TITLE : STRAIGHT LINE AND ITS APPLICATION
A Project Report Work
Submitted to
The Department of Mathematics
Kathmandu Model Secondary School
Bagbazar ,Kathmandu ,Nepal
Submitted by
Divyank Raj Patel (Class:11 Section: M11)
Under Supervision: Chuda Prasad Pokharel
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Abstract
Straight line has various application in our daily [Link] has
made our life easier by the use of it in different way. This project
report explore Application of straight line with detail information
and example. This report begins with an overview of equation &
slope of straight line concurrentline, formulas , pair of straight line. It
then delves into application of straight line. Finally,some detailed
applications of the straight line with several examples is reported.
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Declaration
I solemnly affirm that I have completed the project report
presented herein under the guidance of Associate Teacher Chuda
Prasad Pokharel, and it has not been previously submitted for any
other examination. All sources of information utilized in this report
have been duly acknowledged through proper referencing to the
respective authors or institutions.
Signature :
Name of Student : Divyank Raj Patel
Stream : Science
Section : M11
Date : 2080/08/06
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Subject Teacher’s Recommendation
I have supervised the project work report ‘STRAIGHT LINE AND
ITS APPLICATION’ which was submitted by the student named
Divyank Raj Patel of Kathmandu Model Secondary School, Bagbazar,
Nepal. The report follows the procedure and format requirements set
by the Department of Mathematics and is being submitted as partial
fulfillment of the internal evaluation requirements for grade XI.
Therefore, I recommend this report for evaluation.
Signature :
Name of Subject teacher : Associate Teacher chudda prasad pokharel
Date : 2080/08/06
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Endorsement
We here by endorse the project work
entitled ‘STRAIGHT LINE AND ITS APPLICATION’ submitted by
Divyank Raj Patel of Kathmandu Model Secondary School, Bagbazar ,
Nepal in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the internal
evaluation of mathematics of grade XI.
Signature : Signature :
Mr. Chiranjivi Gyawal Dr. Nagendra Bahadur Aryal
(HOD) Department of Mathematics Principal
Date : 2080/08/06 Date : 2080/08/06
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Acknowledgements
I would like to express my special thanks and
gratitude to my teacher Mr. Chuda Prasad Pokharel
as well as our principal Dr. Nagendra Bahadur
Aryal who gave me the golden opportunity to do
this wonderful project on the topic ‘STRAIGHT LINE
AND ITS APPLICATION ’ which also helped me in
doing a lot of Research and I came to know
about so many new things I am really thankful to
them. Secondly, I would also like to thank my
parents and friends who helped me a lot in finishing
this project within the limited time. I am making
this project not only for marks but to also increase
my knowledge . THANKS AGAIN TO ALL WHO
HELPED ME.
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Table of Contents
Title…………………………………………………………………………………………..1
Abstract………………………………………………………………………………….…2
Declaration……………………………………………………………………………….3
Subject Teacher’s Recommendation…………………………………………4
Endorsement…………………………………………………………………………....5
Acknowledgement………………………………………………………………..…..6
Chapter 1: Introduction…..………………………………………………….……8
1.1 Equation of Straight Line………………………………………………...9
1.2 Slope of a Straight Line………………………………………….……….10
1.3 Some formulas for Equation of Straight Line……….…….....10
1.4 Concurrent Lines and the Condition for Concurrency……11
1.5 Some other formulas……………………………………………………...12
1.6 Pair of straight lines……………………………………………………….13
1.7 Angle between the line represented by ax2+2hxy+by2 ….14
1.8 Pair of Straight Lines Conditions………………………….………..15
Chapter 2: Application of Straight Lines…………………………..…...16
2.1 Detailed Application of Straight lines…………..…………........17
Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………......21
Bibliography…………………………………………………………………………..22
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Chapter 1 : Introduction
Coordinate geometry was initiated by French
philosopher Rene Descartes in his book La Geometric (1637) where he
introduced algebra in the study of points and locus of points. Thus,
coordinate geometry provides a connection between algebra and
geometry through the graphs of curves and lines. It is considered as
one of the most important concepts of mathematics.
Coordinate geometry is the unification of algebra and geometry in
which algebra is used in study of geometrical relations and
geometrical figures are represented by means of equations. The most
popular Coordinate system is the rectangular Cartesian system .
In the coordinate geometry, a straight line is considered as a set of all
points between and extending beyond two points of the plane or axis .
A straight line is denoted by any two points on the length of the point .
Straight lines can be alone as well as in pairs.
Pair of straight lines continues its path parallel to each other on the
plane or axis of the coordinate geometry system. A straight line makes
180°, a straight-line angle with another plane or axis of the
coordinate geometry. A straight line is considered as a collection of
points on a specific plane or axis in the coordinate geometry system in
mathematics. Different properties of the straight line states that it has
only one dimension and length as well as it extends in two directions
until infinity.
