1. Explain the concept of sampling in research. What are the different sampling techniques?
2. What do you mean by 'sample' and population? Explain with a simple example.
3. State and explain the Central Limit Theorem (CLT).
4. Health authorities asked an epidemiologist to find out the prevalence of anemia in high
school children of standard VI to X in a district of an African country. There are 60
schools in this district. And each school has standard VI to X classes. He wanted to use
multistage sampling method to estimate the prevalence of anemia in high school children
of standard VI to X in that district? How he would have done multistage sampling
method in this situation.
5. Consider one more hospital where 1000 MI cases were reported last year. He wants to do
a study one these cases. As these number of cases is large, he wants to take a sample of
100 cases. And also, as the physiological parameters of these cases would be different in
overweight and less weight cases, the researcher wants to divide these 500 MI cases into
two groups one with overweight/obese(that is BMI>=25) cases and the other less
weight(BMI<25) cases and that both these groups to represent in his sample of 100
cases. Then he took a sample of 50 patients at random from each of these two groups. a)
What are these two groups called in sampling? b) What is the sampling method adopted
here to select a sample of 100 cases? Why did the researcher adopt this sampling
method?
6. It was decided to estimate prevalence of diabetes in KSA. He had limited resources. So,
he divided entire KSA into 5 regions as north, south, east, west and central. Then he
made 20 contiguous geographical areas (clusters) in each of these five regions. Then he
selected two clusters at random from each of five regions. He found 5000 eligible
individuals from these five selected areas. And he collected relevant data from all these
individuals. a) What type of sampling method he used here? b) Why did he adopt this
method?
7. What is confidence Interval. Explain the factors affecting the confidence interval.
8. Define Estimation and Explain different types of Estimation.
9. List the properties of good estimator? Explain Significance in detail.
10. Find 95% confidence limits (or intervals) for the mean of a normally distributed
population from which the following sample was taken 15, 17, 10, 18, 16, 9, 7, 11, 13,
14.
11. A random sample of size n 100 is taken from a population with 5.1. given that the
sample mean is x 21.6, construct a 95% confidence interval for the population mean
?
12. If a random sample of size n 20 from a normal population with the variance 2 225
has the mean x 64.3, construct a 95% confidence interval for the mean population mean
?
13. What are Type I and Type II errors?
14. Differentiate between Null Hypothesis and Alternative Hypothesis?
15. What is the difference between a z-test and a t-test?
16. A company claims that the average battery life of their new smartphone is 12 hours. A
consumer group tests 100 phones and finds the average battery life to be 11.8 hours with
a population standard deviation of 0.5 hours. At a 5% significance level, is there evidence
to refute the company’s claim?
17. You need to assess the effectiveness of a new teaching scheme by comparing the test
scores of the same group of students before and after the implementation of the scheme.
The following data is given:
Before scores: 76, 88, 65, 56, 76
After scores: 85, 95, 75, 60, 81
Determine if there is a significant difference in the average test scores before and after the
implementation of the scheme.
18. A researcher wants to compare the effectiveness of two different medications for
reducing blood pressure. Medication A is tested on 50 patients, resulting in a mean
reduction of 15 mmHg with a standard deviation of 3 mmHg. Medication B is tested on
60 patients, resulting in a mean reduction of 13 mmHg with a standard deviation of 4
mmHg. At a 1% significance level, is there a significant difference between the two
medications?
19. Determine whether the average weight of a sample of 20 mangoes is significantly
different from the population’s average weight of 70 grams. The sample mean weight is
70.55 grams, and the sample standard deviation is 2.82 grams. Use one sample T-test.
20. A company claims that the average battery life of their new smartphone is 12 hours. A
consumer group tests 100 phones and finds the average battery life to be 11.8 hours with
a population standard deviation of 0.5 hours. At a 5% significance level, is there evidence
to refute the company’s claim?
21. Determine if there is a significant difference in the average scores between the two teams.
The following data is given:
Team A: Score: 65, 68, 70, 63, 67
Team B: Score: 62, 66, 69, 64, 68. Use TTest?
22. How do you decide whether to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis?
23. How do you calculate the F-statistic?
24. How do you calculate the degrees of freedom for both the goodness-of-fit test and the test
for independence?
25. A researcher wants to compare the performance of three diets on weight loss. The weight
loss (in kg) for five individuals in each diet group is recorded:
Diet A Diet B Diet C
5 4 6
6 5 7
4 3 5
7 6 8
5 4 6
Perform a One-Way ANOVA at a 5% significance level to determine if there is a
significant difference in weight loss among the diets. Calculate only Sum of Squares.
26. Suppose we want to know if gender has anything to do with political party preference.
So, we poll 440 voters in a simple random sample to find out which political party they
prefer. The results of the survey are provided in the table below.
– Republican Democrat Independent Total
Male 100 70 30 200
Female 140 60 20 220
Total 240 130 50 440
Calculate the Expected frequencies and Degree of freedom.
27. The score for those students on the second exam was recorded
Front: 82, 83, 97, 93, 55, 67, 53
Middle: 83, 78, 68, 61, 77, 54, 69, 51, 63
Back: 38, 59, 55, 66, 45, 52, 52, 61
Calculate the Sum of Square for the above data.
28. As per the survey on cars owned by each family in the locality the data has been arranged
in the following [Link] the Chi Square Statistics.
Number of cars Oi Ei
One car 30 25.6
Two cars 14 15
Three cars 6 5.2
Total 50
29. A company wants to study how two factors—Machine Type (A, B, C) and Operator (X,
Y)—affect the number of defective products. The data collected is:
Machine Type Operator X Operator Y
A 8 12
B 10 14
C 9 11
Calculate the Sum of Squares?
30. Eye colour in a sample of 40, Blue 12, brown 21, green 3,others 4
Eye colour in population Brown 80%, Blue 10%, Green 2%,Others 8%
Is there any difference between proportion of sample to that of population. use α=0.05
31. How does Non-Parametric Inference differ from Parametric Inference?
32. What is the relationship between the Mann-Whitney U test and the Wilcoxon rank-sum
test?
33. How is the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test different from the paired t-test?
34. Non parametric test - Sign test for the following data
7,5,2,3,8,2,4,4,3,7,6,2,10
2,1,0,1,3,2,3,5,1,4,4,3,4,
Significance Level α=0.05 and One-tailed test
35. Non parametric test - Mann whitney U test for the following data
53,38,69,57,46,39,73,48,73,74,60,78
44,40,61,52,32,44,70,41,67,72,53,72,
Significance Level α=0.05 and One-tailed test
36. In order to investigate whether adults report verbally presented material more
accurately from their right than from their left ear, a dichotic listening task was
carried out. The data were found to be positively skewed.
Number of words reported:
Participant Left ear Right ear
1 25 32
2 29 30
3 10 8
4 31 32
5 27 20
6 24 32
7 26 27
8 29 30
9 30 32
10 32 32
11 20 30
12 5 32
What test should we use?