L1 – NATURE OF PA MODERN PA

●​ Ethics
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION ●​ Equity
●​ Is the business side of government that is concerned with ●​ Accountability
policy execution, and with policy-making
●​ Is the non-political public bureaucracy operating in a L2 – EVOLUTION OF PA
political system
●​ Covers all three branches of government, although it tends Public Administration
to be concentrated in is the non-political public bureaucracy ●​ Public administration as an activity is defined as the set of
operating in a political system deals with the ends of the actions that serve the purpose of aspiration of the
State, the sovereign will, the public interests and the government, wherein it works under an organizational and
executive branch management system.
●​ Deals with the ends of the State, the sovereign will, the ●​ It deals with validating laws qualitatively, with ample regard
public interests and laws to honesty and efficiency.
●​ Differs significantly from private administration, especially in ●​ It consists of processes by which it plays a significant role
its emphasis on the public in formulating and interpreting policies that shall seek the
●​ Is interdisciplinary in nature as it draws upon other social common good.
sciences like political science, economics and sociology ●​ In a simple society, the objectives of public administration
are limited. However, in a large-scale and complex society,
NATURE OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION it becomes specialized and differentiated through the
establishment of organizations, departments, councils,
commissions, agencies, and others in charge of
Integral View ●​ Each and every activity that is administrative tasks
(Operation) performed in an organization
working towards a particular goal of THE EVOLUTION OF PA IN THE TRADITIONAL/CLASSICAL
the state/govt. LENS
●​ From the top managerial officers to ●​ The origins of public administration may be traced back to
the very bottom manual workers, all human history. It has been hypothesized that it dates back
are part of public administration as a to the ancient empires of China, India, and Egypt, Greece,
process. Rome, and Mesopotamia.
●​ The notion that "public administration should not be
Managerial ●​ Takes into account the managerial considered administration of the public, but administration
View activities of an organization for the public" has been implemented, practiced, and
(Management) ●​ The managerial activities of people articulated in Hammurabi's Code, Confucianism, Buddhism,
who are involved in planning, Pericles' funeral oration.
organizing, commanding, ●​ Caiden (1982) stated that the origins of public
coordinating and controlling administration must be traced back to ancient Greece. It
constitute Public Administration started in monarchical Europe, when household officials
were separated into two groups: one for public affairs, i.e.
SCOPE OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION the administration of justice, economics, army training, and
the other personal services are the responsibility of the
person in charge.
PA as an ●​ All the activities of the government ●​ Rutgers (1998), (i.e. royal) administration was already
activity ●​ Public administration provides a visible in Prussia in the mid-17th and early 18th centuries
number of welfare and social
security services to the people HISTORY OF PA
●​ The history of Public administration dates back to 1887,
PA as a ●​ Planning, Organization, Staffing, beginning through the vision of a progressive leader named
discipline Directing, Co-ordinating, Reporting, Woodrow Wilson, whose works are representations of the
Budgeting (Gullick’s POSDCoRB) innovations that occurred in the field of public
●​ Substantive matters of administration
administration, such as Defence, ●​ Public administration took its leap as among the modern
Law and Order, Education, Public disciplines and the newest of the social sciences
Health, Agriculture, Public Works,
Social Security, Justice, Welfare FIRST STAGE: DICHOTOMY BETWEEN POLITICS AND PA
(1887-1926)
Public administration is an instrument with two blades like a ●​ This era serves as the starting point of the evolution of
pair of scissors. One blade may be knowledge of the field covered public administration as a discipline.
by POSDCoRB, the other blade is knowledge of the subject matter ●​ The main argument revolved around the advocacy for the
in which these techniques are applied. separation of politics and administration, otherwise known
●​ Both blades must be good to make an effective tool. as the ‘politics- administration dichotomy’.
●​ The father of Public administration Woodrow Wilson wrote
TRADITIONAL PA an essay titled “The Study of Administration” published in
●​ Economy: deals with the ends of the State, the sovereign the Political Science Quarterly in 1887.
will, the public interests, and laws ○​ Wilson calls out for urgent reconstruction of
●​ Efficiency: is the business side of government that is institutions to be responsive to public interests,
concerned with policy execution, and with policy-making abolish corruption, and improve the system and
●​ Effectiveness: covers all three branches of government, efficiency of the government.
although it tends to be concentrated in the executive ○​ The central theme of his essay was the urge to
branch separate politics from administration. Wilson
argues that politics deals with policymaking while
administration implements policy decisions.
 ●​ Goodnow: argues the conceptual distinction between the THREE PARADIGMS OF PA
prevailing functions of the government, namely, politics and PLURALISM
administration. His claims were based on the classic ●​ Approach that recognizes and embraces the existence of
separation of powers, wherein “Politics has to do with multiple competing interests, values, and opinions within a
policies or expressions of the state will”, whereas, community.
“administration has to do with the execution of these ●​ Indicates that decision-making processes should consider
policies”. feedback from different kinds of stakeholders, including
people, interest groups, businesses, and advocacy
SECOND STAGE: PRINCIPLE OF PA (1927-1937) organizations.
●​ The main thought of this period of evolution was the ●​ Implies acknowledging and valuing the diversity of opinion,
existence of certain ‘principles’ of administration, wherein as well as actively involving different groups in
scholars must determine them and promote their decision-making to create balanced and inclusive
application. governance.
