PHOTOGRAMMETRIC AND REMOTE SENSING PHOTOGRAMMETRIC AND REMOTE SENSING

CHAPTER 7

PHOTOGRAMMETRIC AND REMOTE SENSING Merits

7.1 Introduction of photogrammetric as a branch of surveying i) Aerial photogrammetry can provide information of large area with very
less time.
Photogrammetric surveying or photogrammetry is the branch of surveying in which ii) Large area can be covered and mapped.
maps are prepared from photographs taken from air or ground station, for various iii) Road survey can be performed without any disturbances in ongoing traffic
purposes such as the construction of plainmetric and topographic maps, classification movement.
of soils, interpretation of geology and the preparation of composite pictures of the iv) Information to the concerned authorities, public etc can be easily conveyed
ground. through aerial photograph.
v) Photographic survey plays an ideal role for the area where field work
Types
cannot be performed.
1) Terrestrial photographs
2) Aerial photographs
1) Terrestrial photographs: It is that branch of photogrammetry in which Limitation
photographs are taken from a fixed position on or near the ground. Terrestrial
photogrammetry was first introduced in 1886. It is almost similar to plane i) Not suitable in densely forest area and bad weather.
tabling various ground features surveyed are shown in views photographed ii) Not suitable for flat terrain with sandy soils especially desert areas.
from ground station. The features are thus located by the intersections of sight iii) Highly equipped manpower and instruments are used for small area
lines two or more such stations. The plotting work is done in the field. mapping, which can be so costly, that it cannot be offered by single agent.
2) Aerial photographs: It is that branch of photogrammetry in which photographs Uses
are taken by a camera mounted in an aircraft flying over the area. It was first
utilized in the First World War. Since, then a lot of improvements have been i) Preliminary survey
made in the development of aerial cameras. In aerial photogrammetry, vertical ii) Water supply scheme
photographs (a photograph with a camera axis along the direction of gravity) iii) Road engineering
of the ground are taken with a camera fixed in an aircraft flying along iv) Transmission line survey
predetermined parallel flight lines. v) Application of geology
vi) Application to soil survey
7.2 Basic Principle, Importance and limitation of photogrammetry vii) Mining prospects etc
Basic principle 7.3 Basic Terminology
The principle underlying the method of terrestrial photogrammetry is exactly similar a. Flight Height: It is the elevation of the exposure station above the datum.
to that the plane table surveying i.e., if the direction of same objects photographed
from two extremities of measured base are known, their positions can be located by b. Altitude: It is the vertical distance of the aircraft above the earth's surface.
the intersection of two rays to the same object. However the difference between this
c. Air Station: It is also known as exposure station is the position of aircraft at the
and plane tabling is that more details are at once obtained from the photographs and
point of each camera exposure.
their subsequent plotting, etc , is done by the office while in plane tabling all the
detailing is done in the field itself. d. Tip: It is the rotation of aerial camera about a horizontal axis normal to the line of
sight. It is known as swing.

e. Tilt: Rotation of aerial camera about the line of flight. It lies in the principal plane.

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PHOTOGRAMMETRIC AND REMOTE SENSING PHOTOGRAMMETRIC AND REMOTE SENSING

f. Vertical photograph: In vertical photograph, photo is taken with the camera axis #Scale of vertical photograph:
along the direction of gravity. This is when the ground is flat and the film is
horizontal, i.e., the optical axis of the camera is vertical (± 30 from nadir). Let,

g. Tilted photograph: It is impossible to maintain the optical axis of the camera truly O = Station of camera at aircraft.
vertical in practice, resulting in tilted photographs. In case of vertical axis of the H = Height of camera from datum.
camera is unintentionally inclined to the vertical by not more than 300, the
photographs is called tilted photographs. (>±30 but less than ± 300). h = Height of ground or object from Datum

h. Oblique photographs: It is an aerial photograph taken with the camera axis f = focal length of camera.
directed intentionally between the horizontal and vertical. It may be high oblique
We have,
(when apparent horizon is shown in photograph) or low oblique (when the apparent
horizon is not shown). Between 350 to 550 off nadir. map distance
Scale (s) = ground distance
i. Forward overlap: The photograph of each strip is taken with a certain amount of
overlap which is known as forward overlap. This type of overlap is used to form From fig: In similar triangle Oka and OKA.
stereo-pairs for stereo viewing and processing. The forward lap is measured as a ka ok
∴KA = OK
percentage of the total image covered. Typical value for the forward overlapping for
photogrammetric work is 60%, to avoid risk of short overlap. ka f
⇒kA = (H−h) #
j. Side overlap: It is used in photogrammetry to describe the amount of overlap
between images from adjacent flight lines. These types of overlap are needed to make photo scale photo distance
⇒ =
map scale map distance
sure that there are no gaps in the coverage. The side overlap is measured as
percentages of the total image coverage. Typical value for the side overlap for 7.4 Relief Displacement
photogrammetric work is 30%.
Every point on the photograph there may displace some position from their true
k. Reference point: It is a prominent, easily located point in the terrain. It is orthographic position; this displacement is called relief displacement.
something, we used to determine the position of an object, but it has to be something
that does not move at all.

