.4 4 0.02

Pambisan Munti 1044 963.23 1 1.25

Panggulayan 2564 337.16 8 0.57

Pili 3375 683.92 5 1.72

Quinabigan 2238 302.48 7 0.65

Ranzo 973 349.97 3 1.28

Rosario 1778 446.54 4 1.27

Sabang 2942 13318.92 0 0.08

Sta. Isabel 2666 1092.58 2 1.34

Sta. Maria 1453 171.53 8 0.26

Sto. Niño 1165 120.96 10 0.13

Sub- Total 51,640 26,775 2 0.42

Total 86,172 28,226 3 1.03

Source: Philippine Statistics Authority (2020), Municipal Assessor’s Office (2017)

Fig. 9 Population Density Map

 2.3.2 AGE STRUCTURE

As of the 2025 projection, the Municipality of Pinamalayan has a total population of 95,471
individuals. The population is categorized into three major age groups in accordance with standard
demographic classifications. These classifications are critical for estimating the number of
potential workers or participants in watershed programs.

Table 24. Age Classification and Distribution (2025 Projection)

Age Group Age Range Population % of Total Population
Young Dependents 0–14 years 29,874 31.3%
Working Age 15–64 years 59,840 62.7%
Old-Age Dependents 65 years and over 5,757 6.0%
Total 95,471 100%
Source: MPDO projection

2.3.3 HOUSEHOLD/FAMILY SIZE

As of 2020, Pinamalayan recorded a total of 21,322 households, with a projected increase

to approximately 22,800 households by 2025. The average household size remains consistent at 4
to 5 persons, as validated by the PSA and the LGU through the CBMS.

This information is essential for assessing population pressure on watershed zones and for
planning service delivery at the barangay level.

Table 25. Age Classification and Distribution (2025 Projection)

Barangay 2020 Population Estimated Households Average Household Size

(2020)
Papandayan 6,912 1,382 5.0
Marfrancisco 6,079 1,520 4.0
Cacawan 6,736 1,684 4.0
Lumambayan 2,858 635 4.5
Guinhawa 2,049 456 4.5
Pili 3,375 730 4.6
Quinabigan 2,238 482 4.6
Zone I 2,957 654 4.5
Zone II 2,994 666 4.5
Wawa 4,764 1,073 4.4
Municipality Total 90,383 21,322 4.2 – 4.5
Source: PSA 2020 CPH, MPDO Pinamalayan, CBMS, and WMP 2024.
 2.3.4 LIVELIHOOD AND INCOME/PROFILE/SOURCES

Pinamalayan’s economy is predominantly based on agriculture, fisheries, small-scale trade,

and micro-industries. Many households, especially in rural and watershed-adjacent barangays,
have low- income levels. About 42.90% of households are below the poverty threshold, while
29.99% are below the food threshold. The average annual household income ranges from ₱100,000
to ₱150,000, depending on location and occupation.

The municipality has an estimated labor force of 30,000–32,000 individuals, with a high
employment rate of 94%. Despite this, some barangays—particularly Papandayan and
Marfrancisco—face high food shortage rates, indicating livelihood vulnerability due to
environmental and economic instability. These findings are crucial for designing sustainable
livelihood projects that support watershed conservation and economic resilience.

Table 25. Age Classification and Distribution (2025 Projection)

Indicator Details / Values
Main Livelihood Sources Agriculture, Fishing, Small Trade, Micro-industries
Average Annual Household Income ₱100,000 – ₱150,000
Households Below Poverty Line 42.90%
Households Below Food Threshold 29.99%
Labor Force Population (15+ yrs) 30,000 – 32,000
Employment Rate ~94%
Employed Individuals ~28,000 – 30,000
High Vulnerability Barangays Papandayan, Marfrancisco (food shortage > 35%)
Watershed Planning Use Livelihood targeting, eco-based programs, training
Sources: MPDO / CBMS 2018

2.3.5 SECTORAL PRODUCTION

The Municipality of Pinamalayan’s economy is supported by several key sectors,

each contributing to the livelihood of its residents and the overall economic development
of the community.