●​ It was in 1927 - 1937 that the principles in the history of
public administration as a discipline were at their peak, or in UNIVERSALISM
their golden years. The publications during this period were ●​ Primarily utilizes a systematic and scientific method to
greatly in demand in government and politics. serve issues within a community.
●​ Exhibiting a top-down approach to administrative structure,
THIRD STAGE: ERA OF CHALLENGE (1938-1948) it provides utmost responsibility to the higher-ups and those
Three things prevented the pursuit of administrative in leadership, in such cases the executive branch is the
principles: “ultimate” authority”
●​ the existence of values in administration ●​ Objectivity in public administration is also of importance in
●​ individual differences in human personalities leadership and policy-making as well as implementation.
●​ various social frameworks affecting organizations
PARTICIPATORY DEMOCRACY
FOURTH STAGE: CRISIS OF IDENTITY (1971-1990) ●​ The Council of Europe (n.d.) affirms that the “heart of
●​ Other academics made the decision to return to political democracy is that citizens’ concerns are the basis for
science change”. Participatory processes, in this regard, act as an
●​ Others studied administrative science opportunity for the citizens to take part in decision-making
and provide insights that push for progress.
FIFTH STAGE: PUBLIC POLICY PERSPECTIVE ●​ Participatory democracy ensures that citizens are able to
●​ Public policy has been at the forefront of public directly participate, or be involved in the decisions of the
administration - especially with the advent of the New government that impacts their lives.
Public Administration in 1968. ●​ Representation and demographic inclusion pose barriers to
●​ Public Policy entails the perspective of enacting laws in participatory democracy due to; (1) people are not provided
order to solve issues in society. with the tools necessary to understand the content of
SIXTH STAGE: ROWING TO STEERING (1991-PRESENT) debates during electoral proceedings, and (2) each stage of
●​ From the advent of the 1990s to the new millennium, public the policy-making and decision-making process must be
administration and with that, policy-making, have steered fully transparent.
towards maintaining the value of policies for society itself. ●​ We need to compromise on a middle ground or what is
●​ Commercialization and Liberal Ideals often called the “critical truster” - a strategy to pave the way
for a critical reflection of citizens towards a system they
MODERN PA believe in.
●​ Development Administration: Development Administration
(DA) developed as an area of study in the 1950s. and L3 – APPROACHES AND SCOPE OF PA
1960s, with the focus on third-world countries. Differentiate The history of the approaches to public administration is
emerging nations that are not part of the two power blocs, characterized by the classical model (widely accepted throughout
called the First and Second Worlds. 19th to 20th-century Western Europe)
●​ New Public Administration: Frederickson believed that
discrepancies developed because public administration An administration under the formal control of the political leadership
concentrated on the economics and efficiency of ●​ Based on a strictly hierarchical model of bureaucracy
implementation rather than the social aims or ideals of ●​ Staffed by permanent, neutral and anonymous officials,
government policies and activities motivated only by the public interest, serving and governing
●​ New Public Management and Reinventing Government: In party equally, and not contributing to policy but merely
the 1980s and early 1990s, it seemed as though there was administering those policies decided by the politicians.
a coordinated assault against the a company that
challenges conventional and standard methods of doing MAX WEBER’S PA
things -numerous methods and modalities in both the ●​ Officials are personally free and are appointed on the basis
corporate and governmental sectors. The need for major of a contract.
internal and external organizational transformation became ●​ Officials are appointed, not elected. Weber argues that
clear. They varied from being more "client" or "customer" election modifies the strictness of hierarchical
focused to decentralized power to being more "business subordination.
oriented," particularly for those in government. ●​ Officials are appointed on the basis of professional
●​ Public Administration as a Governance: The numerous qualifications.
unsuccessful development efforts from the 1950s to the ●​ Officials have a fixed money salary and pension rights. The
1990s developed changes through the concept of official’s post is his sole or major occupation.
"governance", introduced by The United Nations (UN), ●​ A career structure exists with promotion based on merit
World Health Organization (WHO), World Bank (WB), the (though pressure to recognize seniority may also exist).
Asian Development Bank (ADB), and others. ●​ The official is subject to a unified control and disciplinary
○​ The term "governance" has recently "become system in which the means of compulsion and its exercise
something of a mantra, uttered by donors, are clearly defined.
reformers, and pundits alike."
AMERICAN VS EUROPE PA: what distinguishes America from
Europe is the transfer of effective management methods between TWO SCOPES OF PHILIPPINE PA
large private and public organizations TRADITIONAL
●​ Administrative concepts of the institution are solely within
APPROACHES TO PA the hands of the Executive Branch of government
1.​ HISTORICAL ●​ Focus on the Three Es:
●​ Past administrative systems Processes 1. Efficiency
●​ Antiquated policies 2. Economy
●​ Attempts to interpret and relate each to the 3. Effectiveness
present context of public administration MODERNIST
2.​ LEGAL ●​ The “administration” consists of all three branches of
●​ Referred to as the juristic approach government
●​ Sheds light on legal frameworks Understands ●​ The three branches work in unison to enable the nation to
present systems of implementing the law function
●​ A legalistic approach to public administration ●​ Executive, legislative, and judiciary all work within their
banks on a state’s or institution’s legal precedents. spheres but nonetheless interact with each other to
3.​ PHILOSOPHICAL promote inter relational stability
●​ Centers are ‘man’
●​ Rationalizes human behavior within an institution PHILIPPINE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION: THREE INSTITUTIONS
●​ Philosophical discourses on public administration EDUCATION
scrutinize the institution as a ‘living’ body. ●​ Science and history education in the Philippines are the
4.​ SYSTEMS weakest
●​ A set of connected variables which are ●​ Many seem to believe that standards of precision and
interdependent Individuals which form a larger quality are a nuisance Precision is blithely avoided
part of a working organism
●​ Administration is viewed as a system of POLITICS
interrelated sections (sub-systems) that interact. ●​ The development of the politics of the principalia and the
5.​ CASE METHOD fiesta was crucial
●​ Stresses on the administration’s decision-making ●​ The old political ethics did not die away during the 20th
●​ Takes into consideration the many aspects which century The archetypal lider in Filipino politics is still he who
influence gets the most jobs for his followers, increases his income
●​ Public administration is the study of when his faction is in power
decision-makers and their behavior in ●​ The victorious elites affirm the triumph of democracy, the
decision-making. victory. of the people; and the latter listen to finely crafted
speeches on nationalism, social justice, and the popular
welfare.
