New Additional Mathematics

Muhammad Hassan Nadeem

1. Sets
A null or empty set is donated by { } or 𝜙.

P = Q if they have the same elements.

P ⊇ Q, Q is subset of P.
P⊆Q, P is subset of R.
P⊃Q, Q is proper subset of P.
P⊂Q, P is proper subset of Q.
P⊓Q, Intersection of P and Q.
P⊔Q, union of P and Q.
P’ compliment of P i.e. 𝓔-P

2. Simultaneous Equations
−𝑏 ± 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑥=
2𝑎

3. Logarithms and Indices

Indices

1. 𝑎0 = 1
1
2. 𝑎 −𝑝 =
𝑎𝑝
1
𝑝
3. 𝑎 =𝑝 𝑎
𝑝
𝑞 𝑝
4. 𝑎 =𝑞 𝑎
5. 𝑎𝑚 × 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚 +𝑛
𝑎𝑚
6. = 𝑎𝑚 −𝑛
𝑎𝑛
7. 𝑎𝑚 𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚𝑛

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8. 𝑎𝑛 × 𝑏 𝑛 = 𝑎𝑏 𝑛
𝑎𝑛 𝑎 𝑛
9. =
𝑏𝑛 𝑏

Logarithms

1. 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑦 ≫ 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑦
2. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 1 = 0
3. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑎 = 1
4. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑦
𝑥
5. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑦
𝑦
𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑐 𝑏
6. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑏 =
𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑐 𝑎
1
7. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑏 =
𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑏 𝑎
𝑦
8. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑦𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥
1
9. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑏 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥 𝑏

log 𝑐 𝑥
10. log 𝑏 𝑥 = log 𝑏 𝑐log 𝑐 𝑥 =
log 𝑐 𝑏

4. Quadratic Expressions and Equations

1. Sketching Graph
y-intercept
Put x=0

x-intercept
Put y=0

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Turning point
Method 1
−𝑏
x-coordinate: 𝑥 =
2𝑎
4𝑎𝑐 −𝑏 2
y-coordinate: 𝑦 =
4𝑎
Method 2
Express 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 as 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥 − 𝑕 2 + 𝑘 by completing the
square. The turning point is 𝑕, 𝑘 .

2. Types of roots of 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 = 𝟎

𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 ≥ 0 : real roots
𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 < 0 : no real roots
𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 > 0 : distinct real roots
𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = 0 : equal, coincident or repeated real roots

5. Remainder Factor Theorems

Polynomials
1. ax 2 + bx + c is a polynomial of degree 2.
2. ax 3 + bx + c is a polynomial of degree 3.

Identities
𝑃 𝑥 ≡𝑄 𝑥 ⟺𝑃 𝑥 =𝑄 𝑥 For all values of x

To find unknowns either substitute values of x, or equate coefficients of like powers

of x.

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Remainder theorem
If a polynomial f(x) is divided by (x-a), the remainder is f(a)

Factor Theorem
(x-a) is a factor of f(x) then f(a) = 0

Solution of cubic Equation

I. Obtain one factor (x-a) by trail and error method.
II. Divide the cubic equation with a, by synthetic division to find the quadratic
equation.
III. Solve the quadratic equation to find remaining two factors of cubic equation.

For example:

I. The equation 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 6 = 0 has (x-2) as one factor, found by trail

and error method.
II. Synthetic division will be done as follows:

III. The quadratics equation obtained is 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 3 = 0.

IV. Equation is solved by quadratic formula, X=-1 and X=-3.
V. Answer would be (x-2)(x+1)(x+3).

6. Matrices

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1. Order of a matrix
Order if matrix is stated as its number of rows x number of columns. For
example, the matrix 5 6 2 has order 1 x 3.

2. Equality
Two matrices are equal if they are of the same order and if their
corresponding elements are equal.

3. Addition
To add two matrices, we add their corresponding elements.
6 −2 −4 2 2 0
For example, + = .
3 5 4 1 7 6

4. Subtraction
To subtract two matrices, we subtract their corresponding elements.
6 3 5 2 7 5 4 −4 0
For example, − = .
9 14 −5 −4 20 1 12 −6 −6

5. Scalar multiplication
To multiply a matrix by k, we multiply each element by k.
2 4 2𝑘 4𝑘 2 6
For example, 𝑘 = or 3 = .
3 −1 3𝑘 −𝑘 4 12