Agriculture

Agriculture remains the primary source of livelihood for a majority of

residents, especially in rural barangays. The municipality boasts approximately
7,300 hectares of agricultural land, with rice as the dominant crop. Other important
crops include corn, bananas, coconuts, and various root crops. Agricultural
activities also encompass small-scale livestock raising, contributing to food security
and income diversification. The sector is supported by irrigation systems and
agricultural support services from local government units.

Fishery

Given its coastal location, fishery is a significant livelihood source,

particularly in barangays adjacent to the sea. Both municipal and commercial
fishing provides income and nutrition to many households. Aquaculture activities,
including seaweed farming and fish cage culture, are increasingly gaining
prominence. However, the sector faces challenges from overfishing, climate
variability, and resource degradation.

Forestry

Forestry’s activities in Pinamalayan focus primarily on protection and

sustainable management of forest resources within designated forestland areas.
While commercial logging is limited or prohibited, community-based forest
management programs promote reforestation and agroforestry as alternative
livelihoods. Forest resources also provide materials such as bamboo, rattan, and
non-timber forest products that support cottage industries.

Mining and Quarrying

Mining and quarrying activities are minimal and regulated due to

environmental safeguards and land use policies. The municipality permits small-
scale quarry operations that supply construction materials like sand and gravel,
primarily for local infrastructure projects.

Trade and Industry

Trade and commerce flourish in the urban barangays, with micro, small, and
medium enterprises (MSMEs) dominating the sector. Retail stores, sari-sari shops,
food stalls, and local markets provide goods and services to residents. Industry
mainly consists of cottage-scale operations such as rice milling, food processing,
and handicrafts. There is also a presence of small manufacturing enterprises,
construction firms, and energy-related facilities.

Financing Network

Financial services are facilitated by local banks, cooperatives, and

microfinance institutions. These organizations provide credit and savings products,
supporting entrepreneurship and livelihood projects in agriculture, fisheries, and
trade sectors.

Other Industry Types

The tourism sector is emerging as an additional source of livelihood,

capitalizing on the municipality’s natural attractions, festivals, and cultural
heritage. Service-oriented businesses including transportation, hospitality, and
recreation are growing, particularly in urban centers.
Table 26. Sectoral Production Profile of Pinamalayan
Sector Major Activities / Remarks / Challenges Supporting Infrastructure /
Products Services
Agriculture Rice, corn, bananas, Dominant livelihood; irrigation Irrigation systems, agricultural
coconuts, root crops, supported; climate risks support services
livestock raising
Fishery Municipal/coastal fishing, Important coastal livelihood; Fish landing centers, cold
aquaculture (seaweed, fish resource degradation concerns storage, local markets
cages)
Forestry Community-based forest Limited commercial logging; DENR programs, agroforestry
management, reforestation, focus on sustainability training, forest protection
non-timber products zones
(bamboo, rattan)
Mining & Small-scale quarrying for Environmentally regulated; Local government regulation
Quarrying sand, gravel minimal scale and monitoring
Trade & Retail stores, sari-sari shops, MSMEs dominate; growing Local markets, microfinance,
Industry rice milling, food cottage industries cooperatives
processing, handicrafts,
small manufacturing
Financing Banking, cooperatives, Provides credit and savings for Local banks, cooperatives,
Network microfinance livelihood support MFIs
Other Tourism (eco-tourism, Emerging sector; opportunity Tourist facilities, transport
Industries cultural festivals), for income diversification infrastructure
transportation, hospitality
services
Source:

2.3.7 SOCIAL, EDUCATIONAL, AND MEDICAL SERVICES

Pinamalayan is projected to have a population of 95,040 with 22,103 households,

maintaining an average household size of 4.3. The crude birth rate (CBR) is expected to
continue its declining trend, falling below 6.35 per 1,000, while the crude death rate (CDR)
remains around 4.20 per 1,000. Major causes of mortality include heart disease,
hypertension, and diabetes.

