PROCEEDINGS

UNITAR INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON HEAVY CRUDE AND TAR SANDS

TH

B EIJING,

C HINA

O CTOBER

27-30,

1998

Table of Contents
Opening Session Plenary Session Technical Program Messages Conference Committee Technical Committee Awards for Service Dedication of 7 th UNITAR International Conference for Heavy Crude and Tar Sands Proceedings to Helga Petri Keynote Address: Douglas J. Lanier, Chevron Petroleum Technology Company, Houston, Texas, USA Plenary Section Lecturers Opening Session Statement: Marcel A. Boisard, Executive Director, United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR), Geneva, Switzerland Sandra L. Waisley, Deputy Assistant Secretary, Office of Natural Gas and Petroleum Technology, US Department of Energy, Washington, DC, USA Manuel M. Pulido, Member of the Board of Directors, Petroleos de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela David K. Olsen, Director, UNITAR Centre for Heavy Crude and Tar Sands, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA

Opening Session

Tuesday, October 27, 1998

09:00 11:00 Wang Naiju, Conference Chairman, Peoples Republic of China Wang Tao, Honorary Conference Co-Chairman, NPC Member Standing Committee National Peoples Congress (NPC) Vice Chairman, Environmental Resources and Protection Committee, NPC Marcel Boisard, Honorary Conference Co-Chairman, UNITAR Executive Director, United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR) Sandra Waisley, United States Department of Energy Deputy Assistant Secretary for Gas and Oil Technology Manuel Pulido, Petroleos de Venezuela Member of Board of Directors of PDVSA David K. Olsen, Conference Vice-Chairman, ChairmanTechnical Committee, UNITAR Director, UNITAR Centre for Heavy Crude and Tar Sands Douglas Lanier, Keynote Technical Speaker, Chevron President of Chevron Petroleum Technology Company, Paper 039

Cultural Performance
11:15 12:15

Lunch, Hosted by CHINA NATIONAL PETROLEUM CORPORATION

12:15 14:00

Plenary Session
Tuesday, October 27, 1998
14:00 14:00: 14:30: 15:00: 15:30: 18:20 Mieczyslaw Boduszynski, Chevron R&T............................................................................. Paper Erdal Yildirim, Alberta Chamber of Resources ................................................................... Paper Niu Jiayu CNPC-RIPED....................................................................................................... Paper Liu Wenzhang, CNPC-RIPED ............................................................................................. Paper 202 227 004 198 224 230 216 229

16:00 16:20 Break 16:20: Edward Hanzlik, Texaco E&P ............................................................................................. Paper 16:50: Vincenzo Paglione, PDVSA-INTEVEP................................................................................ Paper 17:20: Gennady Romanov, Kazan Scientic University.................................................................. Paper 17:50: Guillermo Guariguata, YPF-Maxis Energy .......................................................................... Paper

Technical Program
Wednesday, October 28, 1998
Morning Session: 08:00-11:15 Session 1: Case Studies of Field Projects...............................................................................................Room 3 Session 2: Upgrading / Rening.............................................................................................................Room 2 Session 3: Numerical Simulation Horizontal Well............................................................................Room 4 Session 4: Resource Development Canada .......................................................................................Room 1 Session 5: Environmental Studies ..........................................................................................................Room 5 Afternoon Session: 14:00-17:15 Session 6: Case Studies of Field Projects...............................................................................................Room 4 Session 7: Resource Development Venezuela ...................................................................................Room 1 Session 8: Field Equipment....................................................................................................................Room 5 Session 9: Field Design and SAGD........................................................................................................Room 2 Session 10: Production / Laboratory Studies .........................................................................................Room 3

Thursday, October 29, 1998

Morning Session: 08:00-11:15 Session 11: Case Studies of Field Projects............................................................................................Room Session 12: Upgrading / Rening..........................................................................................................Room Session 13: Numerical Simulation ........................................................................................................Room Session 14: Resource Development ......................................................................................................Room Session 15: Emerging Technologies......................................................................................................Room Afternoon Session: 14:00 17:15 Session 16: Foamy Oil ..........................................................................................................................Room Session 17: Upgrading / Rening..........................................................................................................Room Session 18: Field Design and Steamooding........................................................................................Room Session 19: Insitu Combustion ..............................................................................................................Room Session 20: Government/Industry and Upgrading ................................................................................Room 4 1 3 5 2 3 1 4 2 5