6.​ MECHANICAL/MANAGERIAL
●​ One of the earliest approaches in studying public GOVERNMENT
administration ●​ With the establishment of autonomy in 1935, the Filipino
●​ Efficiency is the primary focus of any notions of politics and government asserted themselves
administration The Philippine government at the time was young and
●​ An administration is a self- regulating organization blossoming
and that certain principles may be discovered to ●​ Threats to the institution (as discussed in politics) were very
help the organization run efficiently. much rampant
7.​ BEHAVIORAL: Primary focus is the behavior of both ●​ The “old ways” were still considered “fashion”
individual and institution interacting with each other in any ●​ The period of nationhood is much shorter than the history
administrative circumstance. of colonial experience.

HISTORY OF PHILIPPINE PA L4 – GOOD PRACTICES IN PA

Philippine public administration began with the publication and ●​ Effective PA hinges on implementing policies and
release of the Bell Report (1951) procedures that guide an organization in achieving an
●​ Initiated under the Truman administration in participation of organization objectives with integrity and accountability
Quirino’s post-World War presidency ●​ Entails a judicious orchestration of resources, policies, and
●​ Under the jurisdiction of the Economic Survey Mission actions, all calibrated to resonate with transparency,
(ESM) under Daniel W. Bell accountability, and a resolute dedication to the common
●​ Underlined the post-war economic position of the welfare
Philippines ●​ Generally focused on two main requirements of the
●​ 1952: The Institute for Public Administration (IPA) was public sector entities
introduced in the University of the Philippines (UP), greatly 1.​ Performance (desirable for good governance):
patterned and heavily drew inspiration from the University effective and efficient delivery of goods, services,
of Michigan (UM) or programs
2.​ Conformance (mandatory)
AMERICAN PARTICIPATION IN PHILIPPINE PUBLIC ●​ adherence to the law
ADMINISTRATION ●​ Regulations
The birth of public administration in the Philippines was instigated by ●​ Published standards
James K. Pollock, chair of the department of political science at the ●​ Community expectations of probity,
University of Michigan, and John W. Leiderle, chair of the Institute of ●​ accountability, and openness
Public Administration (IPA).
●​ Spearheaded book collection for the IPA library In-service SIX PRINCIPLES OF GOOD PRACTICEs IN PA
training program for government employees 1.​ Rule of law: cornerstone of good governance as it
●​ Offered academic programs for university students upholds the principles of accountability, transparency, and
●​ Led research and development in the field of public fairness, ensuring that public administration serves the
administration
 broader public interest rather than the interests of a select
few. PADRINO SYSTEM
2.​ Transparency: demands the honesty and integrity of Patron Client Relationship
authority, it also includes the genuine care and service to ●​ Patron- Person with power promising rewards to his
the public supporters
3.​ Accountability: includes being responsible for properly
managing public funds and ensuring all aspects of ●​ Client- Does favors that are beneficial to the Patron in
performance meet established standards. Accountability exchange for reward
meet established standards. Accountability entails
subjecting oneself to external scrutiny, where actions are Social exchange theory: coined by American sociologist German
reviewed to ensure they align with intended purpose Homans (1958) explaining that the cost- benefit analysis is what
4.​ Public sector ethics & probity: governs the relationship of two people.
●​ Public sector ethics encompass essential values
like objectivity, impartiality, professionalism, Backer system: a person is selected and appointed into a position
reliability, and courtesy, all of which are without analysis of their credentials and instead the entire-decision
fundamental to good governance. making was influenced by the familial or personal links that the
●​ Probity: emphasizes core standards of behavior applicant has with the interviewer
such as selflessness, honesty, and integrity
5.​ Stewardship: best emphasized with RA 6713 that public CORRUPTION
officials and employees at all times be accountable to the ●​ Corruption is the abuse of public power for private gain
people and shall discharge their duties with utmost ●​ Despite being presented as a healthy democracy, the
responsibility, integrity, competence, and loyalty, act with Philippine political system is plagued by corruption
patriotism and justice, lead modest lives, and uphold public Effects
interest over personal interest ●​ Misallocation of public resources and funds
6.​ Leadership: entails setting a positive example and ●​ Democracy is undermined since money and power creates
establishing a clear direction from the highest levels of an unfair advantage
government. When leaders in the public service actively ●​ Rising inequality bought by the growing gap between rich
endorse and uphold the principles of good governance, it and poor
sets the standard for behavior and performance throughout ●​ Decrease of public trust due to the public sector’s
the organization. Strong leadership is the framework for demonstration of ineffectivenes
creating a collective commitment to good governance
within an organization CURRENT ISSUES FACED IN PA

L5 – MAJOR CONCERNS OF PA INCREASED DIGITAL GOVERNANCE

●​ Digital divide
REDTAPE ANTI PROGRESS ●​ Inadequate information and communication technology
●​ An over regulation of excessive and redundant processes
that delay action and make service inefficient, resulting in CITIZEN PARTICIPATION
high cost of doing business. This is common in government Systemic Inequalities
agencies and in large private corporations ●​ The growing reliance on technology means it's crucial to
●​ A common practice “kalakaran” among national equip the less privileged with access to digital solutions.