Health services are delivered through 33 operational Barangay Health Stations

(BHS), one municipal health center, and multiple private and public hospitals. The doctor-
to-population ratio is 1:11,338 for public doctors, which is above the national standard.

The literacy rate remains high at 96.83%, and student-teacher ratios continue to
meet national standards. However, classroom shortages exist at the senior high school level.
Social welfare services reach vulnerable groups through 59 daycare centers and senior
citizen centers, with over 7,620 elderly and 1,680 preschoolers served by 2020 figures.
 Table 27. Social, Educational, and Medical Services Profile – Pinamalayan (as of 2025)
Category Indicator 2025 Value / Projection
Population Projected Total Population 95,040
Projected Total Households 22,103
Health Statistics Crude Birth Rate (CBR) ~6.3 per 1,000 population
Crude Death Rate (CDR) ~4.2 per 1,000 population
Leading Causes of Death Cardiac arrest, hypertension, diabetes
Medical Services Public Doctors 8 doctors (1:11,338 pop. ratio)
Total Nurses / Midwives 36 Nurses, 44 Midwives
Operational BHS 33 Operational, 4 Need Repair
Literacy Rate 96.83%
Education Total Elementary & High Schools 41 Elementary, 18 Secondary
Student-Teacher Ratio 27:1 (public)
Student-Classroom Ratio 33:1 (public), over 50:1 (senior high)
Social Services Daycare Centers 59 Centers
Pre-schoolers Served 1,680 Children
Senior Citizens Served 7,620 Individuals
Social Welfare Clients (2021) 1,838 (medical, burial, IDs, etc.)
Sources: DOH / LGU Data, MSWDO 2020 Data

2.3.8 TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATION

Pinamalayan has a well-distributed road network spanning approximately 289 km,

composed of national, provincial, municipal, and barangay roads. The municipality is traversed by
the Strong Republic Nautical Highway (SRNH), serving as a vital land transport link to Calapan,
Roxas, and mainland Luzon.

Public transport is primarily served by tricycles, vans, and multi-cabs, with 2,708 tricycles
and a total of 2,814 public utility vehicles (PUVs) registered as of 2020. Tricycles serve both urban
centers and inter-town routes such as Pinamalayan–Gloria and Pinamalayan–Socorro, operating
on flexible routes without fixed schedules, though they avoid national highways for safety.

Vans and multi-cabs operate daily trips between Pinamalayan and nearby towns such as
Calapan, Roxas, Bansud, and Bongabong. Inter-municipality trips are also supported by 29
Tricycle Operators and Drivers Associations (TODAs).

Air and Sea Access

Pinamalayan has a small airport in Barangay Pambisan Munti that was reopened in 2017,
offering chartered flights three times weekly with routes including Manila–Pinamalayan–Palawan
and Marinduque. Additionally, the municipality is served by two seaports, one in Pili and a larger,
foreign-assisted port in Recodo (Zone I), with passenger boat trips to Romblon, Antique, and Pola
 Communication Services

The municipality is covered by multiple telecommunication service providers, including

Smart, Globe, PLDT, and CATSI. These services offer mobile, landline, and internet connectivity,
although internet access remains inconsistent, particularly in remote barangays.

There are 16 communication towers across the municipality, ensuring generally good
mobile signal coverage. Cable TV and radio stations are also operational, with Radyo Natin 105.3
and Channel Plus providing local news and entertainment.