Friday, October 30, 1998

Morning Session: 08:00 11:15 Session 21: Case Studies of Field Projects............................................................................................Room 2 Session 22: World Activities...................................................................................................................Room 1 Session 23: Numerical Simulation ........................................................................................................Room 3 Session 24: Prole Control and Steam Termination .............................................................................Room 4 Session 25: Handling / Transportation ..................................................................................................Room 5 Afternoon Session: 14:00 16:45 Session 26: Super or Extra Heavy Oil....................................................................................................Room 5 Session 27: Upgrading / Rening...........................................................................................................Room 1 Session 28: Field Designs Shallow Reservoirs .................................................................................Room 2 Session 29: Clay and Sand Production...................................................................................................Room 4 Session 30: Production Laboratory Studies ...........................................................................................Room 3

Poster Session:
Session 31:................................................................................................................................................... Hall

Messages

Message to the Seventh UNITAR Conference on Heavy Crude and Tar Sands
Beijing, 27 October 1998 It gives me great pleasure to greet the participants at the Seventh UNITAR Conference on Heavy Crude and Tar Sands. I would like to express my appreciation to the People's Republic of China for hosting this important event. This conference brings together the largest and most distinguished group of international experts on Heavy Crude and Tar Sands. Efcient, ecological and sustainable use of energy has become a vital subject on the international agenda, and the United Nations is committed to fullling its role in this area. UNITAR, as the United Nations institute dedicated to training and training-related research, will continue to contribute to the search for new ways to promote efcient and sustainable use of fossil energy. I wish you all success in your deliberations and look forward to the results of your discussions on Heavy Oil as a Major Source of Energy for the Twenty-First Century.

Ko A. Annan Secretary-General

Invitation from Conference Chairman

Dear Participants: It is our honor to have the 7th International Conference on Heavy Crude and Tar Sands held for the rst time in China, an old and energetic country in Asia. As the chairman of the conference and on behalf of the major sponsor of the conference, China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) I would like to extend my warm welcome to the participants. All the previous UNITAR Heavy Oil and Tar Sands Conferences have made great contributions to promotion and development of the Worlds heavy crude oil end tar sands industry and strengthened the friendship and cooperation among scientists, engineers and management in the eld of heavy oil. CNPC would like to express its appreciation for the trust of Dr. Marcel Boisard and institutional members of UNITAR Centre. This conference has also won wide support from the scientists of world heavy oil community. 218 papers have been accepted for presentation which is quite a large number compared with previous conferences. We will spare no effort to ensure the normal function of the conference and creation of an enjoyable atmosphere for dynamic technical exchange with friends from more than 20 countries. Beside the tight schedule of the conference sessions the Chinese organizers have made arrangements for participants to visit: the Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development and the Heavy Oil Laboratory of the Petroleum University, historical sites in Beijing and, as a post-conference technical tour program, the heavy oil production sites at Liaohe Oil eld and Shengli Oil eld and heavy oil reneries of China. We believe that the Conference in Beijing during October will leave a memorable impression on participants. Wang Naiju Conference Chairman

Message from Honorary Conference Co-Chairman

Dear Participants: As the Honorary Co-Chairman of The 7th UNITAR International Conference on Heavy Crude and Tar Sands, I would like to extend my warm congratulations to the opening of this event in Beijing, China. The development of the heavy crude and tar sands industry is attracting more attention due to its increasing share among the hydrocarbon resources. The theme of this conference, the Heavy Oil, a Major Energy Source for the 21st Century, indicates the trend in an appropriate way. We can say that the heavy oil industry was initiated very late, it yet developed quite fast with its own experiences and characteristics as well as many new challenges. We look forward very much to the opportunity for extensive exchange and cooperation with the world oil community on the development and utilization of heavy crude and tar sands. Years of opening to the outside world and experiences from international exchanges has made Beijing an ideal venue for international conferences. The great success of the 15th World Petroleum Congress held in Beijing last October has won widespread appreciation from the world oil community. I believe this event, rst ever to be held in Beijing, will be another great success. October in Beijing is amazing. We are looking forward to meeting our friends then. Wang Tao Conference Co-Chairman Senior Advisor, CNPC

