Indefinite integral
Integral : An integral assigns numbers to functions in a way that can describe displacement, area, volume, and
other concepts that arise by combining infinitesimal data. Integration is one of the two main operations of
calculus; its inverse operation, differentiation. The indefinite integral is also known as antiderivative .
𝒅𝒙
Integrate :
𝟏+𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝟏−𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝟏−𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝟏−𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙
Solution: = = =
𝟏+𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 𝟏+𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 𝟏−𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 𝟏−𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙
= 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒙𝒅𝒙 − 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒙𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙𝒅𝒙 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 − 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 + 𝒄
𝐚𝟐 −𝐱 𝟐 𝐝𝐱
Integrate
𝐱
𝐱
Solution : Let 𝐱 = 𝐚𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉 ∴ 𝛉 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 −𝟏 , 𝐝𝐱 = −𝐚𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉𝐝𝛉
𝐚
𝐚𝟐 −𝐱 𝟐 𝐝𝐱 𝐚𝟐 −𝐚𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝛉(−𝐚𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉𝐝𝛉) −𝐚𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝛉 𝐚(𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝛉−𝟏)
= = 𝐝𝛉 = 𝐝𝛉
𝐱 𝐚𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉
= 𝒂 ( 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 − 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝜽)𝒅𝜽 = 𝒂 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 − 𝒍𝒐𝒈(𝒔𝒆𝒄𝜽 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽 )+𝒄
−𝟏 𝒙 −𝟏 𝒙 −𝟏 𝒙
= 𝒂(𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒔 − 𝒍𝒐𝒈(𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒄𝒐𝒔 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒔 )+𝒄
𝒂 𝒂 𝒂
𝒂𝟐 −𝒙𝟐 𝒂 𝒂𝟐 −𝒙𝟐
= 𝒂( − 𝒍𝒐𝒈( + )+𝒄
𝒂 𝒙 𝒙
Indefinite integral
𝑥 2 −𝑎2 𝑑𝑥
Integrate :
𝒙𝟑
𝐱
Solution: Let 𝐱 = 𝐚𝐬𝐞𝐜𝛉 , ∴ 𝛉 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 −𝟏 , 𝐝𝐱 = 𝐚𝐬𝐞𝐜𝛉𝐭𝐚𝐧𝛉𝐝𝛉
𝐚
𝑥 2 −𝑎2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥3
𝒂𝟐 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝜽−𝒂𝟐 (𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒄𝜽𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽𝒅𝜽 ) 𝒂𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽.𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒄𝜽𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽𝒅𝜽 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝜽 𝟏
= = = 𝒅𝜽 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽 𝒅𝜽
𝒂𝟑 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟑 𝜽 𝒂𝟑 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟑 𝜽 𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝜽 𝒂
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐𝛉 𝟏
= 𝟐𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝛉 𝐝𝛉 = (𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐𝛉) 𝐝𝛉 = 𝛉− +𝐜= 𝛉 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉 + 𝐜
𝟐𝐚 𝟐𝐚 𝟐𝐚 𝟐 𝟐𝐚
𝟏 𝟏 𝒙 𝒂 𝒂𝟐
= 𝜽 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜽 +𝒄= 𝒔𝒆𝒄−𝟏 − 𝟏− +𝒄
𝟐𝒂 𝟐𝒂 𝒂 𝒙 𝒙𝟐
𝟏 𝒙 𝒂 𝑥 2 −𝑎2
= 𝒔𝒆𝒄−𝟏 − +𝒄
𝟐𝒂 𝒂 𝒙𝟐
≠=
Indefinite integral
𝐝𝐱
Integrate: 𝟑
