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Sustainable Textile Industry: An Overview

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 Non-Metallic Material Science | Volume 04 | Issue 02 | Special Issue | October 2022

Non-Metallic Material Science

[Link]

REVIEW
Sustainable Textile Industry: An Overview
Md. Touhidul Islam1* Rounak Jahan2 Maksura Jahan3 Md. Shahin Howlader1 Riyadul Islam1
Md. Maidul Islam1 Md. Sanowar Hossen1 Amit Kumar4 Adnan Habib Robin5
1. Department of Textile Engineering, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail-1902, Dhaka,
Bangladesh
2. Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, American International University, Bangladesh
3. Department of Environmental Science and Resource Management, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology
University, Tangail-1902, Dhaka, Bangladesh
4. Department of Business administration, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail-1902, Dha-
ka, Bangladesh
5. Department of Economics, Noakhali Government College Under National University, Bangladesh

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Article history The purpose of this study was to offer a general concept and overview of
Received: 9 May 2022 the textile industry’s environmental sustainability assessment. The textile
and garment industries cause environmental damage at every stage of
Accepted: 27 June 2022 manufacturing, from the cultivation of raw materials through the disposal
Published Online: 7 July 2022 of finished goods. Chemical loading, high water consumption, high energy
consumption, air pollution, solid waste, and odour creation are all key
Keywords: environmental concerns in the textile industry. To achieve sustainable
Sustainable production, it is necessary to examine the performance of the textile
sector while considering the three elements of sustainability. To study and
Industry locate recent and related works, five keywords were used: environmental;
Eco-design sustainability; eco-design; manufacturer; supply chain management. All
Manufacturer through the life cycle of textile products, the textile sector has a substantial
environmental impact. This paper illustrates how the textile industry may
use strategic ways to improve ecologically sustainable textile product
usage and manufacturing. A discussion is focused on how to be increased
sustainability in the textile industry. This paper introduces key principles
for ecologically sustainable business practices to consider (e.g., eco-design,
corporate social responsibility, and green supply chain management). It is
critical that all stakeholders in the textile industry, including consumers,
producers, environmental protection is emphasized in the manufacture and
use of textile goods by the distribution chain and customers.

*Corresponding Author:
Md. Touhidul Islam,
Department of Textile Engineering, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail-1902, Dhaka, Bangladesh;
Email: te17035@[Link]

DOI: [Link]
Copyright © 2022 by the author(s). Published by Bilingual Publishing Co. This is an open access article under the Creative Commons
Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) License. ([Link]

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 Non-Metallic Material Science | Volume 04 | Issue 02 | Special Issue | October 2022

1. Introduction more important to the global environment. The growth of

technology has resulted in environmental, air, and water
Environmental sustainability, from an entrepreneurial degradation, ozone layer thinning, and a decline in green
standpoint, is a marketing plan for using processes that do area. However, in response to these challenges, a sensitive
not have negative effects on the throughout the life cycle public opinion has emerged, particularly in industrialized
of natural resources (e.g., gathering, production, consump- countries. New safeguards have started to be taken, both
tion, durability, energy production, and disposal), the envi- to sustain industrialization and to improve the environ-
ronment or natural resources are considered [1]. The envi- ment [6]. Changes in the textile sector, as well as many
ronmental effects of a cotton T-shirt, for example, can be other industries, have contributed significantly to the rise
seen in these life cycle stages. Cotton cultivation involves of environmental challenges in recent years, in tandem
the use of fertilizer, pesticides, and water; dyeing and with technical improvements. The discharge of significant
spinning grown cotton necessitates the use of coal, dyes, volumes of chemical loads into the receiving environment
and auxiliaries, as well as water and electricity; and T-shirt is the textile industry’s main environmental impact. High
production requires the use of power generation, washing, chemical and water usage, energy consumption, air pol-
and liquid. The collecting, processing, and application lution, solid waste generation, and odor production are all
steps are repeated to obtain a reorder of T-shirts; End us- important considerations. The drugs used in the cultiva-
ers purchase and wear T-shirt items during consumption; tion of natural fibers and the emissions produced during
during disposal, end users discard used T-shirts, and produc- the creation of synthetic fibers are at the root of the textile
ers dispose of excess T-shirt manufacturing or material [2]. As and garment industry’s environmental issues. To treat
a result, throughout the product life cycle, energy, chem- the fibers, a number of processes requiring thousands of
icals, and water are significant environmental effect con- different chemicals, tons of water, and a large quantity of
tributors in the manufacturing industry. To ensure envi- energy are required. The environmental problems that tex-
ronmental sustainability, apparel designers should produce tile has caused have been reviewed in this review study,
things using ecologically and socially responsible design and solutions within the range of sustainability have been
approaches and trends; the supply chain must analyze the suggested.
effects of their business practices on culture, economics,
and ecosystem. The environmental sustainability of textile 2. Textile Industry’s Environmental Impacts
products, a vital component of today’s human life, has The major environmental effects of the textile industry
garnered considerable attention from both suppliers and include the discharge of large amounts of chemical loads
customers in recent years due to life cycle resource con- due to the high consumption of water and harmful chem-
sumption and environmental emissions [3]. Some clothing icals used in this industry. The corresponding water pol-
manufacturers have emphasized sustainable development lution, energy requirements in production processes and
in their processes. Institutional Knights, a Canada com- knowledge air emissions, packaging and waste manage-
munication and research firm, published the Global 100 ment production issues, and the formation of toxic fumes
Most Sustainable Corporations in the World Index, which caused by bleaching, dyeing, and printing procedures [7].
includes manufacturers preselected based on the results of The textile industry is responsible for some of the world’s
four screening methods that assessed 12 key performance most severe economic and environmental effects. The
indicators of ecological responsibility (e.g., resources and worldwide textile sector (which includes the garment and
energy usage efficiency) as well as community involve- footwear industries) is expected to reach $2 trillion in an-
ment (e.g., employee turnover and leadership diversity [4]. nual sales by 2018 [8]. After losing its status as the world’s
In order to meet their important criteria, those who do second-largest garment exporter to Vietnam in 2020,
not have enough are compelled to accept short-term deci- Bangladesh regained it in 2021, earning $35.81 in export
sions that often have unfavourable long-term effects for revenue. Bangladesh earned $35.81 billion in 2021, ac-
the environment. Environmental problems caused by low cording to the Export Promotion Bureau (EPB), whereas
consumption and poverty include chlorine fisheries, which Vietnam earned $32.75 billion, according to the General
threaten the reef ecology of poor fishermen in Southeast Statistics Office [9]. Bangladesh sacrificed its second-place
Asia, farmers in Africa burning trees for rice bread, de- ranking as a garment exporter to Vietnam in 2020, earning
stroying forests, and increasing poverty and deprivation $27.47 billion versus $29.80 billion. Because of the mag-
by intensifying erosion and soil degradation [5]. Because of nitude of the market, the textile sector is one of the most
improved production technology used to meet expanding significant polluters of the environment, using chemical
consumer demands, manufacturing activities have grown ingredients and processes [10]. Toxic chemical wastes from