Message from Honorary Conference Co-Chairman

Dear Delegates: As Co-Chairman of the 7th International Conference on Heavy Crude and Tar Sands and on behalf of the United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR), I would like to extend my warm welcome to all of you attending this Conference. The theme of the Conference is Heavy Oil A Major Energy Source for the 21st Century. It will include a broad range of topics and shall stimulate the exchange of Ideas and experiences. I sincerely hope that your participation will be benecial to you in your professional tasks and responsibilities. This is the rst conference to be held outside the Americas. Held every three years, these high prole meetings bring together experts from all parts of the world to present and discuss developments related to the extraction, processing, upgrading, transportation, and utilization of heavy crude and tar sands. An exhibition held in conjunction with the conference affords delegates the opportunity to view the latest technology and equipment in the heavy oil industry. The proceedings of UNITAR Conferences are generally considered to be the most up to date scientic reference to the matter. Considerable efforts are now underway to make this information available on electronic format. The Conferences are a major activity of the UNITAR Centre for Heavy Crude and Tar Sands located in Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA. The Centres mandate is to facilitate the cooperative development of the words heavy oil and tar sands in an efcient and environmentally sound manner. Other activities include networking with units and departments of the United Nations system, as well as international Round Robin Studies for better evaluation of the resource; facilitating access, via in-house databases, to technical information; and training. Funding is provided by sponsors from various governments and industry (major sponsors are the United States Department of Energy; Petrleos de Venezuela, S.A., and the China National Petroleum Corporation). New members are welcome. Please take this opportunity to talk to the Director of the Centre and nd out more about the Centres activities. Once again, my best wishes for a successful conference. I look forward to meeting you in person during the Conference Marcel A. Boisard Executive Director

Conference Committee
Conference Chairman: Wang Naiju, CNPC Honory Conference Co-Chairmen: Wang Tao, Congress of Peoples Republic of China Marcel Boisard, UNITAR

Organizing Committee
Chairman: Liu Wanfu, CNPC Vice-Chairmen: Zhang Xin, CNPC David K. Olsen, UNITAR Center Secretary General: Li Jianhou, CNPC Conference Secretary: Zhao Fen, CNPC

Chairman Liu Wanfu

Secretary General Li Jianhou

Vice-Chairman Zhang Xin

Conference Secretary Zhao Fen

Vice-Chairman David K. Olsen

Director: Wu Yaowen, Vice President, CNPC Deputy Directors: Mu Shuling, Vice President, SINOPEC Wang Naiju, Deputy Director, Consulting Centre, CNPC Zhang Xin, Vice Director, Foreign Affair Department, CNPC Members: Liu Baohe, Director, Production & Development Department, CNPC Shen Pingping, Director, Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & Development, CNPC Song Wanchao, President, Sheng Li Petroleum Administration Bureau, CNPC Zhao Lichun, Vice President, Xin Jiang Petroleum Administration Bureau, CNPC Wang Chunpeng, Vice President, Liao He Petroleum Administration Bureau, CNPC Cheng Shaozhi, Vice President, He Nan Petroleum Administration Bureau, CNPC Wu Dihua, Vice President, SINOPEC Technology Co. Liu Zhenwu, Vice Director, Science & Technology Development Bureau, CNPC Liu Wanfu, Chief Engineering, Production & Development Department, CNPC Bo Qiliang, Vice-Director, Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & Development, CNPC

Technical Committee

Left to Right: Tom Reid (USDOE), Chu Hsi (Consultant/Editor for CNPC), Jesus Chacin (PDVSA), Liu Wenghang (CNPC), and David K. Olsen, Chairman (UNITAR Centre)

Awards for Service

Juan V. Roger
Technical Chairman, 5th UNITAR International Conference on Heavy Crude and Tar Sands, Consultant, Caracas, Venezuela

Thomas B. Reid
Conference Co-Chairman and Technical Chairman, 6th UNITAR International Conference on Heavy Crude and Tar Sands,US Department of Energy, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA

Dedication
The Proceedings of 7th UNITAR Centre International Conference for Heav y Crude and Tar Sands are Dedicated to the Memory of

HELGA PETRI

UNITAR Centre For Heavy Crude and Tar Sands Assistant Director 19911993 Director 19931996
Helga Petri was born in Hamburg, Germany, and came to Canada as a young girl. She rose to be the Director of AOSIS Library of Heavy Crude and Oil Sands and became the fourth Director of the UNITAR Centre for Heavy Crude and Tar Sands when it moved to Edmonton, Canada, in 1993. As Director, Helga traveled throughout the world expounding the goals of the Centre, teaching and presenting technical papers on heavy crude and oil sands. Many of you knew Helga, and many more of you know about her. But even if youre not one of those, if youre here today, you are sharing Helgas legacy. She was engaged in all of the previous UNITAR Conferences. She was instrumental in organizing the First Conference and helped establish the Centre in the years following. In 1995, she ran the Sixth Conference in Houston, Texas, with her typical boundless energy and was the main reason for its outstanding success. All during that event and in the following years, she was planning for this Seventh Conference. Helga Petri will be remembered for her tireless devotion to the UNITAR Centre, her gracious personality, and her warm smile. She now lies beneath the shade of a Cedar tree in West Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. We know her spirit will be felt here at this Seventh Conference in Beijing. In recognition of tireless dedication to the development of the Worlds Heavy Oil and Oil Sands, work on UNITAR Conferences, AOSIS Library Director, and as Director of the United Nations Institute for Training and Research Centre for Heavy Crude and Tar Sands. (Award accepted on her behalf by her son William Radvanyi.)

