EPC 505
Power
System
Planning
Lecture Notes
By
Dr. Heba El-Azab
General Information
Course Code EPC 308
Pre-requisite ---
Credit hours 3
• Lectures on Wednesday 9:10 am-11:50 pm, and
Date and Time
• Tutorials on Thursday 9:10 am-11:50 pm.
• Electrical Power System Planning, [Link],
Textbook
Macmillan India Ltd, 1998
Course Objectives
o Load: Understanding load characteristics (how electricity is used) is crucial for estimating current demand
and forecasting future needs. Accurate forecasting drives planning.
o Planning: Generation planning determines future power plant needs (type, capacity), while network
planning designs and expands the transmission and distribution grid. Both rely on load forecasts and
economic assessments.
o Analysis: Outage studies analyze the impact of equipment failures, helping improve system reliability.
Power flow and short-circuit analyses are essential for network planning and operation.
o Economics: Economic assessment evaluates the financial viability of power projects (generation,
transmission).
o Technology: FACTS devices enhance grid control and stability by managing power flow and voltage.
Grading Scheme
Item Grades
Final Exam 40
Midterm Exam 20
Reports/Quiz 10
Tutorials [Attendance, Quizzes/Assignments, 30
Project]
Lecture (1): Loads and Load
curves
I- Types of Loads:
• Domestic or residential loads.
• Industrial loads.
• Commercial loads.
• Agricultural loads
• Services loads (ex: street
lighting)
II- Types of Load Curves
1. Daily (chronological) load curve
• Represents load against time during
day hours.
• Its shape depends on type of load.
II- Types of Load Curves
2. Load-Duration curve
• Arrangement of elements of
chronological load curve in descending
order.
• Depends on number of working hours
of each, regardless when does it work.
• The area under load-duration curve is
the same as the area under
chronological curve.
II- Types of Load Curves
Notes about load-duration curve:
1. If the chronological curve contains
triangles or trapezoidals.
2. The base load (minimum load) in the
load duration curve usually operates
for the whole 24 hours.
II- Types of Load Curves
3. Energy load curve
• Plot of energy consumption versus load demand.
• Driven from chronological or load duration curves,
but it is easier to be drawn using load-duration
curve.
• On the energy axis, the energy is accumulated
[i.e.: if first point at energy 𝐸 , the second point is
not at 𝐸 but at (𝐸 + 𝐸 )], as shown in the fig.
Notes:
• The last point (𝐸 + 𝐸 + 𝐸 ) gives the total energy
consumed per day.
• Calculating energy of a rectangle (𝐸 ) gives
straight line in energy-load curve, while triangles
& trapezoidals give 2nd order curves.
II- Types of Load Curves
4. Mass curve
• Energy against time during daily hours.
• Measures quantity of energy consumed [ex:
reading the electric meter for 1 day through 24
hours in a house]
• It must be drawn using chronological curve.
Notes:
• Horizontal lines in chronological curve will be
straight lines in mass curve, while straight lines
in chronological curve will be 2nd order curves.
• In drawing the mass curve, we divide the area
under chronological curve vertically, while in
drawing load energy curve, we divide the area
under load duration curve horizontally.
III- Definitions
1. Connected load: Sum of all rated values of all
devices and outlets.
2. Maximum demand (𝑃 ): Maximum power that
a consumer is likely to draw a certain time.
.
3. Demand factor (D.F)= ≤1
4. Total energy (𝐸 ): Area under chronological
curve or duration curve.
5. Average demand (𝑃 ):
• It is the energy consumed divided by the total
time → 𝑃 = ∫ 𝑃 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Or
𝑃 = ,𝑃 = , 𝑃 =
III- Definitions
6. Load factor (L.F) = ≤1
7. Utilization factor (U.F)= ≤ 1, where 𝑃 is the station capacity which must be larger than the max
demand.
𝑃 =𝑃 +𝑃 [𝑃 : reserve power to be used at emergency]
8. Capacity factor (C.F)= ≤ 1,
* note that :
C.F = L.F * U.F
9. Form factor (F.F)= ≥ 1, where:
1
𝑃 = 𝑃 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑇
Example 1
Calculate load factor and form factor for the following load curve
Solution
1. 𝑃 = 15 𝑘𝑊
2. 𝐸 = 5 ∗ 6 + 10 ∗ 6 + 15 ∗ 6 + 5 ∗ 6 = 210 𝑘𝑊ℎ
3. 𝑃 = = 8.75 𝑘𝑊
4. 𝑃 = 5 ∗ 6 + 10 ∗ 6 + 15 ∗ 6 + 5 ∗ 6
= 9.86 kW
.
• Load Factor (L.F) = = = 0.583
• Form Factor (F.F)= = 1.126
Problem 1- sheet 1
Solution:
• Connected load = 6 lamps * 100 watt + 6 lamps * 40 watt + 5 fans *
60 watt + 2 power plug * 1000 watt + 4 light plug * 100 watt + 1
geyser * 3000 watt = 6.54 kW
Problem 1- sheet 1
(cont.)
• Chronological load curve:
100 watt
300+120 watt
2*60 watt
100 watt , 12pm 2pm, 7pm
10pm
3000 watt 9am 10am
i. 𝑃 = 3120 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡
ii. Demand factor = = = 0.477
iii. Load factor (L.F)= , to calculate 𝑃 , we have to calculate 𝐸
∴𝐸 = 100*3 + 120*1 + 3120*1 + 120*2 + 220*2 + 120*5 + 640*3 + 540*1 = 7280 [Link] = 7.28 kWh
.
∴𝑃 = = 303.333 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡 → L.F = = = 0.097 ↓↓ [𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 "𝐵𝑎𝑑 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑"]
iv. Monthly consumption (𝐸 )=𝐸 * 30 = 218.4 kWh
Problem 5- sheet 1
Solution:
From curve:
•
•
•
Utilization factor =
Load factor =
III- Definitions
10. Group diversity factor (gdf) = ≥1
∑
= = ≥1
Notes:
• Load 1, load 2 are from the same type (both residential
or both industrial).
• Diversity of loads means that not all loads have their max demand at the same time
𝑃 | 𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 ≤ 𝑃 | 𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒖𝒂𝒍
III- Definitions
.
11. Peak diversity factor (pdf) =
Pdf | 𝑳𝑶𝒂𝒅𝟏 = , Pdf | 𝑳𝑶𝒂𝒅𝟐 =
Notes:
• The max. demand of the total load = a + b .
• Load 1 + Load 2 are of different types.
So, we ca not define a group diversity factor for them. Instead,
we use a peak diversity factor for each load.
• If the type of diversity factor is not specified, then, it is taken
as group diversity factor.
Problem 6- sheet 1
Solution:
Station Max. demand
• Central Station 10 MW
• Sub-Station A 6 MW
• Sub-Station B 8 MW
• Feeders on sub. A 1.5, 2, 5, 3 MW
• Feeders on sub. A 2, 4, 5, 1 MW
Problem 6- sheet 1
(cont.)
Solution:
.
Diversity factor D.F=
.
a. Sub-stations D.F =
.
b. Feeders of sub. A (D.F) =
c. Feeders of sub. A (D.F) =