6. Matrix multiplication
To multiply two matrices, column of the first matrix must be equal to the row
of the second matrix. The product will have order row of first matrix X column
of second matrix.
2 4 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑑
3 2 1 4
For example: 1 3 = 𝑒 𝑓 𝑔 𝑕
1 5 2 7
2 −1 𝑖 𝑗 𝑘 𝑙
To get the first row of product do following:

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a = (2 x 3) + (4 X 1) = 10 (1st row of first, 1st column of second)

b = (2 x 2) + (4 x 5) = 24 (1st row of first, 2st column of second)
c = (2 x 1) + (4 x 2) = 10 (1st row of first, 3st column of second)
d = (2 x 4) + (4 x 7) = 36 (1st row of first, 4st column of second)

e = (1 x 3) + (3 x 1) = 6 (2st row of first, 1st column of second)

f = (1 x 2) + (3 x 5) = 17 (2st row of first, 2st column of second)
g = (1 x 1) + (3 x 2) = 7 (2st row of first, 3st column of second)
h = (1 x 4) + (3 x 7) = 25 (2st row of first, 4st column of second)

i = (2 x 3) + (-1 x 1) = 5 (3st row of first, 1st column of second)

j = (2 x 2) + (-1 x 5) = -1 (3st row of first, 2st column of second)
k = (2 x 1) + (-1 x 2) = 0 (3st row of first, 3st column of second)
l = (2 x 4) + (-1 x 7) = 1 (3st row of first, 4st column of second)

7. 2 x2 Matrices
1 0
a. The matrix is called identity matrix. When it is multiplied with any
0 1
matrix X the answer will be X.
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 𝑏
b. Determinant of matrix will be = = 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐
𝑐 𝑑 𝑐 𝑑
𝑎 𝑏 𝑑 −𝑏
c. Adjoint of matrix will be =
𝑐 𝑑 −𝑐 𝑎
𝑎 𝑏
d. Inverse of non-singular matrix (determinant is ≠ 0) will be :
𝑐 𝑑
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 1 𝑑 −𝑏
=
𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐 −𝑐 𝑎
8. Solving simultaneous linear equations by a matrix method
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 = 𝑕 𝑎 𝑏 𝑥 𝑕
≫≫ 𝑦 = 𝑘
𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑘 𝑐 𝑑
𝑥 𝑎 𝑏 −1
𝑕
𝑦 = 𝑐 𝑑 ×
𝑘

7. Coordinate Geometry

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Formulas

𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐴𝐵 = 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 2 + 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 2

𝑥1 + 𝑥2 𝑦1 + 𝑦2
𝑀𝑖𝑑𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝐵 = ,
2 2
Parallelogram

If ABCD is a parallelogram then diagonals AC and BD have a common midpoint.

Equation of Straight line

To find the equation of a line of best fit, you need the gradient(m) of the line, and
the y-intercept(c) of the line. The gradient can be found by taking any two points
on the line and using the following formula:
𝑦2 − 𝑦1
𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑚 =
𝑥2 − 𝑥1

The y-intercept is the y-coordinate of the point at which the line crosses the y-
axis (it may need to be extended). This will give the following equation:

𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐

Where y and x are the variables, m is the gradient and c is the y-intercept.

Equation of parallel lines

Parallel line have equal gradient.

If lines 𝑦 = 𝑚1 𝑐1 and 𝑦 = 𝑚2 𝑐2 are parallel then 𝑚1 = 𝑚2

Equations of perpendicular line

1 1
If lines 𝑦 = 𝑚1 𝑐1 and 𝑦 = 𝑚2 𝑐2 are perpendicular then 𝑚1 = − and 𝑚2 = − .
𝑚2 𝑚1

Perpendicular bisector

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The line that passes through the midpoint of A and B,

and perpendicular bisector of AB.
For any point P on the line, PA = PB

Points of Intersection

The coordinates of point of intersection of a line and a non-parallel line or a curve

can be obtained by solving their equations simultaneously.

8. Linear Law
To apply the linear law for a non-linear equation in variables x and y, express the
equation in the form

𝑌 = 𝑚𝑋 + 𝑐

Where X and Y are expressions in x and/or y.

9. Functions
Page 196

10. Trigonometric Functions

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𝜃𝑖𝑠 + 𝑣𝑒

90

Sin All
2 1
180 0,360

Tan Cos
3 4

270

𝜃𝑖𝑠 − 𝑣𝑒

𝜃 is always acute.