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 Non-Metallic Material Science | Volume 04 | Issue 02 | Special Issue | October 2022

textile manufacturing are discharged into water sources, on all areas of society, including economy growth, social,
generally untreated, causing long-term damage to the soil, and environmental, by contributing to social responsibil-
water, and ecology (Geotextiles N.D.). In addition to the ity, also known as corporate citizenship. Corporate social
cultivation of raw materials, the textile industry has dam- responsibility, also referred to as corporate citizenship,
aging consequences throughout the life cycle of textile refers to a company’s decision to operate in ways that
products, including raw material production (e.g., fibers, benefit society and the environment rather than damaging
yarns, and textiles), garment production (e.g., arrange- them in the regular course of business. The fundamental
ment and packaged foods), and expenditure of constructed environmental goal of CSR is to protect the environment,
textile products (e.g., end consumption, reprocessing, with a focus on carbon footprint reduction. Currently,
and disregarding) [11]. Excessive quantities of water, fos- the textile industry is the largest consumer a fifth of all
sil fuels, and electrical energy are required during textile chemicals produced by all industries globally. As a result,
production operations such as dyeing, printing, and finish- the textile industry accounts for more than 10% of global
ing, in addition to chemical emission into water sources. carbon emissions, and toxic gases such as N2O, which is
Textile dyeing needs almost 2.27×1012 litres of freshwater 300 times more harmful to the environment than CO2, are
each year, while the generation of virgin polyester for generated as a result of low-cost synthetic fiber produc-
fabric necessitates about 70 million barrels of oil [12]. Fast tion’s [17]. Corporate Social Responsibility urges textile
fashion is a marketing method that enables for the quick firms to devote their resources and finances to environ-
manufacture of popular products in stores. According to a mentally friendly business operations in order to reduce
recent estimate, the worldwide fashion e-commerce mar- carbon emissions [18]. CSR seems to have a lot of benefits
ket is predicted to increase at a compound annual growth for companies, according to Epstein-Reeves, including (a)
rate (CAGR) of 21.6 percent from $549.55 billion in 2020 creativity, (b) cost reductions, (c) trademark individuality,
to $668.1 billion in 2021. The increase is primarily due to and (d) long-term planning [19]. For starters, commercial
businesses resuming operations and adjusting to the new R&D efforts could result in game-changing products with
normal as they recover from the COVID-19 pandemic’s environmental sustainability at their core (for example,
effects [13]. Due to rapid product adaptability and poor Unilever’s water-saving air conditioner) [20]. Second, CSR
quality, fast fashion has contributed to the formation of lets corporations to save money by minimizing packaging
and energy use (for example, Levi’s Water for customers
a non-eco-friendly discarded clothing culture, in which
and employees) [21].
buyers discard items after wearing it once or twice. This
clothing culture has an impact on the amount of waste that 3.2 Green Supply Chain Management in the
ends up in landfills throughout the world [14]. Textile Industry
3. Textile Industry Utilization and Manufacture Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM) strives to
that is Environmentally Sustainable reduce environmental damage caused by industrial opera-
tions, thereby incorporating environmental concerns into
As a result of the textile industry’s significant envi-
supply chain management. Academics and practitioners
ronmental consequences, sustainable development has
alike have embraced the GSCM. The construction of a
become a key problem for textile producers’ operations,
green supply chain has gained a lot of traction, and busi-
as well as customers’ lifestyles and product purchasing
nesses in the textile sector are focusing more on increasing
decisions [15]. As a result, textile organizations should im-
the visibility, efficiency, and cost-cutting of their supply
plement incentives to strengthen their constituents (such
chains [22]. Consumers are becoming more environmen-
as ownership, logistics providers, and stores) to partici-
tally conscientious of the things they buy as awareness of
pate in eco-friendly fashion activities [16]. Corporate social
environmental concerns and global warming grows [23].
responsibility (CSR), green supply chain management
Supply chains are created with the goal of achieving long-
(GSCM), and eco-design are the three types of environ-
term competitive advantages for all parties involved.
mental sustainability initiatives used by textile companies. Manufacturing companies have been urged to “green”
their supply chains as a result of social and political con-
3.1 Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)
cerns about environmental issue [24]. Green production
CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) is a self-regu- companies set up systems for suppliers or subcontractors
latory corporate model which allows a company to be so- to buy environmentally friendly products and then follow
cially accountable to itself, its customers, and the broader basic principles to reduce waste and improve operation-
population. Companies can be conscious of the impact al efficiencies throughout their supply chains, resulting

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 Non-Metallic Material Science | Volume 04 | Issue 02 | Special Issue | October 2022

in increased monetary and environmental efficiency [25]. ity, comprising resource, processing, packaging, shipping,
To maintain administrative consistency of their business utilization, and disposal (United Nations Environmental
operations, green manufacturing businesses frequently Programme, N.D.). According to previous research, eco-de-
support their supply chain partners in building an envi- sign techniques have two crucial components: (a) Material
ronmental management system (EMS) using ISO 14000 selection and (b) Manufacturing process.
techniques in order to attain ISO 14001 certification. The
EMS can be used to discover alternative mechanisms and 3.3.1 Material Selection
opportunities for managing environmental repercussions
In the material phase, selection of materials refers
effectively. Overall, green manufacturing firms may need
to the use of biodegradable environmental assets and
to help their supply chain partners acquire environmen-
manufacturing methods without the use of toxic insects
tal management skills by providing training projects and
or fertilization [34]. These natural materials must meet
sharing their green experience [26]. In order to address
environmental standards in both their properties and pro-
current environmental issues in the textile industry, it is
cedures (e.g., energy usage, material compositions, and
necessary that both manufacturers and other stakeholders
disposal) to be suitable for eco-design (United Nations
(e.g., supply chain, marketing director, and consumers)
Environmental Programme, N.D.) [35]. To be appropriate
are aware of their increased duties in the textile product
for eco-design, these natural materials must meet sustain-
life cycle, such as creating, using, and disposing [27].
ability targets in both their qualities and methods (e.g.,
3.3 Eco-design energy usage, material compositions, and disposal) (United
Nations Environmental Programme, N.D.). Cotton, flax,
Eco-design means creating goods and services that meet hemp, mulberry, and ramie are some of the most popular
your customers’ needs while using the least amount of re- natural fibers used in the fashion business. Organic natural
sources and having the least impact on the environment and fibres meet environmental standards for composition and bio-
society [28]. Codesign is the process of developing or design- degradability, and they provide good technical performance
ing goods, activities, procedures, or organizations with the (e.g., air conditioning, resistance to water, and cool buildings)
purpose of reducing or eliminating environmental, societal, and properties (e.g., anti - microbial, moisture wicking skills,
or economic harm. Eco-design includes things like sustain- and antiatopic properties) than synthetic fibers [36].
able flooring, green energy heating systems, eco-friendly
packaging, and even recyclable products. Ten essential 3.3.2 Manufacturing Processes
environmental factors lie at the heart of eco-design [29]. Uti-
lizing things that have a lower environmental impact results Designers may utilize textile science to create new
in less pollution and waste by using fewer materials in the types of eco-friendly materials by integrating natural ma-
whole production process, as well as less resources within terials, technologies, and knowledge into efficient technol-
the manufacturing process [30]. Reducing the environmental ogies instead of using harmful chemical technologies in
influence on product delivery by ensuring that items con- production [37]. Textile science for clothes is an innovative
sume less resources to make less waste and pollution when approach that employs direct correlation and physiologi-
used by end users. When in use, product function is opti- cal relationships from natural materials and techniques to
mized and the most effective service life is ensured, making create rich, unique, and individualized experiences (Van
recycling and reuse easier and minimize the environmental der. Mulberry fiber was mixed with titania nanorods (a
impact of disposal [31]. Eco-design is one of the most im- natural photocatalytic material) to develop the concept of
portant commitments made by textile sector during product anti-yellowing and antibacterial textile [38]. The selected
design, the important first step of the product life cycle, to material and design of the product have an impact on the
achieve environmental sustainability [32]. H&M, Stella Mc- environmental impact of a manufacturing process. This is
Cartney, and the Council of Fashion Designers of America, because the quantity of carbon emitted in consuming elec-
among many others, have lately launched large campaigns trical energy for a manufacturing process is directly relat-
campaigning for environmental approaches in the fashion ed to the amount of carbon emitted in the manufacturing
industry (CFDA). As part of its aim to be “climate positive” process. The growing global population has increased de-
throughout its supply chain by 2040, the H&M group has mand for manufacturing commodities [39]. More pollution
announced a historic vow to employ 100 percent recycled has resulted because of the increased productivity. A rise
or sustainable-source materials in its goods by 2030 [33]. in production is positive from a manufacturing standpoint
According to the life cycle approach, eco-design can be since it lowers manufacturing costs; nevertheless, an in-
implemented at several stages of environmental sustainabil- crease in energy consumption leads to an increase in car-

