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Indefinite Integral Calculations Guide

The document discusses the concept of indefinite integrals, which are also known as antiderivatives, and their applications in calculus. It provides various examples of integration techniques, including substitutions and trigonometric identities, to solve integrals of different functions. The solutions demonstrate the process of integrating functions and finding their antiderivatives.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
8 views8 pages

Indefinite Integral Calculations Guide

The document discusses the concept of indefinite integrals, which are also known as antiderivatives, and their applications in calculus. It provides various examples of integration techniques, including substitutions and trigonometric identities, to solve integrals of different functions. The solutions demonstrate the process of integrating functions and finding their antiderivatives.

Uploaded by

sakibhasan000182
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Indefinite integral

Integral : An integral assigns numbers to functions in a way that can describe displacement, area, volume, and
other concepts that arise by combining infinitesimal data. Integration is one of the two main operations of
calculus; its inverse operation, differentiation. The indefinite integral is also known as antiderivative .
𝒅𝒙
Integrate :
𝟏+𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝟏−𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝟏−𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝟏−𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙
Solution: = = =
𝟏+𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 𝟏+𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 𝟏−𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 𝟏−𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙
= 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒙𝒅𝒙 − 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒙𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙𝒅𝒙 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 − 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 + 𝒄

𝐚𝟐 −𝐱 𝟐 𝐝𝐱
Integrate
𝐱
𝐱
Solution : Let 𝐱 = 𝐚𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉 ∴ 𝛉 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 −𝟏 , 𝐝𝐱 = −𝐚𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉𝐝𝛉
𝐚
𝐚𝟐 −𝐱 𝟐 𝐝𝐱 𝐚𝟐 −𝐚𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝛉(−𝐚𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉𝐝𝛉) −𝐚𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝛉 𝐚(𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝛉−𝟏)
= = 𝐝𝛉 = 𝐝𝛉
𝐱 𝐚𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉
= 𝒂 ( 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 − 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝜽)𝒅𝜽 = 𝒂 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 − 𝒍𝒐𝒈(𝒔𝒆𝒄𝜽 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽 )+𝒄
−𝟏 𝒙 −𝟏 𝒙 −𝟏 𝒙
= 𝒂(𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒔 − 𝒍𝒐𝒈(𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒄𝒐𝒔 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒔 )+𝒄
𝒂 𝒂 𝒂
𝒂𝟐 −𝒙𝟐 𝒂 𝒂𝟐 −𝒙𝟐
= 𝒂( − 𝒍𝒐𝒈( + )+𝒄
𝒂 𝒙 𝒙
Indefinite integral
𝑥 2 −𝑎2 𝑑𝑥
Integrate :
𝒙𝟑

𝐱
Solution: Let 𝐱 = 𝐚𝐬𝐞𝐜𝛉 , ∴ 𝛉 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 −𝟏 , 𝐝𝐱 = 𝐚𝐬𝐞𝐜𝛉𝐭𝐚𝐧𝛉𝐝𝛉
𝐚

𝑥 2 −𝑎2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥3
𝒂𝟐 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝜽−𝒂𝟐 (𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒄𝜽𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽𝒅𝜽 ) 𝒂𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽.𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒄𝜽𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽𝒅𝜽 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝜽 𝟏
= = = 𝒅𝜽 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽 𝒅𝜽
𝒂𝟑 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟑 𝜽 𝒂𝟑 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟑 𝜽 𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝜽 𝒂
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐𝛉 𝟏
= 𝟐𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝛉 𝐝𝛉 = (𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐𝛉) 𝐝𝛉 = 𝛉− +𝐜= 𝛉 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉 + 𝐜
𝟐𝐚 𝟐𝐚 𝟐𝐚 𝟐 𝟐𝐚

𝟏 𝟏 𝒙 𝒂 𝒂𝟐
= 𝜽 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜽 +𝒄= 𝒔𝒆𝒄−𝟏 − 𝟏− +𝒄
𝟐𝒂 𝟐𝒂 𝒂 𝒙 𝒙𝟐

𝟏 𝒙 𝒂 𝑥 2 −𝑎2
= 𝒔𝒆𝒄−𝟏 − +𝒄
𝟐𝒂 𝒂 𝒙𝟐

≠=
Indefinite integral
𝐝𝐱
Integrate: 𝟑
𝐱+𝐚 𝟐 −𝐚𝟐 𝟐

𝒅𝒙 𝒙+𝒂
Solution: 𝟑 Let 𝒙 + 𝐚 = 𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒄𝜽 , ∴ 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝜽 = , 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒄𝜽𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽𝒅𝜽
𝟐 −𝒂𝟐 𝟐
𝒂
𝒙+𝒂

(𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒄𝜽𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽𝒅𝜽 ) 𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒄𝜽𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽𝒅𝜽 𝟏 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝜽 𝟏 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽


= = = 𝒅𝜽 = 𝒅𝜽
𝒂𝟑 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟑 𝜽−𝒂𝟑 𝒂𝟑 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟑 𝜽 𝒂𝟐 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝜽 𝒂𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽

𝒙+𝒂
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝜽 𝟏 𝒂
= 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝜽𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄𝜽𝒅𝜽 = − 𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄𝜽 +𝒄= − 𝟐 + 𝒄= − 𝟐 +𝒄
𝒂𝟐 𝒂 𝒂 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽 𝒂 𝒙+𝒂 𝟐
−𝟏
𝒂

𝟏 𝒙+𝒂 𝒙+𝒂
=− +𝒄=− +𝒄
𝒂𝟐 𝒙+𝒂 𝟐 −𝒂 𝟐 𝒂𝟐 𝒙𝟐 +𝟐𝒂𝒙
Indefinite integral

𝒙
Integrate: sin−𝟏 𝒅𝒙
𝒂+𝒙

𝑥 𝑥
Solution: Let 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 ∴ 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃, Also 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 = ∴ 𝜃 = tan−1
𝑎 𝑎

𝒙 𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
sin−𝟏 𝒅𝒙 = sin−𝟏 2𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃 = sin−𝟏 ( ) 2𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃
𝒂+𝒙 𝒂+𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝜃

= sin−𝟏 ( 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽) 2𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃 = sin−𝟏 ( 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽) 2𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃


𝑑
= 2𝑎 θ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃 = 2𝑎 𝜃 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃 − 𝜃 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝜃
𝑡𝑎𝑛2 θ 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 θ
= 2𝑎 θ. − 𝑑θ = 𝑎θ𝑡𝑎𝑛2 θ − 𝒂 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 θ − 𝟏 𝒅θ
2 2
= 𝑎θ𝑡𝑎𝑛 θ − 𝒂𝒕𝒂𝒏θ + 𝒂θ + 𝒄 = 𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑛2 θ + 𝒂 θ − 𝒂𝒕𝒂𝒏θ + 𝒄
2

𝑥 𝑥
= 𝑥 + 𝑎 tan−1 −𝑎 + 𝑐 (Ans.)
𝑎 𝑎
Indefinite integral
sin−𝟏 𝒙
Integrate: 𝟑 𝒅𝒙
𝟏−𝒙𝟐 𝟐
Solution: Let 𝑥 = sin 𝜃 ∴ 𝑑𝑥 = cos 𝜃𝑑𝜃 , Also 𝜃 = sin−1 𝑥
sin−𝟏 𝒙 sin−𝟏 sin 𝜃 𝜃
𝟑 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟑 cos 𝜃𝑑𝜃 = 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = 𝜃 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 𝟐 𝟏 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝟐 𝜃 𝟐
𝑑
= 𝜃 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃 − 𝜃 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = 𝜃𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝜃
𝑥
= 𝜃𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 + 𝑐 = 𝜃𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑐 = sin−1 𝑥 . + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 1 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑐
1−𝑥 2
𝑥
Since sin 𝜃 = 𝑥 then cos 𝜃 = 1 − 𝑥 2 and 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 =
1−𝑥 2
𝟏−𝒙
Integrate: 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐 cot −𝟏 𝒅𝒙
𝟏+𝒙

Solution : Let 𝑥 = cos 𝜃 ∴ 𝑑𝑥 = − sin 𝜃𝑑𝜃


𝟏−𝒙 𝟏 − cos 𝜃 𝜃
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐 cot −𝟏 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐 cot −𝟏 . (− sin 𝜃)𝑑𝜃 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐 cot −𝟏 𝒕𝒂𝒏 . (− sin 𝜃)𝑑𝜃
𝟏+𝒙 𝟏 + cos 𝜃 𝟐

𝝅 𝜃 1
= 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐 cot −𝟏 𝒄𝒐𝒕(𝟐 − 𝟐 . (− sin 𝜃)𝑑𝜃 = − cos 𝜋 − 𝜃 sin 𝜃𝑑𝜃 = cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃𝑑𝜃 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃𝑑𝜃
1 1 1
= − 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 + 𝑐 = − 4 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 1 + 𝑐 = − 4 2𝑥 2 − 1 + 𝑐
Indefinite integral
𝟐𝒙𝟐 −𝟏
Integrate: 𝒅𝒙
𝒙+𝟏 𝟐 𝒙−𝟐
𝟐𝒙𝟐 −𝟏 𝑨 𝑩 𝑪
Solution: Let = + +
𝒙+𝟏 𝟐 𝒙−𝟐 𝒙+𝟏 𝟐 𝒙+𝟏 𝒙−𝟐