Basics
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟
sin 𝜃 =
𝑕𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
cos 𝜃 =
𝑕𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟
tan 𝜃 =
𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
sin 𝜃
tan 𝜃 =
cos 𝜃
1
cosec 𝜃 =
sin 𝜃
1
sec 𝜃 =
cos 𝜃
1
cot 𝜃 =
tan 𝜃

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Rule 1
sin(90 − 𝜃) = cos 𝜃

cos 90 − 𝜃 = sin 𝜃
1
tan 90 − 𝜃 = = cot θ
tan 𝜃

Rule 2
sin(180 − 𝜃) = + sin 𝜃

cos 180 − 𝜃 = −cos 𝜃

tan 180 − 𝜃 = −tan 𝜃

Rule 3
sin(180 + 𝜃) = −sin 𝜃

cos 180 + 𝜃 = −cos 𝜃

tan 180 + 𝜃 = +tan 𝜃

Rule 4
sin(360 − 𝜃) = − sin 𝜃

cos 360 − 𝜃 = +cos 𝜃

tan 360 − 𝜃 = −tan 𝜃

Rule 5
sin(− 𝜃) = −sin 𝜃

cos −𝜃 = +cos 𝜃

tan −𝜃 = −tan 𝜃

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Trigonometric Ratios of Some Special Angles

1 1 3
cos 45 = cos 60 = cos 30 =
2 2 2
1 3 1
sin 45 = sin 60 = sin 30 =
2 2 2
tan 45 = 1 tan 60 = 3 1
tan 30
3

11. Simple Trigonometric Identities

Trigonometric Identities
sin2 𝜃 + cos 2 𝜃 = 1
1 + tan2 𝜃 = sec 2 𝜃
1 + cot 2 𝜃 = cosec 2 𝜃

12. Circular Measure

Relation between Radian and Degree
𝜋
𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠 = 90° 𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠 = 180°
2

3𝜋
𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠 = 270° 2𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠 = 360°
2

𝑠 = 𝑟𝛳 where s is arc length, r is radius and ϴ is angle of sector is radians

1 1
𝐴 = 𝑟𝑠 = 𝑟 2 𝛳 where A is Area of sector
2 2

𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

=
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒

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13. Permutation and Combination

𝑛! = 𝑛 𝑛 − 1 𝑛 − 2 × … × 3 × 2 × 1

0! = 1

𝑛! = 𝑛 𝑛 − 1 !

𝑛!
𝑛𝑃𝑟 =
𝑛−𝑟 !
𝑛!
𝑛𝐶𝑟 =
𝑛 − 𝑟 ! 𝑟!

14. Binomial Theorem

𝑎+𝑏 𝑛
= 𝑎𝑛 + 𝐶1𝑛 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑏 + 𝐶2𝑛 𝑎𝑛 −2 𝑏 2 + 𝐶3𝑛 𝑎𝑛 −3 𝑏 3 + ⋯ + 𝑏 𝑛
𝑇𝑟+1 = 𝑛𝐶𝑟 𝑎𝑛−𝑟 𝑏 𝑟

15. Differentiation
𝑑 𝑛
𝑥 = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
𝑎𝑥 𝑚 + 𝑏𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚𝑥 𝑚 −1 + 𝑏𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑛 𝑑𝑢
𝑢 = 𝑛𝑢𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
𝑢𝑣 = 𝑢 +𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑐 𝑑𝑥

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𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑 𝑢 𝑣 −𝑢
= 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑣 𝑣
Where ‘v’ and ‘u’ are two functions
𝑑𝑦
Gradient of a curve at any point P(x,y) is at x
𝑑𝑥

16. Rate of Change

𝑑𝑥
The rate of change of a variable x with respect to time is
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
= ×
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡
𝛿𝑦 𝑑𝑦
≈
𝛿𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝛿𝑥
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑐𝑕𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = × 100%
𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑓 𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥 = 𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 ≈ 𝑦 + 𝛿𝑥
𝑑𝑥

17. Higher Derivative

𝑑𝑦
= 0 when x =a then point (a, f(a)) is a stationary point.
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑2𝑦
= 0 and ≠ 0 when x =a then point (a, f(a)) is a turning point.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2

For a turning point T

𝑑2𝑦
I. If > 0, then T is a minimum point.
𝑑𝑥 2

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𝑑2𝑦
II. If < 0, then T is a maximum point.
𝑑𝑥 2