government agencies and local government units. ●​ Unstable internet access, technical illiteracy, and language
●​ ANTI-RED TAPE ACT: The Philippines established a barriers prevent individuals from joining the online world.
minimum standard frontline government services such as a
minimum five days and maximum 10 days depending on LOFTY GOALS BUT WEAK INITIATIVE
the transaction. ●​ This is the tendency of the government to present goals
○​ Citizen Charter. a binding social pact between with high standards and benefits however, are often left as
government and the public. unfulfilled promises instead.
●​ The Philippine political system comprises a bureaucracy
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICES: The Filipinos face unequal access to with the hope of easing the accomplishment of tasks
medical treatment, individuals living in the isolated areas that are however there are evidences that brought by this, the
associated with poor basic services such as sanitation, clinics or opposite occurs
health centers.
●​ Absence of doctor Factors affecting the implementation of policies and programs
●​ Shortage of health professionals ●​ Budget constraint
●​ Human resources and leadership ●​ Political interferences
●​ Geographical location and sea conditions ●​ Inefficiency
●​ Lack of transparency and accountability
LACK OF FACILITIES FOR THE EMPLOYEES: During the Duterte
administration, despite them focusing on infrastructure projects, may OVERLOOKING CIVIL LAWS AND RESPONSIBILITIES
lack of health infrastructure built and lack of classroom/ school room. Culture of impunity: people’s belief that they can violate the law
●​ Public Health Facilities without the fear of consequences
●​ Overcrowded students
Effects
LOW SALARIES PAID IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR ●​ Decrease in public trust
Effects ●​ Incite social unrest and instability
●​ Productivity of the Staff diminishes ●​ Inefficiency in providing public services
●​ Temptation to engage in corrupt activities Brain drain How to address the issue
●​ Difficulty retaining skilled workers ●​ Strengthen the anti-corruption laws
●​ Promote transparency and accountability
Increasing salary is not enough: Improve the control and ●​ Strengthen the government institutions
monitoring systems as well as the appropriation of sanctions to
improve efficiency.
ASSESSMENT OF GOVT AGENCIES AND OFFICES IN THE ●​ Proclamations - fixing a date or declaring a
DEVELOPMENT OF PUBLIC SERVICES status or condition of public moment or interest,
upon the existence of which the operation of a
DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT: The specific law or regulation is made to depend
DILG's mission is to "promote peace and order, ensure public safety, ●​ Memorandum Orders - matters of administrative
strengthen local government capability, and champion the autonomy detail, or of subordinate or temporary interest
of LGUs for inclusive and sustainable development." This mission which only concern a particular officer or
aligns with its legal mandate, which includes supervising LGUs and government office
ensuring their compliance with national laws and policies. ●​ Memorandum Circulars - matters relating to
●​ Service quality and performance: According to recent internal administration, bring to the attention of all
reports from the Philippine Bureau, the DILG has played a or some of the departments, agencies, bureaus, or
pivotal role in enhancing the performance of LGUs in offices of the government, for information or
delivering public services. The SGLG award, which compliance
recognizes LGUs for their good governance practices, is a ●​ General or Special Orders - commands of the
strong indicator of progress. In recent years, there has President as commander-in-chief of the Armed
been a substantial increase in the number of LGUs Forces of the Philippines
receiving this award, reflecting improvements in service 3.​ Power over Aliens - certain powers over non-Filipinos in
delivery at the local level. the Philippines
●​ Transparency and accountability: The DILG has ●​ May have an alien in the Philippines deported
implemented numerous transparency and accountability from the country
measures to ensure its standing in Philippine public ●​ May change the status of a foreigner prescribed
administration. This is seen through various initiatives by law May choose to overrule the Board of
including that of the Local Government Integrity Circles Commissioners of the Bureau of Immigration
(LoGIC) Project, which encourages LGU’s to be more ●​ Exercise powers as recognized by the generally
transparent and accountable in their operations. accepted principles of international law.
Additionally, the DILG publishes annual reports and 4.​ Powers of eminent domain, escheat, land reservation
financial statements. This allows for stakeholders, us the and recovery of ill-gotten wealth
citizens, to ensure no breaches of public distrust occur. ●​ Eminent domain - state has the power to seize or
●​ Resource management: The DILG manages a substantial authorize the seizure of private property for public
budget for both its programs and initiatives. In the 2021 use with just compensation.