𝐱+𝐚 𝟐 −𝐚𝟐 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 𝒙+𝒂
Solution: 𝟑 Let 𝒙 + 𝐚 = 𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒄𝜽 , ∴ 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝜽 = , 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒄𝜽𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽𝒅𝜽
𝟐 −𝒂𝟐 𝟐
𝒂
𝒙+𝒂
(𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒄𝜽𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽𝒅𝜽 ) 𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒄𝜽𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽𝒅𝜽 𝟏 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝜽 𝟏 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
= = = 𝒅𝜽 = 𝒅𝜽
𝒂𝟑 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟑 𝜽−𝒂𝟑 𝒂𝟑 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟑 𝜽 𝒂𝟐 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝜽 𝒂𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽
𝒙+𝒂
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝜽 𝟏 𝒂
= 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝜽𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄𝜽𝒅𝜽 = − 𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄𝜽 +𝒄= − 𝟐 + 𝒄= − 𝟐 +𝒄
𝒂𝟐 𝒂 𝒂 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽 𝒂 𝒙+𝒂 𝟐
−𝟏
𝒂
𝟏 𝒙+𝒂 𝒙+𝒂
=− +𝒄=− +𝒄
𝒂𝟐 𝒙+𝒂 𝟐 −𝒂 𝟐 𝒂𝟐 𝒙𝟐 +𝟐𝒂𝒙
Indefinite integral
𝒙
Integrate: sin−𝟏 𝒅𝒙
𝒂+𝒙
𝑥 𝑥
Solution: Let 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 ∴ 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃, Also 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 = ∴ 𝜃 = tan−1
𝑎 𝑎
𝒙 𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
sin−𝟏 𝒅𝒙 = sin−𝟏 2𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃 = sin−𝟏 ( ) 2𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃
𝒂+𝒙 𝒂+𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝜃
= sin−𝟏 ( 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽) 2𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃 = sin−𝟏 ( 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽) 2𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃
𝑑
= 2𝑎 θ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃 = 2𝑎 𝜃 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃 − 𝜃 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝜃
𝑡𝑎𝑛2 θ 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 θ
= 2𝑎 θ. − 𝑑θ = 𝑎θ𝑡𝑎𝑛2 θ − 𝒂 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 θ − 𝟏 𝒅θ
2 2
= 𝑎θ𝑡𝑎𝑛 θ − 𝒂𝒕𝒂𝒏θ + 𝒂θ + 𝒄 = 𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑛2 θ + 𝒂 θ − 𝒂𝒕𝒂𝒏θ + 𝒄
2
𝑥 𝑥
= 𝑥 + 𝑎 tan−1 −𝑎 + 𝑐 (Ans.)
𝑎 𝑎
Indefinite integral
sin−𝟏 𝒙
Integrate: 𝟑 𝒅𝒙
𝟏−𝒙𝟐 𝟐
Solution: Let 𝑥 = sin 𝜃 ∴ 𝑑𝑥 = cos 𝜃𝑑𝜃 , Also 𝜃 = sin−1 𝑥
sin−𝟏 𝒙 sin−𝟏 sin 𝜃 𝜃
𝟑 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟑 cos 𝜃𝑑𝜃 = 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = 𝜃 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 𝟐 𝟏 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝟐 𝜃 𝟐
𝑑
= 𝜃 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃 − 𝜃 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = 𝜃𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝜃
𝑥
= 𝜃𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 + 𝑐 = 𝜃𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑐 = sin−1 𝑥 . + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 1 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑐
1−𝑥 2
𝑥
Since sin 𝜃 = 𝑥 then cos 𝜃 = 1 − 𝑥 2 and 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 =
1−𝑥 2
𝟏−𝒙