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 Non-Metallic Material Science | Volume 04 | Issue 02 | Special Issue | October 2022

bon dioxide emissions, which is bad for the environment. of textile enterprises have turned to recycled materials.
Consumption-driven energy generation is a major contrib- Nylon is made from recycled fishing nets by one com-
utor to carbon dioxide emissions and climate change. As pany, while post-consumer cotton and polyester are the
a result of this issue, a community-wide awareness cam- focus of another. The first cloth created wholly in a labo-
paign to minimize pollution and promote more sustainable ratory was nylon. It was employed for military products
production has been planned [40]. Sustainable manufactur- and as a silk substitute for items like stockings when it
ing is a method of enhancing environmental performance initially became accessible around World War II. Because
in the manufacturing process. Sustainable production of its durability and beneficial stretch qualities, it’s now
refers to items that are planned, manufactured, distributed, more frequently used in athletics, swimming, and other
used, and disposed of with low (or no) environmental and technical performance apparel. Textile Interchange, as an
occupational health risks, as well as little resource use organization, assists the apparel and textiles industry in
(materials and energy). This strategy is primarily moti- making the transition to more environmentally friendly
vated by fast growing issues such as environmental harm, materials that are better for people and the environment
massive volumes of waste, occupational health issues, and than traditional materials. Bio-based nylons (made from
increased usage of non-renewable resources [41]. renewable raw materials) have the potential to be a viable
replacement to virgin nylon. Recycled nylon is typically
4. Five Ways Textile Manufacturers Can created from pre-consumer fabric waste, but it can also
Reduce Their Environmental Impact come from post-consumer sources like industrial fishing
nets. The Recycled Claim Standard (RCS), the Global Re-
The environmental impact of the textile industry has
cycled Standard (GRS), and SCS Recycled Content are all
long been a source of debate, with everyone from con-
“chain of custody” standards that monitor recycled nylon
cerned consumers to government officials offering sug-
through the supply chain [45]. Waste isn’t going away, and
gestions on how to make substantial, beneficial improve-
these forward-thinking companies want to use it to cre-
ments. Here are five ways that textile makers can help the
ate new products. Recycling benefits the environment in
industry advance [42].
more ways than just textiles. Some companies claim that
4.1 Reducing the Usage of Harmful Processes is a their textile-processing methods save 98 percent of water
Smart Idea while reducing carbon dioxide emissions by 90 percent [46].
These new textiles are not yet widely available, but once
One strategy for textile companies to improve is to consumers are aware of their existence, they may become
examine which procedures are the most harmful to the more popular. Many environmentally concerned shoppers
environment and look for ways to change or eliminate want to help the Earth by wearing eco-friendly clothing,
them. Aalto University researchers developed a non- and this is one method to do it.
toxic way for producing waterproof, breathable textiles.
It entails applying a carnauba wax covering [43]. The team 4.3 Stop Following the Rapid Fashion Trend
also discovered that textile manufacturers could dye
The rise of fast-fashion refers to clothing that textile
and waterproof materials at the same time using their
manufacturers produce in a hurry to keep up with ever-
technology. This technique’s multitasking component
changing customer trends. There’s also a trend away from
could help the environment by minimizing the number of
long-lasting apparel. Many fast-fashion retailers anticipate
resources used during production. Instead of changing the
that customers will only wear their clothes a few times be-
production process, there are other options for reducing
fore discarding them [47]. Because of the brief cycle, there
pollution, including: (1) the use of new, less polluting is no need to focus on high-quality, long-lasting items.
technologies; (2) effective treatment of effluent to meet Consider this: traditional clothing has two cycles every
specified discharge requirements using conventional year, whereas fast fashion has 50. For each week of the
and novel techniques such as electro-oxidation, coagu- year, that’s virtually a new cycle. People are buying more
lation-flocculation, biological treatment, photochemical clothes but wearing them less frequently because of this
processing, ion-exchange, and a variety of membrane trend. Textile companies might make a sincere attempt to
techniques; and (3) recycling waste several time [44]. avoid the fast-fashion trend Many enterprises in the Unit-
ed States and internationally sell ethically sourced cloth-
4.2 Research into Several Ways to Make Recycled
ing that stands in opposition to fast fashion’s trash men-
Textiles
tality. Made-to-measure and customized clothing can help
To reduce their environmental impact, a rising number to mitigate the problems connected with “rapid fashion”