Table 28. Transport and Communication Infrastructure – Pinamalayan (as of 2025)

Category Details / Figures
Total Road Length 288.99 km
Road Class Share 58% Barangay, 34% Provincial, 5% National, 3% Municipal
Main Transport Routes SRNH (connects to Luzon, Calapan, Roxas)
Public Transport Vehicles 2,708 Tricycles, 62 Vans, 44 Multi-cabs
TODA Associations 29 TODAs, 2,709 Members
Airport Facility Pambisan Munti; flights to Manila, Palawan, Marinduque (3x/week)
Seaports Pili (small-scale) and Recodo Port (foreign-assisted)
Mobile Networks Smart, Globe, PLDT, CATSI
Communication Towers 16 towers in various barangays
Internet Access Available but unreliable in remote areas
Source: Municipal Engineering Office/ Local Road Network Development Plan (LRNDP) 2021-2025

2.3.9 TOURISM AND RECREATION

Pinamalayan boasts a growing tourism sector featuring both natural and man-made
attractions. The municipality has 34 established tourism establishments, including beach resorts,
hotels, restaurants, parks, and cultural landmarks. Many of these are located in coastal barangays
such as Guinhawa, Pili, and Banilad, which are known for their fine black sand beaches.

Potential eco-tourism sites include the Sabang and Marayos Falls, marine sanctuaries in
Ranzo, Pili, and Banilad, mangrove areas in Wawa and Lumambayan, and a rubber tree farm in
Malaya. There is also interest in developing agri-tourism and cultural attractions like the Dumapina
Pottery Center in Banilad.

Visitor arrivals increased from 4,076 in 2016 to 7,488 in 2018, with domestic tourists
accounting for the majority. Foreign visitors—mostly from the U.S., China, Germany, and
Korea—made up 169 of the 2018 total. By 2021, despite the pandemic, 6,848 visitors were
recorded, showing signs of tourism recovery.

Table 29. Tourism Profile of Pinamalayan

Category Details / Data
Existing Tourism 34 (beach resorts, hotels, restaurants, theme parks, cultural landmarks)
Establishments
Popular Locations Guinhawa, Pili, Banilad, Zone I–III, Marfrancisco
 Natural Attractions Sabang Falls, Marayos Falls, Pula River, Marine Sanctuaries, Mangrove
Forests, Cawa-Cawa Falls
Cultural Attractions Dumapina Pottery, Mangyan Village, Rainbow Junction, Filipino-Chinese
Friendship Arch
Festivals Bahaghari Festival (1–2 weeks), Centurion, Baraka sa Balangaw, Araw ng
Kagitingan
Visitor Arrivals (2018) 7,488 total (7,319 domestic, 169 foreign)
Visitor Arrivals (2021) 6,848 total (pandemic recovery year)
Foreign Visitors (2018) 21% American, 17% Chinese, 11% Korean & German
Potential Eco-Tourism Mangrove boardwalks, boating in Lumambayan, hiking access to Sabang
Projects Falls, diving in fish sanctuaries
Accessibility Mostly accessible by land via tricycle, jeepney, private vehicle
Source: Special Concerns Office-Tourism

Southern Tagalog's main food basket and tourist destination is the Province of Oriental
Mindoro, which is located in the eastern half of Mindoro Island. A system of towering mountains,
intricate caverns, pristine rivers, and captivating shores awaits bravery and daring.

Fig.10 Fig. 11

Source: Attractions – Pinamalayan Travel Oriental Mindoro

Table 30. List of Existing and Potential Eco-Tourism and Recreational Spots in the locality

Name Location Remarks

Blanco Beach Resort Marfrancisco, Pinamalayan, This location provides a relaxed beachfront
oriental mindoro getaway perfect for get-togethers with family and
friends.

Cawa-cawa falls Buli, Pinamalayan, Oriental Cawa-Cawa Falls is a beloved location among the
Mindoro locals and offers an oasis of calm for nature those
interested, while not being a popular tourist
destination.

Pili-Banilad-Ranzo Biking Pili, Banilad and Ranzo, The Pinamalayan Marine Sanctuary, a 24-hectare
trail Pinamalayan protected area rich in marine biodiversity, is also
located nearby, which adds to the trail's attraction
for those who enjoy the outdoors.
Pinamalayan Municpal Zone 3, Pinamalayan, The park features playgrounds and monuments that
park Oriental mindoro commemorate significant moments in
Pinamalayan's history.