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1.1 Equation of Straight Line
If a line L is considered in the xy-plane, then the line may be
parallel to the x-axis or y-axis, the line may have inclination θ with the
positive direction of x-axis. Also, the line may coincide with x-axis or y-
axis. If the line is parallel to x-axis or coincident with x-axis then the
angle made by the line L with x-axis is zero degree. If the line is
parallel or coincident with y-axis, it makes an angle 90° with x-axis,
see figures below:
Y
L
θ
X’ X
Y’
FIG : 1
Y
Y FIG : 2
L L
Θ=0
θ
X’ X Y’
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X’X
Y’ FIG : 3
Θ = 90
X’ LX
Y’
FIG : 4
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1.2 Slope of a Straight Line
If a straight line makes an angle θ with the positive direction of
the x-axis, then tanθ is called the gradient or slope of the line. Slope of
a line is generally denoted by ‘m’, i.e., tanθ=m.
NOTE :
1. is +ve when 0°< θ <90°. fig 1
2. is –ve when 90°<θ<180°. fig 2
3. =0 when θ=0° for lines parallel to the x-axis. Fig 3
4. is undefined when θ=90°. fig 4
If the line passes through the point P(x1,y1) and Q(x2,y2), then m=tanθ=
( y 2− y 1)
(x 2− x 1)
1.3 Some formulas for Equation of Straight Line
( y 2 − y 1)
Two points form: y-y1 = ( x 2− x 1)}x (x − x 1) where (x1,y1) and (x2,y2)
are the coordinates of line.
One point form: y-y1=m(x-x1) where (x1,y1) is the coordinate of
line.
Slope intercept form: y=mx+c where m is slope of line and c is y
intercept.
x y
Double intercept form: a + b =1 where a is x intercept and b is y
intercept.
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Normal point or perpendicular form: xcos α+y sin α = p where p
is the length of perpendicular from origin to the line and α is the
angle made by x axis and the perpendicular.
1.4 Concurrent Lines and the Condition for
Concurrency
Three or more than three lines are said to be concurrent if they
have exactly one point in common. In other words, the lines are said to
be concurrent if all of them intersect at one point. The point of
intersection is known as the point of concurrency.
NOTE:
• The median of a triangle are concurrent. All the median pass
through the fixed point which is known as the centroid of the
triangle. Therefore, centroid of the triangle is the point of
concurrency of the median.
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• The altitude of a triangle are concurrent. The orthocenter is the
point of concurrency.
• The bisectors of the interior angles of a triangle are
[Link] incenter is the point of concurrency.
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1.5 Some other formulas
(m 2− m1)
1. θ=tan-1 (m 2− m1) where m1 and m2 are the slopes of two different
lines intersecting each other is the formula for angle between the
lines.
2. The length of perpendicular d from the point (x 1,y1) to the line
ax+by+c=0 is
√ (ax 1+ by 1+ c)
(a 2+b 2)
3. The distance between the parallel lines ax+by+c1=0 and
ax+by+c2=0 is given by d= |√ (c(a2−
2+b 2) |
c 1)
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1.6 Pair of Straight Lines
• Homogenous Equations
An equation in two variable x and y is said to be homogenous if
the sum of the powers of x and y is each is always the same. If the sum
is two then the equation is called homogenous equation of degree two
in x and y or second degree homogenous equation. The equation is a
non-homogenous equation.
• Homogenous Equation of Second Degree ax2+2hxy+by2=0
The second degree homogenous equation ax2+2hxy+by2=0 always
represents a pair of straight lines through origin.
1.7 Angle between the Lines Represented
by ax2+2hxy+by2=0
Let θ be the angle between the lines represented by, then consider the
equation.
ax2+2hxy+by2=0 ……………..…(1) for a pair of straight lines passing
through the origin.
Let the slopes of these two lines be m1 and m2. By y dividing (1) by
x2 and substituting y/x=m, we get
bm2+2hm+a=0
The roots of this quadratic in m will be m1 and m2. As a result,
– 2ℎ
m1+m2= b and m1m2=ab.
The angle formed by the two lines is θ
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| ¿(1+m 1m 2) |
(m2 – m 1)
Then,tanθ
tanθ = √
| √
{(m1+ m2)2 – 4 m1 m 2}
(1+m 2 m1) |
tanθ =| √
(– 2 ℎ)2
b2
√1+ ab
– 4 ab
|
tanθ= | √2(h 2 – ab)
(a+b) |
1.8 Pair of Straight line conditions
When dealing with difficulties based on a pair of straight lines,
some key conditions or outcomes are particularly useful.
The following are the outcomes of a general second-degree equation
ax2+2hxy+by2+2gx+2fy+c=0, which represents a pair of straight lines.