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Keynote Speaker/Technical Address

DOUGLAS J. LANIER

Douglas J. Lanier is president of Chevron Petroleum Technology Company (CPTC), headquartered in Houston. CPTC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Chevron Corp., is responsible for research, technology development, and support of technical services in oil and gas exploration and production. A native of Broken Arrow, Oklahoma, he graduated from the University of Tulsa in 1972 with a bachelor of science degree in petroleum engineering. Lanier began his career with Gulf Oil Corporation in 1972 as a petroleum engineer, and served in various engineering and management positions, including an overseas assignment as engineering manager responsible for the giant Cabinda oileld project in Angola. After the Gulf/Chevron merger in June 1985, he was named manager, operations, for Chevron Overseas Petroleum Inc. In 1989 he was named assistant general manager, production, for Chevron U.S.A. Production Company. He went on to serve in management positions of increasing responsibility within that organization. In 1992, he was named prot center manager, based in Lafayette, Louisiana. In 1994, he was named general manager, operations and technical support, headquartered in Houston. He assumed his present position of President of CPTC in February 1997. Lanier is a member of the Society of Petroleum Engineers and the American Petroleum Institute. He is also a registered professional engineer in the state of Texas.

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Plenary Section Lecturers

MIECZYSLAW BODUSZYNSKI Title: Composition and Properties of Heavy Crudes Manuscript 1998.202

Dr. Mieczyslaw M. Boduszynski is a consulting scientist with Chevron Research and Technology Company, Richmond, California. He joined Chevron in 1982. He has M.S. and Eng. Degrees in Chemistry and Technology of Petroleum, and a Ph.D. in Chemistry. His professional interests are in the areas of petroleum composition and the chemistry of petroleum processing. Dr. Boduszynski is a member of the American Chemical Society, the Petroleum Chemistry Division Inc., and the Fuel Chemistry Division. He is also a member of the Editorial Advisory Board of the ACS Energy & Fuels journal. He is an author and co-author of more than 30 publications, including a book Composition and Analysis of Heavy Petroleum Fractions, Marcel Dekker Inc., which he coauthored with K. H. Altgelt.

ERDAL YILDIRIM Title: Oil Sands Development in Canada An Overview Manuscript: 1998.227

Erdal Yildirim received his engineering degrees (B.S. & M.S.) at the Technical University of Istanbul, completed his post-graduate studies at the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Columbia University in New York, and received his Doctorate of Engineering Science Degree in 1971. Dr. Yildirim has been an employee of the Cities Services Company, Occidental Petroleum and Canadian Occidental Petroleum since February 1972 specializing in oil sands, oil shale, coal liquication and related technologies. In January 1992, Dr. Yildirim was appointed to the position of Division Vice President, New Technology and in April 1995, he was seconded to Syncrude Research in Edmonton for special assignments in research and technology. In April 1998, Dr. Yildirim returned to Canadian Oxy. Dr. Yildirim served as President of Alberta Chamber of Resources (ACR) during 1992-1994, and the Chairman of National Task Force on Oil Sands Strategies between 1993-1996. Currently, he is the Chairman of ACR Black Oil Pipeline Network Steering Committee and ACR CO2 Research Steering Committee.

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NUI JIAYU

Title:HeavyOilandTarSandsResources in China Manuscript: 1998.004

Mr. Niu Jiayu is Senior Geologist and Deputy Director of the Geological Department of the Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development (RIPED) within CNPC in Beijing. He earned a B.S. degree in petroleum geology and exploration from Daqing Petroleum Institute in 1983 and a M.S. degree in petroleum geology from RIPED in 1987. He has done research on petroleum geology and exploration in geological department, RIPED, CNPC, from 1987 to present. His research focuses on petroleum geology and exploration of sedimentary basins in northwest and east China. He has been project leader on RIPEDs research on the formation and distribution of heavy oil and tar sands in China.

LIU WENZHANG Title: Chinas Heavy Oil and Tar Sands Resources and Thermal Recovery Status and Development of Heavy Oil in China Manuscript: 1998.198

Professor Liu Wenzhang, Senior Reservoir Engineer and Research Professor, and former Chief Engineer of Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development (RIPED), CNPC, Beijing, China Professor Liu graduated from the Northwest Industrial University of China. He had engaged in research on water injection recovery in Daqing Oil Field for fteen years. He has 44 years experience in oil recovery engineering. Professor Liu is a pioneer in development of thermal recovery technology in China. Professor Liu has won various state level awards and is well known in his eld in China.