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 Non-Metallic Material Science | Volume 04 | Issue 02 | Special Issue | October 2022

while also benefiting the garment business. Because of the begins after the wastewater has been treated and the
high-quality materials, great craftsmanship, and precise sludge has been collected. In enormous vats, the sludge
fit, a custom or made to measure clothing is more likely is heated and compressed. Temperatures of 160 to 165
to be used for longer. Extending the lifecycle of a garment degrees Celsius are required, with pressures ranging from
minimizes the amount of unwanted clothing that ends up high pressure (7 – 11 or 12 bars) [53]. Batch or biothelys
in landfill by preventing it from being discarded after one and Exelyis are the two types of thermal hydrolysis.
use. The fabric is cut to order, ensuring that there is no Because of a microbial decomposition – oxidation –
excess stock stored by a retailer at the end of each season, process known as “solar irradiation”, sludge, also known
which is then significantly discounted to clear it swiftly [48]. as “organic content”, is drastically decreased by a photo-
More and more fashion brands are considering their pro- catalytic system. Solar irradiation has a synergetic effect
duction’s environmental and social impact. Sustainable that reduces the quantity of carbon in the sludge when
brands, on the other hand, will not necessarily be more paired with hydrogen peroxide – carbon being the princi-
expensive than brand-name clothing, for which consumers pal ingredient in organic material.
often pay a premium for the image but rarely for the qual-
ity or sustainability. The environmental impact of washing 4.5 Manufacture Fabrics that are Less Likely to
clothing garments is enormous. Every year, the average Shed
family does over 400 loads of laundry and uses roughly
60,000 litres of water. Heating the water for washing and Manufacturers of textiles can also benefit the
running the drying cycle both use a lot of energy [49]. environment by designing fabrics that are less likely to
shed plastic microfibers during the washing process.
4.4 Upgrade Wastewater Management Procedures One of the key causes for the release of such particles,
according to a research team, is the amount of water
The textile business generates a significant amount of
utilized during a wash cycle. According to their findings,
effluent, particularly during the coloring and finishing
a delicate wash cycle lost 800,000 more fibers than a
processes involved with apparel. Consider that the
conventional wash cycle. As a result, our oceans are
industry consumes approximately 100 to 200 liters of
becoming more polluted with plastic. Microplastics are
water for every kilogram of the finished product [50].
often carried out to sea because at-home laundry machines
Recycling wastewater is one option. A membrane
lack the extensive filters needed to effectively remove mi-
bioreactor and reverse osmosis were utilized in one project
croplastics from wastewater. According to scientists, these
in a Pakistani textile plant to do this, making the water
particles are now found everywhere in the ecosystem,
suitable for reuse during cloth cleaning [51]. Another option
from deep seas in the Pacific and Atlantic oceans to Aus-
is to remove pollutants such as dyes from wastewater
before it leaves the facility and contributes to pollution. tralia’s beautiful beaches. The fibers may be particularly
A PhD student recently investigated different approaches hazardous to marine species, which has had a significant
to accomplishing that goal [52]. Her studies cleansed the influence on the food chain. Microplastics have been
wastewater while consuming less energy and using fewer discovered in most of the marine creatures we monitor,
chemicals. Many of the solutions aren’t yet ready for including turtles, seals, and dolphins. Professor Tamara
general usage, but textile makers should stay on top of Galloway, an ecotoxicologist at the University of Exeter,
developments and be ready to embrace them as soon as told the Guardian that microfibers are the most common
they become available. One of the most difficult aspects sort of microplastic [54]. “While humans can’t be certain of
of wastewater treatment is selecting what to do with the the health effects of swallowing microfibers from textiles,
sludge produced. When compared to standard wastewater humans can speculate.” The recycled water can result in
treatment systems, solar photocatalytic wastewater treat- significant cost savings, particularly in terms of water,
ment can reduce sludge by over 80%. Thermal hydrolysis energy, and chemical usage. Before water is removed for
technology has three applications: wastewater treatment, treatment to eliminate leftover chemicals and other efflu-
waste by-product reduction, and biogas production. Large ents created, wastewater is recycled in process baths and
amounts of sludge created during the industrial waste- rinsing waters. Because steam condensate and cooling
water treatment process must be dealt with in traditional water are pure, they are easily recovered. Their thermal
wastewater treatment plants. Thermal hydrolysis facilities, energy can quickly recoup the cost of the purchase [55].
on the other hand, consider sludge to be a valuable source However, this new research suggests that delicate cycles
of energy rather than a waste. The production of biogas amplify the unfavourable effect.

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 Non-Metallic Material Science | Volume 04 | Issue 02 | Special Issue | October 2022

5. In the Ready Mate Garment Industry, ities in DO decreasing, the risk of oxygen depletion was
Ensuring Environmental Sustainability is a clearly anticipated. A longer residence duration is project-
Responsibility ed, accompanied with rising phosphate and chlorophyll a
level and falling nitrate levels.
A sustainable manufacturing framework is essential
to ensure sustainable development for green earth. The 5.1.3 Reducing Water Usage
methods given below can be used to do this [56].
Growing populations, changing socioeconomic sit-
5.1 Resources Efficiency uations, and climate change are all contributing to the
scarcity of water as a natural resource. Furthermore,
Energy efficiency Reducing energy usage water demand is predicted to climb further in some areas
because of electrification with newbuild thermal power
plants, and much more so if electricity generation is de-
Maximize alternative energy resources Water efficiency
carbonized with a large contribution of carbon capture
and storage technology in fossil-fuel-fired plants. To keep
the increased water abstraction and consumption of CCS
Reducing water usage
power plants to a minimum, novel engineering solutions
are required [59].
Maximize alternative water supply
5.1.4 Maximize Alternative Water Supply
Water is used extensively in the production of electrici-
Material efficiency ty at thermal power plants, primarily for the condensation
of steam in the steam turbines’ condensers. Water divert-
ed from surface or ground water sources such as rivers,
Optimizing material flow and usage tidal estuaries, and beaches provides most of the cooling
capacity. Water abstraction is the term used to describe
this process. Water abstractions for electricity production
Manage inventory and procurement
can account for up to 40% of total water abstraction from
5.1.1 Energy Efficiency Reducing Energy Usage fresh water sources in developed countries [60]. Because of
growing populations, changing socioeconomic situations,
The energy efficiency implies using less energy to do and climate change, water is becoming a scarce natural re-
the same work, i.e., eliminating energy waste. Energy source, and freshwater and marine environments are under
efficiency has several advantages, including lowering increasing strain. Furthermore, water demand is predicted
household and overall expenditures, as well as reducing to climb further in some areas because of electrification
greenhouse gas emissions and demand for energy imports. with new-build thermal power plants, and much more
While renewable energy technology can assist achieve so if electricity generation is decarbonized with a large
these goals, improving energy efficiency is the most contribution of carbon capture and storage technology in
cost-effective – and often the most rapid – option to cut fossil-fuel-fired plants.
fossil fuel use. Every sector of the economy, including
buildings, transportation, manufacturing, and energy 5.1.5 Material Efficiency
generation, offers significant opportunity for efficiency
Materials manufacturing consumes a lot of energy
improvements [57]. and produces a lot of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions,
5.1.2 Maximize Alternative Energy Resources accounting for around a quarter of all human CO2 emis-
Water Efficiency sions. It generates significant amounts of waste both
during manufacture and at the end of its useful life [61].
The feasibility of removing four commercial reactive More efficient material use could help to achieve a variety
wool dyes from industrial wastewaters was investigated to of environmental and economic benefits. Material effi-
address stresses on water resources sustainability manage- ciency comprises the development of technical methods,
ment, water quality parameters of lake water induced by economic models, consumer preferences, and legislative
climate change, rainwater harvesting, and drainage water instruments that would result in a significant reduction in
salinity and quality [58]. With major geographical dispar- the number of new materials needed to supply well-being.