1. If tanθ=0, two lines will be parallel or coincident. i.e. if h2– ab=0
2. If tanθ is not defined, a+b=0, two lines will be perpendicular.
3. If the coefficient of xy=0, i.e. if h=0, two lines will be equally inclined
to the axes.
4. The angle formed by two straight lines is given by tanθ=|2√h2–
ab|/|a+b|.
5. If ax2+2hxy+by2+2gx+2fy+c=0 denotes a pair of straight lines, the
sum of their slopes is –2h/b and their product is a/b.
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Chapter 2 : Application of straight lines
1. Light always travels in straight line
2. Roads, Railway Tracks and Bridges are constructed based on
parallel lines.
3. Use of Slopes in Physics: while plotting graphs of motion, the
graph of position vs time results in a straight line. The slope
gives the velocity. Depending on the value of the slope, an object
can be at rest or can have constant velocity.
4. It is used in map projections, in the problems of latitude and
longitude.
5. Future contract markets and opportunities can be described
through straight line graphs.
6. It is used to manage and regulate air traffic.
7. The coordinates of the flight are used to describe the aircraft’s
current location.
8. It’s used to figure out how far two points are apart.
9. It is used to calculate the dividing line ratio in the m:n ratio.
10. It is used to find the line’s midpoint.
11. It’s used to figure out how big a triangle in the Cartesian plane
is.
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12. Even a computer monitor employs some basic coordinate
geometry concepts. Complex curves, conics, and shapes can be
mathematically specified using algebraic equations, which would
be impossible to analysis using pure geometry.
2.1 Detailed Application of Straight Lines
1. The Digital Use: The text file or PDF file is an example of
coordinate plane usage. The words or graphics in these files are
written or edited using coordinate geometry. A 2dimensional
coordinate (x, y) system is used to read any PDF file that comprises
text and graphics. Coordinate geometry is also used by scanners
and photocopying machines to generate a perfect copy of the
original image.
2. Use in GPS: The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite
navigation system that delivers position and timing information in
all weather circumstances.
Nature, which surrounds mankind, is the most essential
example of geometry in everyday life. Different geometrical
shapes and patterns can be found in leaves, flowers, stems, roots,
bark, and so on if one looks closely. Geometry is also important in
the human digestive system since it is organized like a within a
tube. Tree leaves come in a variety of forms, sizes, and symmetries.
Different geometrical shapes are found in different fruits and
vegetables; for example, an orange is a sphere, and after peeling it,
one can see how the individual slices make a perfect spherical
shape.
3. Determining Latitude and Longitude: A coordinate framework
is required for defining the precise location of a place in the actual
world. To assign geographic locations, a particular coordinate
system known as the geographical coordinate system is utilized.
When weather forecasters watch storms in real life, they note the
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absolute position on a regular basis to see the storm’s route and try
to anticipate the storm’s future path based in part on these
discoveries.
4. Locating Air Transport: Coordinate geometry is used to manage
and regulate air traffic. The coordinates of the flight are used to
describe the aircraft’s current location. Even if an aircraft moves a
tiny distance (up, down, forward, or backward), the system updates
the coordinates of flight for every small change in its position.
5. In defining the location of any object: A coordinate system can
be used to determine the position of any item from its starting
point (known as the origin) to its current location.
6. Projection of Maps: Map Any 3D curved object can be projected
onto a flat 2D surface via projection. This approach can be used to
portray the curved surface of the earth on a flat map, for example.
A unique sort of coordinate system known as a projected
coordinate system is utilised for these purposes. These are
primarily used to display maps on a computer screen.
7. Technology: Technology is the most widespread use of geometry
in everyday life. Geometry is used in almost all basic principles in
robotics, computers, and video games. Computer programmers can
work because they have access to geometric principles at all times.
Geometric computations aid in the production of sophisticated
graphics in video games, which is how the virtual world of video
games is generated. Ray casting is a shooting technique that uses a
2-D map to stimulate the 3-D environment of video games. Ray
casting aids in processing speed by performing computation for the
vertical lines on the screen.
8.
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Conclusion
In conclusion, the straight line is a versatile
mathematical concept that has numerous applications in various
fields. Its ability to represent relationships between variables, model
phenomena, and solve optimization problems makes it an essential
tool in mathematics and its applications.
The straight line is a fundamental concept in mathematics and has a
wide range of applications in various fields. It is used to represent
relationships between variables, model phenomena in physics,
engineering, and economics, and solve optimization problems.
The straight line is the shortest distance between two points and is
used to determine the slope and intercept of a line. In algebra, the
equation of a straight line is represented as y = mx + c, where m is the
slope and c is the y-intercept.
The application of the straight line extends to many other fields, such
as computer science, data analysis, and statistics, where it is used to
model trends and patterns in large datasets
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Bibliography
1. [Link]
2. [Link]
3. Foundation of Mathematics, ASMITA PRODUCTION
4. [Link]
5. Byju’[Link]
6. [Link]
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