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EDWARD HANZLIK Title: Status of Heavy Oil and Tar Sands Resources and Activities in the United States Manuscript: 1998.224

Edward Hanzlik is a Senior Research Consultant in Texacos E&P Technology Department. He holds engineering degrees from the University of California Santa Barbara and University of Southern California, and is a Registered Petroleum Engineer in California. Active in SPE committee work, he was Chairman of the 1987 Annual Meeting Program Committee and just completed a term as Chairman of the Distinguished Lecturer Committee. His 29 years of experience include ten years with operating units in California. He has worked with hydrocarbon resources in North and South America, the Middle East, Central and Southeast Asia, and Australia.

VINCENZO PAGLIONE Title: Heavy Oil: The Venezuelan Experience Manuscript: 1998.230

Mr. Paglione is a Petroleum Engineer graduated from the Universidad Central de Venezuela in 1974. In that same year he began his career in the Oil Industry. Upon undertaking several professional and supervisory functions in the Western Division and in Caracas, in drilling, reservoir and production engineering and planning. In 1985 he was appointed Manager of Planning in the Production Coordination and afterwards Manager of Environmental Analysis in the Strategic Planning Coordination in PDVSA. In 1989 he was assigned as Manager of the Orinoco Project in England, and as General Manager of Bitor International in 1990. Upon his return in January 1994 he was appointed as Advisor for International Rening and Marketing Business, and in September of that same year, he was assigned General Manager of the Coordination of International Business in Interven, SA. Since 1996 he has held a position as Functional Manager of Budgeting and Planning in the Exploration and Production Coordination and in January 1998 as he became a Member of the Board of Directors of PDVSA Intevep. Mr. Paglione has held several positions in the World Energy Council and he is currently Vice-Chairman of the Programme Committee of the WEC.

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GENNADY ROMANOV Title: Evaluation of Bitumen Oil Generation Potential in Tatarstan and Problems of its Realization Manuscript 1998.216

Gennady V. Romanov graduated from Kazan State University, Chemical Department with a [Link] in chemistry in 1968. Additionally, he holds a Doctorate degree (1986) in organic chemistry. He is currently professor and Head of the Oil Chemistry Laboratory at A.E. Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Kazan Scientic Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences; Director of Scientic-Research Centre for Hard-Accessible Oil and Natural Bitumen Reserves and Deputy Director General on Sciences in Enchanced Oil Recovery at NIINeftepromkhim JSC. The eld of his interests is petroleum chemistry and geochemistry, enhanced oil recovery, hard-accessible oil reserves development. He has authored and co-authored over 300 papers and 60 inventions. He has served as a deputy chairman and executive secretary of the organizing committees of the All-Russian and International conferences. He is an Honored Scientist of the Republic of Tatarstan, Winner of State Premium of Tatarstan, Associate Member of Academy of Sciences of Tatarstan, Russian Academy of Natural Sciences, Russian Ecological Academy and Academician of the International Academy of Informatization. He is Member of the Petroleum Society of CIM.

GUILLERMO GUARIGUATA U. Title: Downstream Options for Heavy Oil and Bitumen Manuscript 1998.229

Guillermo Guariguata U., is Senior Advisor to the President on downstream operations for YPF-Maxis Energy. He formerly was President and Chief Operating Ofcer of Bonner & Moore Associates, Inc., where he contributes more than two decades of business, industry, and technology experience in multi-cultural environments to the rms strategic plans. Mr. Guariguata also served as President of Bonner & Moore Management Science, the division responsible for providing a worldwide client base with continuing analysis of crude oil, petroleum products, petrochemicals, and natural gas liquids markets, and with decision-support software tools for the energy sector. In this capacity, he directed the development and execution of the operational management and single-client international industry projects of the division worldwide. Mr. Guariguata holds a BS in Chemical Engineering from the Central University of Venezuela, a MS in Operations Research and Statistics from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, and a MS in Resource Economics from the University of Florida. He is also a member of the International Association of Energy Economists, and the Bretton Woods Committee, and is a director of the Interamerican Chamber of Commerce.