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 Non-Metallic Material Science | Volume 04 | Issue 02 | Special Issue | October 2022

Even though many opportunities exist, material efficiency rules are all critical steps in improving management prac-
is not utilized to its full potential in practice. tices. On the other side, the followings are required for
improved sustainability: Taking environmental decisions,
5.1.6 Optimizing Material Fow and Usage implement resource pooling and industrial clustering, per-
The material flow analysis (MFA) depicts the entire forming risk analysis (environmental and business) and
movement of trash and the techniques for managing it. Improve sustainability through identifying, developing,
MFA, for example, provides transfer factors for all resi- and implementing business cases [64].
due processes in various entities that can be used in LCA
5.4 Bangladesh’s RMG Business Has Adopted
calculations. MFA can be utilized as the foundation for
Environmental Sustainability as a Goal
creating an input-dependent waste management model
utilizing LCAs. Knowing the transfer coefficients for all The owners of Bangladesh’s RMG industry are partic-
treatments allows for the creation of process inventories ularly concerned about the industry’s long-term viability.
for arranging and reusing in accordance with the MFA and To increase their efficiency and sustainability, compliance
guarantees that the mass balance in the framework is main- factories are employing several best practices. The fol-
tained. MFA entails a thorough examination of the content lowings are some best practices: Harvesting rainwater,
input and output flows into space over a set period [62]. Cogeneration reduces, reuses, and recycles water, Boiler
with condensate recovery, Chemicals and colors that use
5.1.7 Manage Inventory and Procurement
less water Renewable energy (solar panel), T5 prismatic
Sustainable inventory management (SIM) refers to skylight with LED illumination, and sustainability report-
inventory, warehousing, and material handling decisions ing. While solar energy provides consumers with a renew-
that are made with the goal of decreasing environmental able and long-term source of energy, inclement weather
and social impacts while maintaining profitability. Mod- can prevent solar panels from producing as much energy
eling location and transportation concerns could result in as they could under normal conditions, lowering their effi-
more sustainable supply chains (SCs) [63]. Recent research ciency. During severe weather, the system’s stored energy
has highlighted the necessity to consider elements other can be used first, but if there isn’t enough solar power
than standard inventory models when designing sustain- available, additional energy may be drawn from the local
able inventory systems, such as including environmental utility. Solar panels produce 10% to 25% less energy on
factors into the traditional economic order quantity (EOQ) gloomy days than on bright, sunny days, according to es-
model. It is critical to create a SIM model that considers timates. Given the variable performance of solar panels in
income growth, waste prevention, and energy cost reduc- bad weather, as well as the growing depletion of tradition-
tion. Emissions and costs are influenced by decisions on al energy sources and the environmental damage caused
lead periods, replenishment quantities, and storage facili- by their extraction, new resources must be found. Renew-
ties. able energy blends can only be cost-effective and cheap if
they are used in high-performance buildings [65].
5.2 Emissions Reduction
The following efforts must be taken to reduce emis-
6. Textile Industry Production Practices: A
sions.
Source of Environmental Concern
● Control and reduce the flow of the environment. Textiles are made from natural fibers like cotton,
● Establish a recycling system and put it into action. animal fibers like wool and silk, and synthetic materials
● Items should be managed, maintained, processed, like nylon, polyester, and acrylics (see in Figure 1).
and dealt with properly. The production of natural fibers is nearly equal to the
● Minimize wastewater and land degradation. production of synthetic materials (of which polyester
● It is necessary to account for carbon dioxide emis- accounts for about half). The phases of textile production
sions. are fibre production, fibre processing and spinning, yarn
● Reduce your carbon footprint. preparation, fabric creation, bleaching, dyeing, and
printing, and finishing (see in Figure 2). Because the
5.3 Increasing Managerial Effectiveness
process of changing raw fibers into completed apparel and
Establishing an effective environmental management non-apparel textile items is complex, most textile mills
system, improving accounting and environmentally mon- specialize. Knitting and weaving are used alternately in
itoring performance, and compliance with environmental the production of man-made cotton and wool materials.

22
 Non-Metallic Material Science | Volume 04 | Issue 02 | Special Issue | October 2022

Textiles go through several stages of manufacture, to generate environmentally friendly alternative proce-
including yarn production, fabric development, wet dures for fabric manufacture [69]. Because the enzymes
processing, and textile fabrication [66] . This textile employed are created from bacterial or fungal species
manufacturing process comprises “wet methods”, which cultivated via bioengineering fermentation methods and
result in the generation of volatile organic compounds then extracted, the economics of enzyme production
(VOCs). VOCs are measured in milligrams of carbon per and extraction are cost-effective. However, using pure
cubic metre (mg/m3) and vary from 10 mg/m3 to 350 mg/m3. enzymes during processing is difficult to manage and may
In the industrial sector, process wastewater is a major result in enzyme penetration into the body. Synergistic
cause of pollution. Per tonne of wool produced, 544 m3 of effects, which occur when two or more substances work
effluent is produced, which is contaminated with bacte- together to produce effects that are greater than the sum of
ria, chemicals, dyes, and bleaches. The effluent is usually their parts, are the most significant environmental impact
alkaline (high pH), includes particles, oil, and potentially of rapid pH variation in the large body of water. This pro-
toxic organics such phenols from dyeing and halogenated cess is particularly important in surface waters, where an
organics from whitening, as well as a high BOD/COD increase in pH increases the toxicity of chemicals such as
load. Heavy metals like copper and chromium may be ammonia and iron, posing serious risks to fish stocks and
present in dye wastewaters, which are frequently bril- children washing and playing in the water.
liantly colored. During the manufacture of wool, bacteria
and other diseases may be released [67]. Wool is the most
6.1 The Cost of the Environment in the Garment
Supply Chain
reusable and recyclable fiber among the major garment
fibers. Wool’s environmental credentials are bolstered by The garment sector has several environmental
its extended service life and ability to be recycled into consequences. It pollutes the environment in a variety of
new textiles for garments, durable upholstery, or goods ways. Environmental pollution includes wastewater dis-
that rely on its natural fire and temperature resistance [68]. charge, pollution and waste discharge, air pollutants, and
Wool can be utilized in industrial applications such as troublemakers [70]. Figure 3 denotes the impact of green
thermal and acoustic insulation, as well as pads to absorb supply chain management. The supply chain expenditures
oil spills, in addition to premium next-to-skin garments. have an impact on the environment since delivering
Natural fibers, such as wool, lessen the textile industry’s products more efficiently reduces your carbon footprint.
pollution and landfill build-up at the disposal stage. Wool Companies are now establishing sustainability initiatives
biodegrades rapidly in warm, wet environments, such to aid the environment by reducing miles travelled,
as soil, through the activity of fungi and bacteria to nec- production expenses, product waste, and unscheduled
in enzyme
essary penetration
elements (i.e. Nitrogen into the body.
and Sulphur). Synergistic
Innovative effects,
activities [71]
. which occur
Importers when two
and exporters workortogether
more with
cost-competitive processes for new soft handle contact, their suppliers to express their sustainability ideals and
insubstances
enzyme work togetherinto
penetration to produce
the body. effects that are greater
Synergistic effects,than the sum
which of their
occur whenparts,two are
or the
more
no most
shrinking, and
significantwashable woollen
environmental textiles are needed
impacteffects
of rapid expectations. Many businesses, such as retailers and large
substances
in the textile and
work together
garment
to produce
industries. The most
thatpH
effective
arevariation
brands
greater
in the
in thethe
than
United
large
sumbody
States, have
of water.
of their
begun
parts,
to
This
are the
assess their
process is
most significantparticularly important
environmental in surface
impact waters, where
of rapid suppliers’ an
pH variation increase in pH
in the large increases the
body ofThey toxicity
water.
methods for fiber modification are oxidative or reductive environmental performance. assessThis
their
of chemicals
process such as ammonia
isasparticularly importantand iron, posing serious risksanto fish stocks andincreases
children thewashing
procedures, well as the application ofinpolymer
surface waters,
resins where
greenhouse increase
gas in pH
emissions, energy and water toxicity
use, and
and playing in the water.
to of
thechemicals
wool surface. such as ammonia
However, and iron,
such methods produce posing
haz- serious risks to through
trash generation fish stocks andand
surveys children washing
questionnaires [72]
.
and chemicals
ardous playing in the
that canwater.
be retained in fabrics and indus- This information is used to determine what changes a
trial effluents. Proteolytic enzymes have been employed corporation should undertake to reduce environmental
Cotton Wool Silk Nylon Polyester Acrylics
Cotton Wool 1. The
Figure Silk
diagram Nylon Polyester
of textiles raw materials Acrylics
Figure 1. The diagram of textiles raw materials
Figure 1. The diagram of textiles raw materials