l. Principal distance: The length of perpendicular from a station point to a Let, r = radial distance of a from k
perspective plane taken along the principal visual ray is principal distance. It is the
ro = radial distance of ao from k .
perpendicular distance from the internal perspective center to the plane of a particular
finished negative or print or a drawing. R = koAo

Then, from similar triangles, ∆Oka and OKA

ok ka
=
oK KA

f r
⇒ (H−h) = R

Rf
∴ r = (H−R) --------- (i)

Also
f ro
=
H R

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 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC AND REMOTE SENSING PHOTOGRAMMETRIC AND REMOTE SENSING

Rf 7.5 Necessity, Importance and Types of remote sensing

∴ ro = H
------ (ii)
Introduction:
Hence, the relief displacement (d) is given by:
Remote sensing is the science and art of obtaining information about an object, area
d = r- ro
or phenomenon through the analysis of data acquired by a device that is not in contact
Rf Rf with the object area or phenomenon under investigation. Aerial photogrammetry is the
= (H−h) − H
original form of remote sensing and still remains the most widely used method.
Rfh
d = H ( H−h) ----- (iii) Collection of information from space by the help of satellites are referred as remote
sensing, data is usually collected by highly sophisticated sensors, i.e., camera radar
r(H−h) ro H
But R = = then, etc mounted on platform i.e., aircraft, satellites, etc. The information received by the
f f
sensor is manipulated, modified and send back to the storage device. The stored data
Equation (iii) can be written as; is reformatted and processed on ground to produce photographs. The human eye is
r(H−h) fh rh
perhaps the most familiar example of remote sensing.
d= f
. H(H−h) = H
Types
rh
d=H Remote sensing sensors systems can be classified on the basis of the source of energy,
either naturally occurring or manmade. It can be classified as:
Or,
ro H fH ro h
i. Active system:
d= f
. H(H−h) = (H−h)
A system which utilized man made sources of energy for data collection is called
r h active system, i.e., taking photograph at night (or dark) places with the help of a flash
∴ d = (H−h)
o

bulb.
# Height of the object from relief displacement ii. Passive system:
Let, TA = Height of tower = h A system which utilized existing natural sources of energy for collection of data is
t and b = Top and bottom positions of the tower on photographs called passive system, i.e., taking photograph on a clear bright day with a camera.

r = radial distance between k and t. The importance of remote sensing highlighted by the application of remote sensing.
Applications of remote sensing are:
H = Height of flight
i) Environmental application
S = Scale of photograph
ii) Mineral exploration
f
We have, S= (H−h)
iii) Land used / Land caves analysis
f
⇒H- h = s iv) Natural hazard minimization

f v) Archeological study
∴h=H-s
vi) Application is GIS.
dH
∴h= #
r

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PHOTOGRAMMETRIC AND REMOTE SENSING

7.6 Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR)

Remote sensing employs electromagnetic energy and to a great extent relies on the
interaction of electromagnetic energy with the matter. It refers to the sensing of
electromagnetic radiation, which is reflected, scattered or emitted from the object.
This radiation can be detected only when it interacts with matter where by a change in
electromagnetic energy takes place which is detected by remote sensing.

7.7 Interaction of EMR with earth surface features

EMR striking the surface may be reflected/scattered depends upon the following
factors.

i) Wave length of radiation

ii) Angle of incidence

iii) Surface roughness

iv) Condition and composition

Interaction with matter can change the following properties of incident radiation

i) Intensity
ii) Wavelength
iii) Direction
iv) Polarization
v) Phase

The science of remote sensing detects and records the changes.

The balanced energy equation for radiation at a given wave length λ can be expressed
as,

EIλ = ERλ + EAλ + ETλ

Where,

EIλ = Incident Energy

ERλ = Reflected Energy

EAλ = Absorbed Energy

ETλ = Transmitted Energy

The position of each fraction varies for different material depending upon their
composition and condition. Within a given features type, these proportions will vary
at different wavelength, thus helping in discrimination of different object in the earth
surface.

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