General Appropriations Act, the DILG was allocated over ●​ Escheat - direct the solicitor general to institute
PHP 225 billion (approximately 4.5 billion USD), a escheat or reversion proceedings over all lands
significant portion of which goes towards enhancing local transferred or assigned to persons disqualified
government capacity and public safety. Lapses however under the constitution to acquire land.
have occurred within the DILG. During the pandemic, ●​ Land reservation - power to reserve lands of the
various reports (source) showcased numerous LGU’s public and private domain of the government
withholding questionable expenses and budget allocations ●​ Recovery of ill-gotten wealth - direct the solicitor
not in perfect alignment with common sense nor that of the general to institute proceedings to recover
common trust. The DILG being partial in these resource properties unlawfully acquired by public officials or
management anomalies. employees, from them or from their nominees or
●​ Innovation and adaptability: The DILG has demonstrated transferees.
adaptability in response to various challenges in its 5.​ Power of appointment - appoint officials of the Philippine
administration. Recent to the COVID pandemic response to government as provided by the constitution and laws of the
which the reliability of our agencies can be truly grasped, Philippines
the DILG played an inherent role in the implementation of 6.​ Power of general supervision over local governments -
quarantine and public health measures, highlighting its mandate to supervise local governments in the Philippines,
adaptability in congruence with government policy. As for despite their autonomous status as provided by Republic
innovation, having been able to keep in pace in the Act No. 7160
deliverance much need technology throughout the country 7.​ Other Powers - exercise powers enumerated in the
constitution, and powers given to him by law.
L6 – PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE
EXECUTIVE BRANCH: The executive branch is composed of:

The President Line of Succession: In case that that the elected President of the
According to Article VII, Section 2 of the 1987 Constitution, these are Philippines is not able to discharge the duties of his office due to
the following criteria need to be met to be able to run for presidency: death, disability, or resignation, these are the line of succession:
1.​ Natural born Filipino 1.​ Vice President
2.​ A registered voter 2.​ Senate President
3.​ Must be able to read and write 3.​ Speaker of the House of Representatives
4.​ 40 years of age at the day of the election; and 5. Must have
resided in the Philippines ten years before the election was Vice President
held.
Powers of the President Qualifications: same as President
1.​ Power of Control over the Executive Branch - control
over all the executive departments, bureaus, and offices. Duties
2.​ Power ordinance power - power to give executive ●​ May concurrently assume a cabinet position should the
issuances President of the Philippines offer the former one. secretary
●​ Executive Orders - providing for rules of a concurrent
general or permanent character in implementation ●​ Assume the presidency in case of the death, disability, or
or execution of constitutional or statutory powers resignation of the incumbent President
●​ Administrative Orders - particular aspects of
governmental operations in pursuance of his Line of succession: If there is a vacant seat for Vice President, the
duties as the administrative head President is required by the 1987 Constitution to nominate a
replacement with the concurrence of the Committee on ●​ Minority- Those who voted for the Speaker`s opponent
Appointments.
JUDICIAL: Judicial power rests with the Supreme Court and the
Cabinet Secretaries of the President Local Government lower courts. It is mandated under Art. VIII sec. 1 (2) of the 1987
Constitution to settle actual controversies involving rights which are
●​ Functions: Cabinet secretaries act as the alter ego of the legally demandable and enforceable.
President executing, with his authority, the power of the
Office of the President in their respective departments. SUPREME COURT
●​ Appointment System: According to Article 7, Section 16, ●​ Composed of a chief justice and 14 associate justices
the President may appoint anyone to executive ●​ It plays a critical role in interpreting and upholding the rule
departments with the consent of the Commission on of law, ensuring the constitutionality of government actions,
Appointments. and maintaining the integrity of the Philippine legal system.
●​ Powers of Cabinet Secretaries: They issue directives
relative to their departments, such as department orders. Functions of the Supreme Court
These orders only apply to offices under a specific 1.​ Judicial Review
department under the cabinet secretary’s jurisdiction. 2.​ Interpretation of Laws
3.​ Dispute settlement
Local government 4.​ Advisory Opinions
Social services and facilities under Section 17 of the Local 5.​ Administrative Functions
Government Code: Local government units also have the power to 6.​ Rule-Making on courts
create their own sources of revenue and to levy taxes, fees, and 7.​ Promote Judicial Independence
charges that shall accrue exclusively to them. 8.​ Issuances of writs such as Habeas Corpus, Amparo,
Habeas Data, and the environmental Writ of Kalikasan
Members of Local Government: Each local government has its 9.​ Disciplinary Actions on members of the Bar
own chief executive, they have the power to approve or veto local
ordinances recommended by the local legislators. The following is COURT OF APPEALS
the list of local chief executives: ●​ Composed of one presiding justice and 68 associate
1.​ Barangay—punong barangay (barangaychairman) justices, all of which are appointed by the President.
2.​ Municipality—municipalmayor ●​ Its principal mandate is to exercise appellate jurisdiction on
3.​ City—city mayor all cases not falling within the original and exclusive
4.​ Province—provincial governor jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.
●​ Its decisions are final except when appealed to the
LEGISLATIVE: The legislative power shall be vested in the Supreme Court on questions of law.
Congress of the Philippines which shall consist of a Senate and a
House of Representatives, except to the extent reserved to the SANDIGANBAYAN: Is an anti-graft court that has jurisdiction over
people by the provision on initiative and referendum. criminal and civil cases involving graft and corrupt practices and
such other offenses committed by public officers and employees,
Bills and Resolutions including those in government-owned or controlled corporations, in
Bills relation to their office as may be determined by law.