Integrate: 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐 cot −𝟏 𝒅𝒙
𝟏+𝒙
Solution : Let 𝑥 = cos 𝜃 ∴ 𝑑𝑥 = − sin 𝜃𝑑𝜃
𝟏−𝒙 𝟏 − cos 𝜃 𝜃
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐 cot −𝟏 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐 cot −𝟏 . (− sin 𝜃)𝑑𝜃 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐 cot −𝟏 𝒕𝒂𝒏 . (− sin 𝜃)𝑑𝜃
𝟏+𝒙 𝟏 + cos 𝜃 𝟐
𝝅 𝜃 1
= 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐 cot −𝟏 𝒄𝒐𝒕(𝟐 − 𝟐 . (− sin 𝜃)𝑑𝜃 = − cos 𝜋 − 𝜃 sin 𝜃𝑑𝜃 = cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃𝑑𝜃 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃𝑑𝜃
1 1 1
= − 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 + 𝑐 = − 4 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 1 + 𝑐 = − 4 2𝑥 2 − 1 + 𝑐
Indefinite integral
𝟐𝒙𝟐 −𝟏
Integrate: 𝒅𝒙
𝒙+𝟏 𝟐 𝒙−𝟐
𝟐𝒙𝟐 −𝟏 𝑨 𝑩 𝑪
Solution: Let = + +
𝒙+𝟏 𝟐 𝒙−𝟐 𝒙+𝟏 𝟐 𝒙+𝟏 𝒙−𝟐
Multiplying on both sides by 𝒙 + 𝟏 𝟐 𝒙 − 𝟐 we get,
𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏 = 𝑨 𝒙 − 𝟐 + 𝑩 𝒙 + 𝟏 𝒙 − 𝟐 + 𝑪 𝒙 + 𝟏 𝟐
1 7
Putting 𝑥 = −1, 2 successively we get, 𝐴 = − , 𝐶 =
3 9
7 11
Again equating the coefficients of 𝑥 2 on both sides we have, 𝐵 + 𝐶 = 2 ∴ 𝐵 = 2 − =
9 9
𝟐𝒙𝟐 −𝟏 𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟕
So = − + +
𝒙+𝟏 𝟐 𝒙−𝟐 𝟑 𝒙+𝟏 𝟐 𝟗 𝒙+𝟏 𝟗(𝒙−𝟐)
𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟕
∴ 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 = − 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 + 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒅𝒙
𝒙+𝟏 𝒙−𝟐 𝟑 𝒙+𝟏 𝟗 𝒙+𝟏 𝟗(𝒙 − 𝟐)
1 𝟏𝟏 𝟕
= + 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙 + 𝟏 + 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙 − 𝟐 + 𝒄
3 𝒙+𝟏 𝟗 𝟗
Indefinite integral
𝒅𝒙
Integrate:
𝟒+𝟓𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
Solution: = 𝒙 𝒙 𝒙 𝒙 = 𝒙 𝒙
𝟒+𝟓𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 𝟒 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 +𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 +𝟓 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 −𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝟗𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝟐−𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝟐
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝒙
𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒅𝒙 𝟐𝒅𝒛 𝒅𝒛 𝐱 𝟏 𝐱
= 𝟐
𝟐𝒙
= =𝟐 Let 𝐭𝐚𝐧 = 𝐳, . 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝐝𝐱 = 𝐝𝒛
𝟗−𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝟗−𝒛𝟐 𝟑𝟐 −𝒛𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟐
𝒙
𝟏 𝟑+𝒛 𝟏 𝟑+𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐
= 𝟐. 𝐥𝐧 +𝒄= 𝒍𝒏 𝒙 +𝒄
𝟐.𝟑 𝟑−𝒛 𝟑 𝟑−𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐
𝒅𝒙
Integrate:
𝒙−𝜶 𝜷−𝒙
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
Solution: = =
𝒙−𝜶 𝜷−𝒙
− 𝒙𝟐 − 𝜶+𝜷 +𝜶𝜷 𝜶+𝜷 𝟐 𝜶+𝜷 𝟐
− 𝒙𝟐 − 𝜶+𝜷 + − 𝟒 +𝜶𝜷
𝟒
𝜶+𝜷
𝒅𝒙 𝒙− 𝟐 𝟐𝒙−𝜶−𝜷
−𝟏
= = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜶−𝜷 + 𝒄 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 + 𝒄
𝜶−𝜷 𝟐 𝜶+𝜷 𝟐 𝜶−𝜷
𝟐
− 𝒙− 𝟐 𝟐
Homework
𝒅𝒙 𝒙 𝒆𝒙 𝒙+𝟏 𝒙𝟐 tan−𝟏 𝒙𝟑
Integrate: (1) (2) 𝒅𝒙 (3) 𝒅𝒙 (4) 𝒅𝒙
𝟒+𝟓𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 𝒙𝟐 +𝟒 𝒙−𝟏 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 (𝒙𝒆𝒙 ) 𝟏+𝒙𝟔
𝒅𝒙 𝟐 sin 𝒙+𝟑 cos 𝒙
(5) (6) 𝒙−𝟏 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏 𝒅𝒙 (7) 𝒅𝒙
𝒙𝟒 +𝟏 𝟑 sin 𝒙+𝟒 cos 𝒙
ln 𝒙 𝒙 −𝟏 𝟐 𝒙+𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙
(8) 𝒅𝒙 (9) 𝒅𝒙 (10) sin 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 (11) 𝒅𝒙
𝟏+𝒙 𝟑 𝟏+cos 𝒙 𝟏+cos 𝒙