Ranzo Fish Sanctuary Ranzo, Pinamalayan, The sanctuary has earned national recognition,
Oriental Mindoro securing second place in the 2023 Para El Mar
Awards for best-managed locally protected marine
areas in the Philippines.

Ranzo Light house Ranzo, Pinamalayan The lighthouse's elevated position makes it a
popular spot for sightseeing and photography

Wawa Mangrove Forest Wawa, Pinamalayan The province's efforts to preserve its natural
and Kayaking site resources and encourage sustainable tourism
include this attraction.

Sources: Attractions – Pinamalayan Travel Oriental Mindoro

Fig. 12. Tourist Spot Map

2.3.10 RELIGIOUS SECTORS, POLITICAL, AND SOCIAL ORGANIZATION

a. Cooperative/NGOs/Social Organizations

In a partial list taken from the Municipal Planning and Development Office
(MPDO) of Pinamalayan, there are at least 9 NGOs, 12 cooperatives, and 30
associations currently accredited with the municipal government. While most of
these organizations are based within Pinamalayan, some operate across neighboring
barangays and coastal communities.
Table 31. The NGOs currently operating in Pinamalayan
No. Name of NGO Dialect(s) Accreditation Services offered
Spoken status
1. Pinamalayan Action Center for Tagalog Accredited Disaster response, relief
Emergency (PACE) (LGU- distribution, rescue operations
affiliated)

2. Kabalikat Civicom 843 Chapter Tagalog Accredited Radio communication services,

emergency coordination,
disaster support

3. Sandugo Rescue and Radio Tagalog, Possibly Rescue services, community

Communication Group – Lima Chapter Visayan accredited alerts, volunteer training

4. Nagkakaisang Bantay Kalikasan ng Tagalog, Community- Environmental monitoring,

Barangay Banilad Mangyan based, informal clean-up drives, education
(if IPs) campaigns

5. Samahan ng Nagkakaisang Tagalog, Community- Sustainable fishing advocacy,

Mangingisda ng Barangay Banilad Visayan based, informal resource management,
livelihood assistance

6. Pinamalayan Marine Sanctuary Tagalog, Accredited Marine protection, reef

Stakeholders Association Visayan (DENR/Local) monitoring, community
enforcement

7. Samahan ng Kababaihan ng Tagalog Accredited Livelihood training, women's

Pinamalayan rights awareness, social welfare
support

8. Pinamalayan Youth Council Federation Tagalog Government- Youth leadership development,

(SK Federation) recognized civic engagement, sports and
(SK) education programs

9. Pinamalayan School of Arts & Trades Tagalog Accredited Alumni networking,

Alumni Association (DepEd/School scholarship aid, support for
) tech-voc education initiatives

Source: [Link]

b. Religion

Roman Catholicism is the predominant religious affiliation in Pinamalayan,

representing the majority of the population across its barangays. These diverse faith
communities contribute to the town’s cultural and spiritual landscape, often
participating in civic, educational, and charitable initiatives.
Table 32. Religious Affiliation
Religious affiliation Number of Percentage of household
Adherents population
Roman Catholic (excluding Catholic Charismatic) 77,632 86.2%
Iglesia Ni Cristo 2,825 3.1%
Evangelical Christian Outreach Foundation 1,316 1.5%
Seventh Day Adventist 991 1.1%
Church of Christ 811 0.9%
Jesus is Lord Church 811 0.9%
Alliance of Bible Christian Communities of the 721 0.8%
Philippines
Bible Baptist Church 631 0.7%
Door of Faith 451 0.5%
Christian Missions in the Philippines 451 0.5%
Others / None 1,455 1.6%
Total 90,105 100%
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority – Religious Affiliation in Pinamalayan, Oriental Mindoro

c. Political

As noted in the preceding sections, Pinamalayan is one of the key municipalities in