18. Derivative of Trigonometric Functions

𝑑
sin 𝑥 = cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
cos 𝑥 = − sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
tan 𝑥 = sec 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑑
sinn 𝑥 = 𝑛 sinn−1 𝑥 cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
cos n 𝑥 = −𝑛 cos n−1 𝑥 sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
tann 𝑥 = 𝑛 tann−1 𝑥 sec 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

19. Exponential and Logarithmic

Functions

𝑑 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑒 = 𝑒𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑎𝑥 +𝑏
𝑒 = 𝑎𝑒 𝑎𝑥 +𝑏
𝑑𝑥

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A curve defined by y=ln(ax+b) has a domain ax+b>0 and the curve cuts the x-
axis at the point where ax+b=1
𝑑 1
𝑙𝑛 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
ln 𝑢 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑎
𝑙𝑛 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏

20. Integration

𝑑𝑦
=𝑥 ⟺ 𝑦= 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1 2 1
𝑥 +𝑐 =𝑥 ⟺ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥 2 2

𝑛
𝑎𝑥 𝑛+1
𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐
𝑛+1

𝑛 𝑚
𝑎𝑥 𝑛+1 𝑏𝑥 𝑚 +1
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎𝑏 𝑑𝑥 = + +𝑐
𝑛+1 𝑚+1

𝑛
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑛+1
(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐
𝑎(𝑛 + 1)

𝑏
𝑑
𝐹 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥) ⟺ 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 𝑏 − 𝐹(𝑎)
𝑑𝑥 𝑎

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𝑏 𝑐 𝑐
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎

𝑏 𝑎
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑏
𝑎
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑎

𝑑
sin 𝑥 = cos 𝑥 ⟺ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
−cos 𝑥 = sin 𝑥 ⟺ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cos 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
tan 𝑥 = sec 2 𝑥 ⟺ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥

𝑑 1 1
sin(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) = cos(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) ⟺ cos(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑑𝑥 = sin(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥 𝑎 𝑎
𝑑 1 1
− cos(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) = sin(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) ⟺ sin(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑑𝑥 = − cos(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥 𝑎 𝑎
𝑑 1 1
tan(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) = sec 2 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) ⟺ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥 𝑎 𝑎

𝑑 𝑥
𝑒 = 𝑒𝑥 ⟺ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
−𝑒 −𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑥 ⟺ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥

[Link]
 New Additional Mathematics
Muhammad Hassan Nadeem

21. Applications of Integration

For a region R above the x-axis, enclosed by the
curve y=f(x), the x-axis and the lines x=a and
x=b, the area R is:
𝑏
𝐴= 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑎

For a region R below the x-axis, enclosed by the

curve y=f(x), the x-axis and the lines x=a and
x=b, the area R is:
𝑏
𝐴= −𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑎

For a region R enclosed by the curves y=f(x) and

y=g(x) and the lines x=a and x=b, the area R is:
𝑏
𝐴= 𝑓 𝑥 − 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎

[Link]
 New Additional Mathematics
Muhammad Hassan Nadeem

22. Kinematics
𝑑𝑠
𝑣=
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑣
𝑎=
𝑑𝑡

𝑠= 𝑣 𝑑𝑡

𝑣= 𝑎 𝑑𝑡

𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑

𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛
𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡
1
𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2
2
1
𝑠= 𝑢+𝑣 𝑡
2
𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 2𝑎𝑠

23. Vectors
𝑥
If 𝑂𝑃 = 𝑦 then 𝑂𝑃 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2

𝒃 = 𝑘𝒂 and k > 0 a and b are in the same direction

𝒃 = 𝑘𝒂 and k < 0 a and b are opposite in direction

Vectors expressed in terms of two parallel vectors a and b:

𝑝𝒂 + 𝑞𝒃 = 𝑟𝒂 + 𝑠𝒃 ⟺ p = r and q = s

[Link]
 New Additional Mathematics
Muhammad Hassan Nadeem

If A, B and C are collinear points ⟺ AB=kBC

If P has coordinates (x, y) in a Cartesian plane, then the position vector of P is

𝑂𝑃 = 𝑥𝒊 + 𝑦𝒋
where i and j are unit vectors in the positive direction along the x-axis and the y-
axis respectively.

Unit vector is the direction of 𝑂𝑃 is

1 1 𝑥
𝑥𝒊 + 𝑦𝒋 𝑜𝑟 𝑦
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 𝑥2 + 𝑦2

24. Relative velocity

[Link]