Fibre production Fibre processing and spinning Yarn preparation Fabric creation

Fibre production Fibre processing and spinning Yarn preparation Fabric

creation Bleaching Dyeing Printing Finishing

Figure 2.
Figure 2. The
The diagram
diagramofof
production process
production process
Bleaching Dyeing Printing Finishing
23
Figure 2. The diagram of production process
6.1 The Cost of the Environment in the Garment Supply Chain
 Non-Metallic Material Science | Volume 04 | Issue 02 | Special Issue | October 2022

damage. Companies who are committed to sustainability world, a supply chain built on a sustainable platform
will collaborate with their suppliers to identify pollution opens additional partnership opportunities. Practicing en-
and waste sources and devise preventative solutions. To vironmental in all facets of your business increases your
avoid pollution, they would also urge suppliers to employ credibility and reputation. A long-term supply chain can
cleaner and more cost-effective methods of production. also help you boost production while lowering costs. By
The idea is to broaden the scope of accountability utilizing sustainable approaches and resources, organi-
throughout the supply chain. Being environmentally zations may enhance the efficiency of buildings, trans-
conscious has other benefits besides making the world portation, and machines while saving money. Tsunamis,
a greener place. Companies that strive for sustainability devastating hurricanes, out-of-control wildfires, and other
have a few benefits, including a better public image, a natural disasters are becoming more common because of
lower risk of noncompliance, the attraction of more envi- global warming and climate change. CO2 emissions from
ronmentally conscious customers (a group that is rising), vehicles, ships, and factories play a significant role in this.
increased productivity and quality, and an increase in Now that governments are taking aggressive measures to
more sustainable products. According to Mohammad Mo- prevent climate change, freight businesses must adhere
mower Hossain, the environmental impact of textiles and to new criteria that establish permissible emission levels
the garment supply chain is as follows [73]. from their fleet. By improving the effectiveness of your
logistics management system and strengthening your sup-
ply chain, you not only minimize your carbon footprint,
but you also boost your profitability [77]. As you demon-
strate your green credentials, a sustainable supply chain
might help you land more business. Internationally recog-
nized standards, such as ISO 14001, can help you out even
more. ISO 14001 is a management system that helps you
find holes in your organization where you may achieve
green efficiency savings. It’s frequently a requirement in
Figure 3. Impact of green supply chain management [74]
commercial tenders. With an accreditation to back up your
environmental efforts, you can demonstrate to potential
6.2 The Importance of Sustainability in Supply clients that you’re making important steps to lessen your
Chain Management environmental effect. If the company examines its supply
The concept of incorporating sustainable environmental chain and can adjust, the benefits are numerous. Positive
operations into the traditional supply chain is referred to action can result in significant cost savings and improved
as “green supply chain management” (GSCM). Product margins, as well as a reduction in the environmental dam-
design, material sourcing and selection, manufacturing age [78].
and production, operation, and end-of-life management
are all examples of this. GSCM emphasizes promoting
7. A New Business Model for Environmentally
value creation throughout the supply chain organiza-
Sustainable Development
tions to lower total environmental effect, rather than Sustainable development was once thought to mean so-
simply aiming to mitigate the supply chain’s environ- cial and economic progress that was also environmentally
mental impact [75]. Understanding the green supply chain friendly. Since the introduction of the “three pillars” idea,
management, social, and economic impact, as well as it has increasingly become recognized that economic and
making appropriate changes to reduce it, is the foundation social sustainability have benefits of their own, as well as
of sustainable supply chain management. Everything from specific and definite meaning as a component of human,
the electricity system in a warehouse to product delivery social, political, and economic growth. In light of this
and beyond can be included in the operation [76]. If your knowledge, it is vital to examine the third pillar attentively
warehouse produces goods, your sustainability strategy in order to focus on the notion of environmental sustain-
will entail a study of the full manufacturing process, ability [79]. Environmental sustainability is important in the
including the sustainability practices of all raw material global textile industry during the retailing phase. Fashion
suppliers, product assembly in the plant, and waste retailers must develop a new innovative business model
disposal and recycling. In a supply chain, sustainability that includes the employee and the company, as well as
is more than just becoming green. Because environmen- measurement standards for measuring and tracking the
tal responsibility is such a hot topic in today’s business company’s environmental sustainability practices such as:

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 Non-Metallic Material Science | Volume 04 | Issue 02 | Special Issue | October 2022