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Opening Session Statement: Marcel A. Boisard, Executive Director, United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR), Geneva, Switzerland
Heavy crude and tar sands as an energy resource will need to be promoted in this context. While it is an essential opportunity for developing countries, particularly those with substantial resources of heavy crude and tar sands, to use this resource to fuel their development. Its use, without due regard for its environmental impact will be subject to criticism. It is in this context that the UNITAR Centre for Heavy Crude and Tar Sands, particularly through its training programs and triannual international conferences, can facilitate the development and sharing of technologies which can make use of heavy crude and tar sands to meet the environment-development dilemma of the twenty-rst century. How can an important resource such as heavy crude and tar sands be used to fuel development without endangering the global environment. Gathering the worlds heavy crude and tar resource owners, the UNITAR Centre can use its network to facilitate the development and sharing technologies and technological know-how. It can demonstrate the best technologies and promote the substantial use of heavy crude and tar sands. It can also help protect and conserve other sources of energy, such as wood for instance, and thus contribute to the ght against deforestation and desertication processes, which are major issues confronting some members of the international community. Our gathering here in Beijing is just one of many attempts to consider, in a scientic and non-partisan perspective, how can we best use natural resources such as heavy crude and tar sands for substantial development to ensure both material comfort and a clean environment for generations to come. I am sure that our exchange of views and experience will prove useful to all participants in their daily professional activities. UNITAR International Conference on Heavy Crude and Tar Sands in the combined effort of many individuals. I would like to thank my honorary co-chairman Dr. Wang Tao, the conference chairman, Mr. Wang Naiju and Dr. David Olsen, chairman of the technical committee. I cannot mention all the committee members by name, but would like to note the members of various committees, as well as the Technical Session Co-Chairmen and the members of the Technical Committee. The sponsors and the co-sponsors of the conference, namely the United States Department of Energy, Petrleos de Venezuela, S.A. and the China National Petroleum Corporation are thanked for their contributions of both money and manpower. Finally, we express our sincere gratitude to the China National Petroleum Corporation for the excellent organization of this conference and to authorities within the Peoples Republic of China for their gracious welcome.

It is my pleasure to welcome all of you to the 7th UNITAR International Conference on Heavy Crude and Tar Sands. We are especially delighted that for the rst time the Conference is being held in Asia and, in particular, in China. On behalf of United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR) and the members of the UNITAR Centre for Heavy Crude and Tar Sands, I would like to thank our hosts for their warm and generous hospitality. I am sure that you are all as impressed, as I, by the magnitude and the scale of development here in China. Allow me to touch upon some major challenges that heavy crude and tar sands or all fossil energy sources might face in the next millennium and how the UNITAR Centre for Heavy Crude and Tar Sands might contribute. In December 1997, in Kyoto, Japan, delegates to the Climate Change Convention reached a milestone. They proposed quantied limits to emissions of so-called greenhouse gases which are believed to cause climate change. By implication, they have recognized, at the policy level, that climate change is indeed a global problem with enough scientic consensus to warrant immediate and direct consequences on international economies. This suggests that climate change will be an issue which will command the worlds attention into the next century. The world is thus facing a dilemma how can we limit greenhouse gas emissions without negatively affecting global development. Hydrocarbon fuels are important factors in development. Development, industrialization in particular, is made easier when abundant, cheap energy sources abound. At the same time however, a clean, safe and sustainable environment is an equally important resource base and prerequisite for sustained development. This dilemma is made even more complex by the projection that developing countries will soon become more important contributors to the emissions of greenhouse gases. While it is true that developing countries can do more for the environment, when other priority issues such as poverty, social justice and national development are addressed, it is equally true that degradation of the environment is in most cases irreversible or when reversible very expensive and detrimental to economic growth.

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Opening Session Statement: Sandra L. Waisley, Deputy Assistant Secretary, Ofce of Natural Gas and Petroleum Technology, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC, USA
globally than anyone thought possible in the 1970s, even despite lower-than-expected prices. With improved technologies, oil companies have discovered and developed supplies that were inaccessible or too costly to produce only a few years ago. Estimates of World discovered oil reserves increased by 379 billion barrels between 1981 and 1993; and, today, we estimate that the World has 1.1 trillion barrels of identied reserves not including heavy oil and tar sands resources. Nevertheless, the Worlds conventional oil production is expected to reach its peak in about 20 years and to decline thereafter. It is predicted that the peaking of conventional oil, combined with physical shortages and price escalations, will mark the beginning of signicant commercial production from unconventional resources, such as tar sands and extra heavy oil possibly constituting as much as one-half of the Worlds energy supply by the mid-21st Century. Increasing dependence on fossil fuels has also heightened environmental awareness worldwide, especially emissions resulting from fossil fuels production and utilization operations. Extraction and processing of heavy oil and tar sand resources also raise environmental concerns. As World production of oil from these resources increases, emissions control, waste management, and disposal operations will become even more critical in the next 20 years. The good news is that the oil and gas industry has come a long way in protecting the environment -- driven by advances in technology and management practices. Industry, particularly in exploration and production (E&P), is utilizing advanced technology and, today, impacts the environment to a lesser degree than in past decades. Numerous cases can be cited where environmental considerations are of paramount importance, and have been adopted into the mainstream of E&P activities. Examples of environmental and technology improvements in heavy oil and tar sands operations include the following: Shift from lease-crude-red steam generation to more efcient and cleaner gas-red steam generation. Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions (e.g., CO2) and SO2 from production and upgrading operations. Better insulated tubing for delivery of high quality steam to formation. Horizontal drilling technology, which is particularly useful in developing relatively thin beds and requires less surface land use than vertical wells (reduced environmental footprint). Mobility control agents to better direct steam ow to unswept zones, resulting in less produced water. Improved reservoir characterization techniques to allow better well placement and improve sweep efciency.