●​ Precursors to legislation
●​ Become legislation after being ratified by both houses of COURT OF TAX APPEALS
Congress and the President of the Philippines ●​ It has exclusive appellate jurisdiction to review by appeal,
decisions of the Collector of Internal Revenue, decisions of
the Commissioner of Customs, decisions of provincial or
Resolutions city Boards of Assessment Appeals.
●​ Joint resolutions - consent of both chambers of Congress ●​ Composed of: (1) Presiding Justice and (8) Associate
as well as the President's signature Justices.
●​ Concurrent resolutions - used for subjects impacting the ●​ A decision of a division of the CTA may be appealed to the
operations of both chambers CTA En Banc, and the latter’s decision may further be
●​ Simple resolutions - deal with issues completely within appealed by verified petition for certiorari to the Supreme
the purview of one chamber of Congress Court.

CHAMBERS OF LEGISLATIVE BRANCH First Level Courts

Senate ●​ Metropolitan Trial Courts (MeTC),
●​ The upper chamber of the Philippines' legislature ●​ Municipal Trial Courts in Cities (MTCC)
●​ Develop and promote a national policy perspective ●​ Municipal Trial Court (MTC) Municipal Circuit Trial Courts
●​ Training ground for national leadership (MCTC).

House of Representatives Second Level Courts – Regional Trial Court: RTCs have general
●​ Needed to agree on every item before bills are given to the jurisdiction, it hears and decides various types of cases, both civil
president for signature and criminal, except those specifically reserved for other courts.
●​ The Chamber of Representatives has the authority to
impeach specific individuals Sharia District Courts
●​ Representatives or Congressmen/Congresswomen are the ●​ These are equivalent to the Regional Trial Courts in rank,
terms used to refer to members Chosen by residents of which were established in certain provinces in Mindanao
their respective legislative districts where the Muslim Code on Personal Laws is being
enforced.
House Speaker ●​ The Shari’a Circuit Courts are the counterpart of the
●​ The Speaker is elected by a simple majority of all House Municipal Circuit Trial Courts established in certain
members municipalities in Mindanao.
●​ The House of Representatives is led, managed, and
presided over by the Speaker NATIONAL GOVERNMENT: comprised of three branches of
●​ Majority- Those who voted for the Speaker government
 ●​ National Government Agencies are responsible for
oversight or administration of a specific sector, field, or area Roles and Functions
of study. ●​ Local Legislation
●​ Local Administration
PROVINCIAL ●​ Financial Management
●​ In charge of functions that affect the citizens of a specific ●​ Public Services
province. ●​ Disaster Management
●​ The province is the Philippines' largest political subdivision.
●​ The bigger the province's income, the higher its BARANGAY: Barangay is the basic political unit, as it serves as the
classification. primary planning and implementing unit of government policies,
plans, programs, projects, and activities in the community, and as a
It possesses the following abilities: forum wherein the collective views of the people may be expressed,
●​ to purchase and sell real and personal property, crystallized and considered, and where disputes may be amicably
●​ to enter into contracts, including those including obligations settled.
specifically mandated by law; and
●​ to exercise such additional rights and incur such other
responsibilities as are specifically authorized by law.
Decentralization Roles and Functions
●​ Delegation of authority from the central government to ●​ Local Legislation
lower levels of a political-administrative and geographical ●​ Local Administration
hierarchy ●​ Peace and Order
●​ Administrative decentralization, also known as ●​ Social Services
deconcentration, refers to the transfer of authority to ●​ Infrastructure Development
lower-level central government authorities ●​ Disaster Management
●​ Local authorities who report to the central government ●​ Sangguniang Kabataan (Youth Council)
●​ Lupon Tagapamayapa (Quasi-Judicial Function of the
Deconcentration Barangay
●​ Decision-making authority, as well as financial and
managerial responsibility, is redistributed among tiers of L6 – PUBLIC FISCAL ADMINISTRATION
central government ●​ Refers to the formulation, implementation and evaluation of
●​ Change in responsibilities policies and decisions on taxation and revenue
administration, resource allocation, budgeting and public
Devolution expenditure, borrowing and debt management, accounting
●​ Most political decentralization is connected with devolution and auditing (Briones, 1996)
●​ Allocate resources based on their own priorities ●​ Fiscal governance performs important functions with the
goal of maintaining fiscal sustainability. It enhances the
GOVERNOR efficiency of public expenditure and improves the
●​ The provincial governor has broad supervisory authority accountability and transparency of public finance.
over the entire province.
●​ Makes all laws and orders of the government known to the SCOPE OF PFA
people of his province ●​ Fiscal policy formulation: fiscal policy is the
government’s policy on the generation of its resources
VICE GOVERNOR through taxation and/or borrowing as well as the setting of
●​ The Vice Governor shall be the presiding officer of the the level and allocation of expenditure
Sangguniang Panlalawigan who formulates policies and ●​ Taxation and revenue administration
programs for the realization of the vision, mission, and ○​ Revenue: defined as the cash flow which does not
goals of the Province increase the liability of the government
●​ Appoint all officials and employees of the Sangguniang ○​ Sources of revenue
Panlalawigan subject to civil law, rules, and regulations -​ Tax revenue - revenues generated from
taxes
MEMBERS OF THE PROVINCIAL BOARD -​ Non-tax revenue - recurring revenues
●​ The province's legislative body, with the provincial governor other than taxes
serving as presiding officer ●​ Budgeting and expenditure
●​ Holds a regular weekly meeting on a predetermined day. ○​ Expenditures: tool for effectively implementing
The provincial governor, on the other hand, has the public policy
authority to hold special meetings on any day. ○​ Funds are disbursed for the efficient delivery of
Most important functions: services to the public and to help in economic
●​ It enacts legislation for the benefit of the municipalities and growth by supporting priority sectors – education,
cities under its control. infrastructure, health, social protection, and
●​ It is in charge of preparing and approving the provincial agriculture
budget. ○​ The government ensures that the level of
●​ It appropriates funds for provincial needs. expenditures is consistent with the approved
●​ It wields eminent domain authority; and surplus/deficit program for the year
●​ It pays for the upkeep of provincially owned equipment and ○​ Public borrowings and debt management
facilities. ○​ Debt management policy: Is the policy of the
government to attain a manageable debt level.