Clinton N.D., Amazon, Apple, Nike, Samsung, Dell, Le- greentailing initiatives are critical current store growth
novo etc. As a firm’s future growth and success strategy, a drivers.
creative business model aiming at environmental, social,
economic, and technological challenges is gaining popu- 7.2 Greentailing
larity (Clinton N.D.) [80]. Greentailing, also known as eco- Greentailing is a movement toward more conscious re-
tailing, is one of the most prominent business concepts tailing that is achieved by environmentally friendly activ-
dedicated to environmental sustainability. ities and processes, as well as the sale of environmentally
friendly products and services, that become ingrained in
7.1 The Retail Industry’s Key Market Trends
a company’s corporate fiber [86]. In essence, companies
In today’s retail industry, several significant market who practice “green retailing”, the two terms that make
trends are influencing retailers’ performance and long- up the mash-up of “greentailing”, are concerned with how
term growth: (a) greentailing, (b) demographic shifts, (c) their actions affect not just their customers, but also their
experiential marketing growth, (d) thinking outside the employees, vendors, community, and environment. The
box, and (e) offering services rather than goods [81]. To retail industry is thriving in a familiar, demanding, and
begin, greentailing is a business strategy that emphasizes competitive environment. Green retailing can acquire a
environmentally conscious, socially responsible, and competitive advantage, according to Ferraro and Sands,
economically successful retailing in all aspects of the because green enterprises have the potential to provide
business [82]. The impact on retailers’ environmental and large returns on investment and cost reductions. Sinha dis-
societal commitments, consumer understanding and be- covered that sustainable practices are defined as “the busi-
havior, employees and the supply chain, and shareholder ness of selling environmentally friendly items to the gen-
profits are all considered. Greentailing satisfies the grow- eral public and/or the practice of running a business that
ing demand among customers for organic, environmental- sells products to the general public using environmentally
ly, and socially sustainable, and well-being products [83]. friendly ways [87].” Customer communication in greentail-
To meet these needs, greentailing requires the supply ing, which spans stores, products, and people, is strongly
chain and retailers to be able to accept new ideas and influenced by corporate social responsibility (CSR). Gre-
generate money while adhering to ecologically friendly entailers must accordingly sell products that are organic
standards across the board. Greentailers with a main and natural, free of dangerous ingredients, domestically
focus on greentailing increase faster than competitors grown and legally obtained through fair trade, and, most
with increased product innovation capabilities regarding significantly, ecologically responsible [88]. Meanwhile,
environmental sustainability [84]. For example, two of the greentailers must give economic returns to their customers
biggest greentailers, Walmart and Whole Foods, continue through environmentally and socially responsible business
to grow at a far quicker rate than their non-greentailer operations (e.g., supply chain, retailers, and staff).
competitors, thanks to constant green evolutions. Second, Academy Sports + Outdoors and Samsung C&T are two
market dynamics have changed greatly from five years ago textile merchants who have dedicated to environmentally-
due to the significant changes in consumer demography [85]. responsible business practices. Both firms show how
Third, regarding product pricing, the in-store experience greentailing can promote an image of a company while
and consumer engagement with the brand are now also rewarding its shareholders economically [89]. Due to
important sales and profit drivers). Fourth, companies its commitment to complying with California’s Proposi-
must think outside the box to come up with fresh and tion 65 and the California Transparency in Supply Chains
unique ways to connect with customers, especially Act (SB 657), Academy Sports + Outdoors, a Texas-based
non-traditional customers (such as online shoppers). Fi- sports brand specialty retailer, is one of the leading gre-
nally, rather than merely buying items, today’s buyers entailers. California’s Proposition 65 has produced a list
demand service throughout their shopping trips. Today’s of over 850 toxic chemicals that are detrimental to peo-
retail sector depends heavily on the ability to manipulate ple and the environment, and it prohibits their utilization
customers. As a result, in today’s retail climate, retailers in product manufacturing (Academy Sports + Outdoors
must be aware of any factors that may impact customers’ N.D.). Samsung C&T, established in 1954, is a large glob-
decisions in light of these major market trend alterations. al clothing design and retail firm with yearly sales over
Retailers should make ongoing attempts to link to their two billion dollars (USD). The company is a member of
target customers’ demands through innovative product the Samsung Group and currently owns 50 44 K.E. Lee
merchandising, marketing, and packaging approaches in fashion brands (including imported, licensed, and private
order to create a lasting impression on them. As a result, labels) [90]. In 2013, to mark Samsung C&T’s 60th anni-

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 Non-Metallic Material Science | Volume 04 | Issue 02 | Special Issue | October 2022

versary, the company opened the HEARTIST HOUSE, a time it takes to produce a product from concept to final
CSR store based on the company’s strong commitment to product) is only a few weeks, compared to the garment
CSR. The name HEARTIST is a combination of the terms industry’s standard six-month time-to-market [94]. For ex-
“heart” and “artist”, and it represents the store’s symbol- ample, Topshop’s time-to-market has been shortened to
ic principles of environmental sensitivity, sharing, and six to nine weeks, whereas H&M’s has been shortened
donating.). The HEARTIST is designed for a purchase to three weeks. Aside from a time-to-market, another
experience that is similar to giving, with five principles: distinguishing quality of fast fashion shopping is the
reduce, reuse, recycle, refine, and recover. The HEART- capacity to generate a wide range of clothing styles. Zara,
IST is committed to environmental sustainability in five the world’s biggest fashion retailer, produces 12,000
ways. To begin, the products in the store can be separated styles per year from 40,000 different types made by 200
into three groups: The HEARTIST store of Samsung C&T in-house designers. Fast fashion’s features of providing
in Seoul, South Korea. Textile Industry Environmental the latest fashion styles at low prices in short turnaround
Sustainability (a) organic and natural-materials items, times have resulted in a disposable clothing culture, in
(b) donated clothing items from the company’s leading which consumers discard clothing after only a few uses;
luxury fashion brands (e.g., Bean Pole, Galaxy, Roga- this utilization culture increases waste material amounts to
tis, Kuho, LeBeige), and (c) upcycled clothing items be landfilled due to a shorter product life cycle. Fast fash-
designed by young modern fashion designers who have ion refers to low-cost, low-quality, mass-produced, and
offered their abilities. Second, the store’s shopping bags machine-made items that end up in landfills quickly. Slow
are made of biodegradable, recycled plastic and are meant fashion garments, on the other hand, are manufactured by
to be shared, allowing the customer to return to the store hand, take time to produce, employ artistic skill, are of
after filling them with items for donation [91]. Third, a higher quality, and are more expensive. Over time, slow
warehouse built in the 1940s was converted into the main fashion clothing becomes naturally warm and pleasant.
store using minimal synthetic materials. Fourth, recycled Years, if not a lifetime, can be spent on these. The
materials make up more than half of the store’s fixtures. utilization of organic, recycled, repurposed, and upcycled
Fifth, the cooling water from the store’s air conditioning fibers is important to sustainable fashion. The materials
system is recycled to irrigate the flower garden. Fur- used are those that use fewer chemicals, dyes, energy,
resources, waste, and have a low environmental impact [95].
thermore, personnel of the company, including fashion
designers and merchandisers, volunteer to work as retail 8.2 Slow Fashion
staff. Samsung C&T donates half of the proceeds from
the HEARTIST store to charities and organizations that Consumers’ environmental consciousness is expanding
promote environmental sustainability through donations, because of the increasing environmental repercussions of
campaigns, and events [92]. clothing use (particularly fast fashion), creating a need
for sustainable clothes consumption through slow fashion
8. Make Use of Phases goods. Eco-friendly apparel products enable consumers
to make ethical and consumption decisions while also
Consumption of fashion products is influenced by the
establishing an ecologically conscientious identity [96].
need for self-expression and identity creation. Because
Slow fashion was first coined in 2008 by Kate Fletcher,
of a strong concern for the distinct personality created
is an alternative to fast fashion, according to, a sustain-
by fashion styles, as well as a lack of information about
able design expert [97]. Slow fashion is clothing that is
clothing’s negative environmental effects, consumers are
ageless, untouched by rapidly changing fashion trends,
often less concerned about ethical or sustainable clothing
and lasts a long period. Slow fashion extends outside the
use [93]. Rapid fashion and slow fashion are two separate
use of organic compounds to include environmentally
trends that affect customer apparel purchasing behaviors
sustainable fashion methods based on customers’ envi-
in today’s clothing market.
ronmental awareness of textile items’ effects across their
8.1 Rapid Fashion whole life cycle [98]. Slow clothing brands prioritize prod-
uct durability and reusability while designing clothing
Rapid fashion refers to an apparel company’s business in an environmentally conscious manner. Slow fashion
approach of successfully managing the supply chain in trends enable consumers to purchase timeless designs that
order to produce the most up-to-date trendy products in will last a long time while retaining good product quali-
a timely manner in response to consumer demand. As ty, and designers to develop seasonless sellable products
a result, fast fashion’s time-to-market (the amount of on the market [99]. As these new slow fashion products

