Lecture 01
Computer Architecture
IT183
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Course Assessment Criteria
• Assignment 01 – 10% [Week 01 - Week 04]
• Assignment 02 – 20% [Week 08 - Week 13]
• Unit Test 01 – 10% [Week 05]
• Mid-Semester Exam (Unit Test 02) – 10% [Week 07]
• Unit Test 03 – 10% [Week 14]
• Group Presentation – 10%
• End-Semester Exam – 30%
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What is a Computer?
• “A computer is a digital electronic machine that can be
programmed to carry out sequences of arithmetic or logical
operations (computation) automatically.” –Wikipedia–
• “A computer is an electronic device that manipulates information,
or data. It has the ability to store, retrieve, and process data.”
–[Link]
uter/1/–
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• Input
✔ Keyboard
✔ Mouse
✔ Digital Camera
✔ Scanner
• Process
✔ Central Processing Unit (CPU)
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• Output
✔ Monitor
✔ Speaker
✔ Multimedia Projector
• Storage
✔ Floppy Disks
✔ Hard Disks
✔ CDs & DVDs
✔ USB
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What is Computer Architecture?
• Computer architecture is a science or a set of rules
stating how computer software and hardware are joined
together and interact to make a computer work.
• It not only determines how the computer works but also
of which technologies the computer is capable.
[Link]
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• Computer architecture can be defined as a set of rules
and methods that describe the functionality,
management and implementation of computers.
• To be precise, it is nothing but rules by which a system
performs and operates.
[Link]
ter-architecture
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• Design of the logical structure and functional
organization of a computer system.
• Especially its CPU and associated components
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Computer Evolution
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● There are four (04) eras,
○ Pre-mechanical era
○ Mechanical era
○ Electro mechanical era
○ Electronic era
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Pre-mechanical era
• The earliest age of technology. It can be defined as the time
between 3000 B.C. and 1450 A.D.
• When humans first started communicating, they would try
to use language to make simple pictures – petroglyphs to tell
a story, map their terrain, or keep accounts such as how
many animals one owned, etc.,
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Pre-mechanical era
• The first ever calculator – the Abacus was invented in this
period after the development of numbering systems.
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Mechanical era
• The mechanical age is when we first start to see
connections between our current technology and its
ancestors.
• The mechanical age can be defined as the time
between 1450 and 1840.
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Mechanical era
• Blaise Pascal invented the Pascaline, a very popular
mechanical computer capable of adding, subtracting,
multiplying, and dividing two numbers.
• Initially called the arithmetic machine, it was granted a royal
privilege by King Louis XIV of France in 1649.
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Pascaline from 1652
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Electro-mechanical
• The electromechanical age heralded the beginnings of
telecommunications as we know it today.
• This age can be defined roughly as the time between 1840 and
1940.
• Several revolutionary technologies were invented in this period
such as the Morse code, telephone, radio, etc.
• All of these technologies were crucial stepping stones towards
modern information technology systems.
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Electro-mechanical
• The first large-scale automatic digital computer in the
United States was the Harvard Mark 1 created by IBM in
1944.
• This 8ft x 50ft x 2ft big computer weighed a whopping five
tons and had to be programmed using punch cards.
• Its first use was by the Manhattan Project to simulate the
feasibility of an implosion to detonate an atomic bomb.
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Electronic era
• These machines used electronic switches, in the form of
vacuum tubes, instead of the electromechanical relays
seen in the previous era.
• In principle the electronic switches would be more reliable,
since they would have no moving parts that would wear
out, but the technology was still new at that time and the
tubes were comparable to relays in reliability.
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Electronic era
• The major benefit of electronic switches was that they
could ‘open’ and ‘close’ thousands of times faster than
relays.
• ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)
was the first electronic general-purpose computer.
• It could solve a large class of numerical problems through
reprogramming.
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• Computer evolution can be described through five (05)
computer generations.
• They are as follows;
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Information Age and the Internet
• The information age, made possible by the advent of
electronic computers, is characterized by the shift from
traditional industry to an economy based on information
digitization.
• The onset of the Information Age is associated with the
Digital Revolution, just as the Industrial Revolution marked
the onset of the Industrial Age.
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Information Age and the Internet
• The Internet, synonymous with modern IT, was conceived of as a
fail-proof network that could connect computers together and be
resistant to any single point of failure.
• Because of decentralization, the Internet cannot be totally destroyed
in one event.
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• The Von Neumann Architecture
• Model for designing and building computers, based on the following three
characteristics:
1. The computer consists of four main sub-systems:
• Memory
• ALU (Arithmetic/Logic Unit)
• Control Unit
• Input/output System (I/O)
2. Program is stored in memory during execution.
3. Program instructions are executed sequentially.
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Fetch Execute Cycle
• The fetch execute cycle is the basic operation (instruction) cycle of a
computer (also known as the fetch decode execute cycle).
• During the fetch execute cycle, the computer retrieves a program
instruction from its memory.
• It then establishes and carries out the actions that are required for that
instruction.
• The cycle of fetching, decoding, and executing an instruction is
continually repeated by the CPU whilst the computer is turned on.
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