CITY AND MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT: Pursuant to the Local This is one way where the country can afford to
Government Code of 1991 (Republic Act No. 7160), Cities and pay its maturing liabilities as scheduled
Municipalities are distinct local government units (LGUs) with
specific powers, responsibilities, and characteristics. Republic Act IMPORTANCE OF PFA
No. 7160 (Local Government Code of 1991) differentiates cities and ●​ To ensure the government has enough money for financing
municipalities in the Philippines based on population, income, their program and activities and to achieve state’s desired
governance structure, and levels of autonomy. goal
 ●​ To ensure the public fund is managed properly and adheres ●​ Assessment and Notification
to laws, rules and procedures ○​ The process of local revenue collection starts with
●​ To avoid any misuse of funds and achieve efficiency in the assessment of tax and fees. Local
spending the public money governments determine the rates and types of
taxes set by municipal ordinances
○​ Taxpayers are officially notified of their obligations
NATIONAL GOVERNMENT REVENUE: The overall aggregate through assessment notices, which detail the
revenue collected by the national government from: amount due and deadline for payment
1.​ Tax and non-tax sources ●​ Payment and Compliance
2.​ Borrowings from both domestic and foreign sources; and, ○​ Taxpayers are required to remit their payments
3.​ Withdrawals from available cash balances based on the assessed amounts. This may involve
settling property taxes, business taxes, or other
All cash that goes into the national treasury is considered revenue levies as specified by local ordinances.
○​ Compliance with these payment obligations is
DEPARTMENTS UNDER NG monitored to ensure that local governments
receive the revenue they are entitled to.
Department of Finance (DOF): Responsible for revenue generation ○​ Fees and Charges: Apart from taxes, local
and collection, fund custody, disbursements, and keeping of governments also collect fees and charges for
accounts. It has a number of notable attached agencies to it such specific services. These fees, governed by local
as: ordinances, are paid by individuals or entities
●​ Bureau of Internal Revenue (BIR) – The main collection availing themselves of these services
agency of the government, being responsible for more than ○​ Internal Revenue Allotment: This fund is
half of the total revenues. Taxes levied on the citizens all go distributed to local government units based on a
to the BIR. predetermined formula defined by law
●​ Bureau of the Treasury (BTR) – This agency is the ○​ Enhanced Collection Mechanisms: Local
government’s accountant. It is responsible for releasing governments implement various measurements to
funds for various government projects and programs while optimize revenue collection. This may involve
also assisting in the management and control of the public establishing specialized revenue collection offices,
debt, policies regarding borrowing and investment, and utilizing digital platforms for electronic payments,
managing the finances of the government. and conducting periodic audits to verify
●​ Bureau of Customs (BOC) – The agency responsible for compliance
collecting customs revenues from goods entering the
country. Aside from this, they also prevent smuggled goods Audit and Investigation- Essential to make sure that local
from entering the country and have supervision over foreign government units uphold transparency, accountability, and
commercial vessels and packages. compliance with established fiscal procedures.
●​ Internal Audit Units: Tasked with conducting regular and
Department of Budget and Management (DBM): review of systematic examinations of financial records and
estimates and fiscal policy studies in close consultation with the transactions
National Economic Development Authority ●​ External Auditors: LGUs engage with external auditing
firms to conduct independent and impartial audits. These
Commission on Audit (COA): conducts fund and performance firms are often certified public accountants with expertise in
audit to see to it that the expenditures are in accordance with the governmental accounting and auditing; they provide
Appropriation Law approved objective assessment of financial statements and internal
control.
House of Representatives: responsible for revenue and ●​ Compliance Audits:These are done to verify adherence to
expenditure policies such as the annual budgets of the national legal and regulatory requirements in revenue collection.
government This includes ensuring that taxes, fees, and charges are
imposed and collected in accordance with existing
LOCAL REVENUE: refers to the budget that local governments ordinances and laws
received. These funds may come from two different sources: local ●​ Performance Audits
and external sources. ○​ Additional to financial audits
○​ These are audits to evaluate the effectiveness and
●​ Significance of Local Revenue in the Philippines: These efficiency of revenue collection.