Multiplying on both sides by 𝒙 + 𝟏 𝟐 𝒙 − 𝟐 we get,


𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏 = 𝑨 𝒙 − 𝟐 + 𝑩 𝒙 + 𝟏 𝒙 − 𝟐 + 𝑪 𝒙 + 𝟏 𝟐
1 7
Putting 𝑥 = −1, 2 successively we get, 𝐴 = − , 𝐶 =
3 9
7 11
Again equating the coefficients of 𝑥 2 on both sides we have, 𝐵 + 𝐶 = 2 ∴ 𝐵 = 2 − =
9 9

𝟐𝒙𝟐 −𝟏 𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟕
So = − + +
𝒙+𝟏 𝟐 𝒙−𝟐 𝟑 𝒙+𝟏 𝟐 𝟗 𝒙+𝟏 𝟗(𝒙−𝟐)
𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟕
∴ 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 = − 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 + 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒅𝒙
𝒙+𝟏 𝒙−𝟐 𝟑 𝒙+𝟏 𝟗 𝒙+𝟏 𝟗(𝒙 − 𝟐)
1 𝟏𝟏 𝟕
= + 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙 + 𝟏 + 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙 − 𝟐 + 𝒄
3 𝒙+𝟏 𝟗 𝟗
Indefinite integral
𝒅𝒙
Integrate:
𝟒+𝟓𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
Solution: = 𝒙 𝒙 𝒙 𝒙 = 𝒙 𝒙
𝟒+𝟓𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 𝟒 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 +𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 +𝟓 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 −𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝟗𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝟐−𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝟐
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝒙
𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒅𝒙 𝟐𝒅𝒛 𝒅𝒛 𝐱 𝟏 𝐱
= 𝟐
𝟐𝒙
= =𝟐 Let 𝐭𝐚𝐧 = 𝐳, . 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝐝𝐱 = 𝐝𝒛
𝟗−𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝟗−𝒛𝟐 𝟑𝟐 −𝒛𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟐
𝒙
𝟏 𝟑+𝒛 𝟏 𝟑+𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐
= 𝟐. 𝐥𝐧 +𝒄= 𝒍𝒏 𝒙 +𝒄
𝟐.𝟑 𝟑−𝒛 𝟑 𝟑−𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐

𝒅𝒙
Integrate:
𝒙−𝜶 𝜷−𝒙
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
Solution: = =
𝒙−𝜶 𝜷−𝒙
− 𝒙𝟐 − 𝜶+𝜷 +𝜶𝜷 𝜶+𝜷 𝟐 𝜶+𝜷 𝟐
− 𝒙𝟐 − 𝜶+𝜷 + − 𝟒 +𝜶𝜷
𝟒

𝜶+𝜷
𝒅𝒙 𝒙− 𝟐 𝟐𝒙−𝜶−𝜷
−𝟏
= = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜶−𝜷 + 𝒄 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 + 𝒄
𝜶−𝜷 𝟐 𝜶+𝜷 𝟐 𝜶−𝜷
𝟐
− 𝒙− 𝟐 𝟐
Homework
𝒅𝒙 𝒙 𝒆𝒙 𝒙+𝟏 𝒙𝟐 tan−𝟏 𝒙𝟑
Integrate: (1) (2) 𝒅𝒙 (3) 𝒅𝒙 (4) 𝒅𝒙
𝟒+𝟓𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 𝒙𝟐 +𝟒 𝒙−𝟏 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 (𝒙𝒆𝒙 ) 𝟏+𝒙𝟔
𝒅𝒙 𝟐 sin 𝒙+𝟑 cos 𝒙
(5) (6) 𝒙−𝟏 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏 𝒅𝒙 (7) 𝒅𝒙
𝒙𝟒 +𝟏 𝟑 sin 𝒙+𝟒 cos 𝒙
ln 𝒙 𝒙 −𝟏 𝟐 𝒙+𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙
(8) 𝒅𝒙 (9) 𝒅𝒙 (10) sin 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 (11) 𝒅𝒙
𝟏+𝒙 𝟑 𝟏+cos 𝒙 𝟏+cos 𝒙

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