On behalf of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), I welcome all of you to the 7th UNITAR International Conference on Heavy Crude and Tar Sands. I am very excited to be here with you today and look forward to participating in the Conference events and meeting you during the next few days. As you know, this is the rst time the Conference has been held in Asia, a land of great history and civilizations that have shaped the World for centuries. I am proud to say that my ancestors are rooted in Asia. The World really is a small place when you think of it and we are all connected somehow. I currently serve at the U.S. Department of Energy as the Deputy Assistant Secretary for the Ofce of Natural Gas and Petroleum Technology, Ofce of Fossil Energy. I manage the Departments domestic and international oil and gas research and development program, both upstream and downstream. Prior to joining DOE in 1991, I worked for 11 years with major oil companies, including British Petroleum, Sohio Petroleum Company, and Exxon. In these companies, I served in both technical and managerial positions. Over the last two decades, the World has experienced dramatic shifts in oil and gas market dynamics, resource availability, advances in technology, and research and development focus. One thing, however, has remained unchanged: our reliance on fossil fuels as primary energy sources. DOEs Energy Information Administration projects global energy consumption to grow by 54%t between 1995 and 2015. Developing countries will account for nearly 70% of the growth. The largest expansion in energy use during the same period will occur in the developing countries of Asia, where energy demand will increase by 129%. This increase will be led by the economies of China and India. In 2015, fossil fuels (oil, natural gas, and coal) are projected to supply 88 percent of the Worlds energy consumption. Two decades ago, during the oil crises of the 1970s, some experts predicted the World would run out of hydrocarbon resources, probably within this century. The statistics at the time supported that view. Today, we have a much more positive and different outlook. Thanks to new exploration and production technologies, we are nding and producing more oil

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Improved methods for containment of pollutants from tar sand tailing ponds.

Improved technologies for cost-effectively upgrading low quality crudes and bitumen, including efcient separation of bitumen, sand, and valuable metals.

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Opening Session Statement: Manuel M. Pulido, Member of the Board of Directors, Petroleos de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela

On behalf of Petroleos de Venezuela, co-sponsor of the event, I extend to you our warmest welcome to this 7th UNITAR Conference, the top technical meeting on the subject of heavy crude, tar sands, and bitumen. It is a great privilege to have the opportunity to share with such a qualied audience some brief comments on the Venezuelan oil industry with emphasis on how technological advances are enhancing the commercial development of Venezuelas bitumen and heavy hydrocarbons. As you all know, Petroleos de Venezuela is the national oil company of the Republic of Venezuela, which through its various subsidiaries, is engaged in several phases of the petroleum industry. Namely the exploration and production of crude oil and natural gas, the rening, marketing and transportation of crude oil and rened petroleum products, petrochemicals and the development and marketing of Venezuelas natural bitumen and coal resources. PDVSAs upstream crude oil and natural gas reserves and operations are located exclusively in Venezuela, while its downstream operations are located in the United States, Germany, Sweden, the United Kingdom, Belgium and the Caribbean, as well as in Venezuela. Coming from the former concessionary era, PDVSA since 1975 had been operating based on an organizational structure that involved several integrated companies handling different phases of the industry, including exploration, production, rening and marketing. Progressively, the number of vertically integrated companies were reduced to three, through a consolidation process. Beginning this year and as far as oil gas are concerned, Petroleos de Venezuela did a step forward, adopting a new operating structure based on business units, under the name of PDVSA oil & gas, with three divisions under: exploration & production, manufacturing & marketing, and services. In this way we feel that the corporation has been streamlined, it is more focused, and has the possibility of providing to its customers a quicker response, creating in addition more value for its shareholder. All this with the help of new integrated information systems in order to increase productivity and simplify administrative processes. Very briey we should remind you