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 Non-Metallic Material Science | Volume 04 | Issue 02 | Special Issue | October 2022

appeal to consumers seeking distinctive designs with a much clothing as they did in 1980 [101]. After these textiles
willingness to pay a premium, slow fashion can reduce were used, only 3.8 billion pounds of textile garbage were
the textile industry’s carbon footprint in subtle alternative given or recycled, accounting for 15% of total global
ways without overloading environmental pressures solely landfill garbage; the other 9.53 billion kilogram of textile
on textile companies; thus, slow fashion can reduce the waste (85%) was landfilled (Cline 2014; Council for Tex-
textile industry’s carbon footprint in delicate alternative tile Recycling N.D.). In the United Kingdom, like in the
ways without overloading environmental pressures solely United States, 10% of the 1.4 million tons of old textile
on textile companies. In the textile industry, Eileen Fisher waste is estimated to be landfilled each year. Due to the
is a famous example of a slow fashion brand, delivering massive amount of textile waste created each year, the
timeless and ageless patterns by reproducing chosen icon UK’s recycling and waste management sectors are expe-
styles through seasons while adapting to new trends for a riencing concerns with future landfilling. Because of the
broad consumer base. growing interest in green clothing consumer movements,
discarded used textile goods are now recognized as an
8.3 Clothing Consumption in the Future economic value regenerator through reuse and recycling.
When textile waste is recycled, for example, 45 percent of
As the fashion industry grows in size, a large volume of
it can be worn as second-hand clothing, 30 percent can be
clothing waste causes major environmental problems by
cut up and made into industrial waste, 20 percent biode-
needing more and more landfill space each year through-
grades after dumping, and only 5% is worthless. In gen-
out the world. As a result, promoting environmental
eral, municipal governments and trash management com-
sustainability will necessitate a more holistic approach to
panies have a lot of money to make from these discarded
influencing customers’ apparel purchasing behavior to in-
products [102]. Customers benefit from recycling because it
clude concerns or obligations to the environment and so-
reduces the demand for new garment production, reduces
ciety. To safeguard the environment, garment companies,
manufacturing, which saves a lot of energy and raw mate-
like consumers, must rethink their green business prac-
rials, and reduces energy and raw materials, which results
tices in terms of how clothing is designed, manufactured, in fewer pollutants in the environment (Second Hand 4
consumed, and disposed of. Consumers are increasingly Business Ltd. N.D.). As a result, consumers should be
conducting research on a product and the firm that manu- urged to recycle and donate their clothes to help the envi-
factures it before making a final purchase [100]. Consumers ronment.
are better educated than ever before, so they buy less but
better. “Conscious consumerism” is the future’s trend! 9. Conclusions
For a variety of reasons, impulse purchases have de-
The textile manufacturing process requires a lot of re-
creased during this pandemic. People are visiting physical
sources, including water, fuel, and a variety of chemicals,
stores in lower numbers than in the past. When we go to
over the course of a long production schedule that gener-
the mall to buy a pair of shoes, we wind up purchasing a
ates a lot of waste. Pollutants generated by the worldwide
dress and a pair of fashionable earrings as well.
textile industry are wreaking havoc on the environment
8.4 Disposal Procedures in unimaginable ways. It pollutes land, air, and water,
rendering them ineffective and unproductive in the long
After consumers use textile products, used textile waste term. Reducing the toxins released by the textile sector
is commonly dumped (e.g., clothes, footwear, and acces- has become vital. Textile companies and their raw ma-
sories). More textile waste is produced every year around terial processing units have contaminated the air, water,
the world, especially in fashion centers like the United and land, posing a major threat to the environment. It has
States and the United Kingdom. Textile production in the put the lives of humans and other animals on the planet in
United States has gradually increased (for example, cloth- jeopardy. Environmentally friendly agricultural and manu-
ing, footwear, and accessories). In 1999, 8.25-billion-kilo- facturing processes should be used. There is an immediate
grams worth of textiles were manufactured. By 2009, this need to take action in this direction. Textile manufacturing
sum had increased by 11.55 billion kilograms, and it is has a negative impact on the environment due to frequent
expected to increase by 16.07 billion kilograms by 2019. and relatively large GHG emissions, water withdrawal,
(Council for Textile Recycling N.D.). According to 2009 the release of toxins into our ecosystem from pesticides
textile output numbers of 11.55 billion kilogram, each US and herbicides used in cotton production, and a variety of
resident purchased around 37 kilograms of textile items other factors. An eco-friendly product is one that is cre-
per year, meaning that Americans now buy five times as ated, utilized, or disposed of in a way that greatly lessens

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 Non-Metallic Material Science | Volume 04 | Issue 02 | Special Issue | October 2022

the harm it would otherwise cause to the environment. In of the Textile Industry and Its Assessment Through
addition to reducing the environmental impact of textile Life Cycle Assessment. pp. 1–39.
manufacturing and making our world a better place to DOI: [Link]
live, the use of such materials will help to minimize the [7] Bilgin, A., 2015. Analysis of the Environmental
harmful effects of toxic chemicals (pesticides, herbicides, Impact Assessment (EIA) Directive and the EIA de-
and so on) on human health. cision in Turkey. Environmental Impact Assessment
Review. 53, 40–51.
Author Contributions DOI: [Link]
Conceptualization and writing, M.T.I; supervising, R.J; [8] Lee, K.E., 2017. Environmental Sustainability in the
Textile Industry. pp. 17–55.
reviewing, M.J; reviewing, M.S,H; editing R.I; formatting
DOI: [Link]
figures and manuscript editing; M.M.I; editing and re-
[9] Bangladesh returns to second position in RMG ex-
viewing; M.S.H; manuscript redesign, A.K; final review-
ports in 2021. [Link]
ing and editing, A.H.R.
gladesh-returns-second-position-rmg-exports-2021/
Conflict of Interest (Accessed Jun. 13, 2022).
[10] Gardetti, M.A., Muthu, S.S., 2015. Sustainable ap-
All authors checked this work and declared no conflict parel? Is the innovation in the business model? - The
of interest. case of IOU Project. Textiles & Clothing Sustainabil-
ity. 1(1), 1–9.
Funding DOI: [Link]
This paper received no external funding. [11] Khan, M.M.R., Islam, M.M., 2015. Materials and
manufacturing environmental sustainability evalu-
Acknowledgements ation of apparel product: knitted T-shirt case study.
Textiles & Clothing Sustainability. 1(1), 1–12.
I would like to thank Tarekul Islam for his kind support
DOI: [Link]
to complete this work.
[12] Choudhury, A.K.R., 2017. Sustainable chemical tech-
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