funds are used to finance various public services and ●​ Forensic Audits and Investigations: LGUs may resort to
infrastructure projects within a local government’s forensic audits and investigations in cases of suspected
jurisdiction (Tayao, 2015). frausd, misappropriation, or irregularities in revenue
collection. These specialized audits involve in-depth
SOURCES OF LOCAL REVENUE examination and analysis of financial records and
transactions to uncover any misconduct
LOCAL ●​ Review by Oversight Bodies: In some cases, LGUs are
●​ Taxes: real property, business, local income, other taxes subject to review by oversight bodies at the national or
●​ Fees and charges: permit and license fees regional level. These are done to provide an additional
●​ Special local taxes and levies: environmental fees, tourism layer of scrutiny and ensure compliance with auditing
fees standards
●​ Other revenue sources: markets, transportation services ■​ Example: Commission on Audit (COA)
EXTERNAL
●​ IRA Penalties for Non-Compliance: These are made in place to ensure
●​ Shares from special laws adherence to established rules and regulations
●​ Grants ●​ Monetary Penalties: Impose fines or monetary penalties
●​ Aids depending on the severity
●​ Borrowings ●​ Suspension or Revocation of Permits and Licenses:
Revoke permits and licenses given to individuals or
Flow of Local Revenue Collection businesses
 ●​ Legal Actions and Prosecution 8.​ Innnovation and openness to change: adopt new
○​ Filing charges, court proceedings technologies to improve service delivery, should be open to
○​ This may also involve seeking ways to recover change as needed by community
unpaid taxes or fees 9.​ Responsiveness: responds to demands of citizens in a
●​ Seizure of Assets: Confiscation of property or assets to timely manner; responsive government is quick to aid
cover outstanding tax liabilities affected areas in natural disastersc
●​ Suspension or Termination of Contracts: Negative 10.​ Efficacy and effectiveness: effectiveness: fulfifilling their
financial and operation effects for entities that are guilty for tasks responsiblly, efficacy:
non-compliance 11.​ Openness and transparency: ensures taxpayer money is
●​ Administrative Sanctions used properly and efficiently
○​ Impose sanctions on officials or employees 12.​ Sound financial management: ensures that public funds
responsible for revenue collection who are found are used to address the most pressing needs and policy
to be non-compliant. objectives
○​ Suspension, demotion, or dismissal from service
Good Practices of Good Governance
Allocation ●​ Free Election Act: passed into law to enhance the holding
●​ Budget Formulation and Allocation: Identify priority of free, orderly, honest, peaceful, and credible elections
areas, projects, programs, and other things that need to be through fair election process
funded ●​ Volunteer Act of 2007: enacted as a strategy for national
○​ Approval by the Sanggunian development and international cooperation. It is a
●​ Criteria and Guidelines: Factor in population density, collaborative effort PNVSCA, partner volunteer
poverty incidence, infrastructure needs, and economic organizations and advocates of volunteerism toward
development priorities providing a conducive and enabling environment for
●​ Public Participation and Consultation: volunteering in the Philippines
○​ Involve consultations with citizens, civil society ●​ Sustainability and long term orientation: the PH is one
organizations, and other stakeholders. of thr member countries of UN that developed SDGs which
○​ Essential to strengthen engagement between aim for long term sustainability in three aspects: people,
communities and state institutions, as well as prosperity, planet and peace
public trust ○​ Although the Department of Environment
○​ Displacing IP communities in Kaliwa Dam:
Challenges - may heavily impact the financial stability and capacity displacement and loss of livelihood
of LGUs in providing services ●​ Human rights, cultural diversity, and social cohesion
●​ Economic Fluctuations: Economic instability in local and 1.​ Comission on Human Rights: tasked to conduct
national levels investigation on human rights violations against
●​ Local Economic Conditions marginalized vulnerable sectors of society. Its
○​ Lower economic activities and smaller tax base commitment to delivering prompt, responsive,
○​ Can lead to limited resource for development acessible, and excellent public service for the
initiatives and protection and promotion of human rights is in
●​ Low Tax Compliance and Evasion accordance with universal human rights and
●​ Political considerations: Affects revenue integrity principles
●​ Administrative Capacity Constraints: Lack of ●​ War on drugs of Duterte administration: a
trained/skilled staff or outdated technology/systems more humanitarian approach to uphold
●​ Complexity of Taxation Laws: Confusion among human rights
taxpayers 2.​ Indigenous
●​ Inadequate Data and Information System: LGUs lack ●​ Failed to support protests of IP
accurate/potent data and information systems communities in the Kaliwa Dam
●​ Dependency on IRA Accountability: public office is a public trust
1.​ Anti Red Tape Act
Public Relations = policy and programs > government Rule of Law
implementation > regulation and general welfare 1.​ Katarungang Pambarangay (Barangay Justice System)
2.​ The Philippine Supreme Court E-Library
●​ proactive Ethical Conduct
●​ responsive > govt. credibility (NGAs, LGUs, field offices) Competence and Capacity
●​ transparency 1.​ Civil Service Commission (CSC) programs: designed to
2.​ Philippine Development Plan
Principles and Practices Good Governance Responsiveness
12 Principles Openness and transparency: Open Data Philippines adresses
1.​ Fair conduct of elections:
2.​ Sustainability and long term orientation: people oriented
policies and programs for the people
3.​ Human rights, cultural diversity, and social cohesion:
preservation of human rights in all times; protection of the
minority as a priority
4.​ Accountability: account for performance and provide
transparency for government activities
5.​ Rule of Law: implies that everyone is governed by the law
and held accountable for their actions
6.​ Ethical Conduct: highlights the importance of public
officials acting with integrity and responsibility.
7.​ Competence and capacity: emphasizes the significance
of competent personnel. Merit based and transparent
recruitment processes