Oriental Mindoro’s eastern corridor, situated centrally among its neighboring
towns. While it forms part of Oriental Mindoro’s Second Congressional District, its
strategic location and shared ecological boundaries with nearby municipalities such
as Roxas and Gloria present opportunities for integrated development planning. To
ensure a more cohesive and effective management approach—especially in areas
such as coastal resource management, disaster resilience, and infrastructure
development—Pinamalayan could serve as a convergence point for inter-municipal
collaboration across district lines.

d. Citizen Participation

The stakeholders of Pinamalayan actively engage in planning and decision-

making processes within their respective communities and organizations. A
significant development in this collaborative governance is the establishment of the
Municipal Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Management Council (MFARMC)
through Executive Order No. 17, Series of 2023. This formal, multi-sectoral, and
inter-agency body is tasked with overseeing the protection and sustainable
development of the municipality’s coastal and marine ecosystems. The creation of
the MFARMC aligns with the mandates of Republic Act 7160, also known as the
Local Government Code of 1991, which empowers local government units to adopt
measures for the protection of their coastal and marine environments.

The Council is responsible for formulating and implementing coastal

management plans, enforcing fisheries and environmental laws, and promoting
marine-based ecotourism activities. It plays a pivotal role in coordinating efforts
 among various stakeholders, ensuring that the management of fisheries and aquatic
resources is carried out effectively and sustainably within the municipal waters of
Pinamalayan.

e. Ancestral Domain Claims

Ancestral domain claims are essential to the recognition and defense of

indigenous people' rights in the municipality of Pinamalayan, Oriental Mindoro,
especially for the Hanunuo and Buhid Mangyan tribes. Their cultural and historical
connections to the land, which they have long occupied, cared for, and protected,
serve as the foundation for these claims. In addition to actual land, ancestral
domains include the natural resources, historical locations, and places of worship
that are essential to these indigenous peoples' identity and continued existence.

In order to formally validate their claims, indigenous groups in Pinamalaya

have started the process of obtaining Certificates of Ancestral Domain Title
(CADTs), guided by the principles of the Indigenous Peoples’ Rights Act (IPRA)
of 1997. In addition to making sure that development projects are in line with their
traditions, customs, and sustainable practices, these efforts are crucial in protecting
their lands from outside dangers such land conversion, mining, and commercial
exploitation.

2.3.11 BEHAVIORAL AND CULTURAL PATTERNS

Farmers in Pinamalayan, particularly in the rural barangays such as Banilad, Malaya, and
Papandayan, have a strong connection to the land, which shapes their cultural and behavioral
patterns. Agriculture is the primary livelihood for most of the population, and their work is heavily
influenced by the seasons, soil health, and traditional farming techniques. Most farmers practice
rice and coconut farming, as well as root crops such as sweet potatoes, taro, and cassava. A number
also engage in fishing and livestock raising to supplement their income.

Culturally, mutual aid systems like "hundos" (a traditional labor exchange system) and
"sosyo" (cooperative pooling of resources for events) remain vital in agricultural activities.
Farmers often form hundos groups, where they assist each other during planting or harvest
seasons, reducing labor costs and strengthening social ties. Communal feasts and celebrations,
especially during fiesta season, allow farmers to showcase their harvest and bond with family and
neighbors.

Fig. 13 Fig. 14
Source: Philippine Rice Fields royalty
 In addition to these traditional practices, many farmers in Pinamalayan are adopting
modern agricultural techniques introduced by government programs and NGOs, which offer
training in sustainable farming, pest management, and the use of organic fertilizers. Despite these
innovations, many farmers continue to hold on to their ancestral knowledge, using organic methods
for crop production and rainwater irrigation systems that have been passed down through
generations.

Farmers in Pinamalayan also maintain a deep respect for nature, viewing the land as both
a livelihood and a sacred trust. They follow traditional beliefs that emphasize balance with the
environment, ensuring that their farming practices are sustainable and that they give back to the
land.

III. VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT

IV. ANALYSES OF ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES, PROBLEMS, AND OPPORTUNITIES