of the ample base of energy resources with which the country has been endowed. Venezuelas current total proven reserves were 74,9 billion barrels at the end of 1997 of which 22,6 billion barrels are light and medium oils, 2,8 bb are recognized as bitumen, and the balance are heavy and extraheavy oils. In the ofcial reserves are included 34 billion barrels as the reserves in the Orinoco Oil Belt, so far with no consideration for another recoverable reserves in the order of more than 200 billion barrels in the belt, as a result of in situ reserves of 1,2 trillion barrels. In addition, natural gas reserves represents another 25 billion barrels of oil equivalent. Therefore, it is estimated that Venezuela holds over 60% of the world recoverable reserves of heavy and extraheavy oils, which are in the order of 420 billion barrels. Total Venezuelan present production, including condensates and bitumen, amounts to some 3 million barrels per day; out of this, approximately 800,000 barrels per day corresponds to heavy and extra heavy oil. As it is well known, PDVSAs business plan for the next ten years, indicates the commercial feasibility, under certain scenarios, of producing 5,7 million barrels per day of oil, therefore contemplating an additional effort to produce and upgrade non conventional oils. The total investment required for the 1998-2007 business plan is placed in the order of 65 billion U.S. dollars; out of this, about 60% will be funded by PDVSA through its own cash ow, and the rest, would be invested by nancial institutions and through associations with third parties. The business plan assumes an scenario of increased moderate demand at low prices, in order to satisfy a sustained industrial growth, derived from a world increased population with the desire to access to a better quality of life. In addition to the nancial requirements, the business plan of Petroleos de Venezuela also has taken into consideration the need for the country to open the activity not the ownership of the resources to new players, both local and foreign, taking into account that the enormous nancial resources could not be totally provided by PDVSA. Therefore, within the framework of the current hydrocarbon law, the corporation devised a strategy of opening the Venezuelan oil industry to the participation of external public and private entities, both national and international, in order to meet the proposed goals and at the same time, integrating the oil business with the Venezuelan society. This is taking place through diverse schemes of participation in all business segments, such as operating agreements to put back into production inactive or very mature elds in which all the parties can benet of working under the industrial income tax scheme, strategic associations to exploit the heavy hydrocarbons and bitumen in the Orinoco Oil Belt,

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exploration risk contracts for new areas with a prot sharing scheme, and also contracts to work under outsourcing schemes of non- core business activities. As far as heavy oils are concerned, and as required by law, the Venezuelan Congress has approved so far four vertically integrated joint ventures in the Orinoco Belt, for the exploitation and upgrading of extra-heavy crude oil of an average API gravity of 9, to bring this crude oil to a synthetic crude with API gravities ranging from 1630. These joint venture projects are being implemented with different partners, for specic marketing needs, through associations between PDVSA and various participating entities. petrozuata (PDVSA P&G and Conoco), Sincor (PDVSA, Total, Statoil and Norks-Hydro), Hamaca (PDVSA, Arco, Texaco and Phillips) and Cerro Negro (PDVSA, Mobil, and Veba Oel). As it can be imagined, this four upgrading projects are expensive, with total investments in the order of 13 billion dollars. at the end of this year it is expected that the rst of those projects will market some early production. Some other projects, again for specic needs of different companies are under consideration. no doubt that with a long-term horizon, normally 35 years, the production of the Orinoco Oil Belt, though costly in the upgrading, is something that makes sense, and hence the interest in its commercial exploitation. We have to remember that exploration costs are almost nil, since the Orinoco Oil Belt is the biggest continuous reservoir in the world (54.000 square kilometers) and production cost is very low, through a combination of modern technologies and the physical characteristics of the reservoir, not the least temperature and the presence of a small amount of gas. For the foreign partners, the projects represent a signicant opportunity to increase production and proven crude oil reserves, for PDVSA they represent an opportunity to develop the orinoco belts extra-heavy crude oil reserves. As part of the strategy for the commercial utilization of bitumen and heavy crude oils, the corporation through our own research institute, has developed several technologies to improve the production, and the handling of these heavy crudes, like the use of horizontal wells, electrosubmersible pumps, multiphase pumping and the use of emulsions. The development of Orimulsion by Intevep, our research and technology support center, is permitting the corporation to make inroads with this emulsion 70% bitumen and 30% water, as a baseload in the power generation industry, allowing us to commercialize in competition with coal a great deal of the bituminous and extra heavy oils not commercial otherwise. Orimulsion is a new fuel creating a new market, and it certainly is an example of a technology ready to take advantage of specic market opportunities. the current Orimulsion production is in the order of 4.1 million of metric tons per year, and there are plans to increase production in accordance to the demand in specic market niches, to reach some 12 to 20 million metric tons in ten years.

Provided that the emissions are adequately treated, the employ of Orimulsion in power generation as demonstrated in Denmark, Canada and Japan, represents a real advantage compared to the use of coal or fuel oil, from an environmental point of view. Further benets are already foreseeable for a second-generation technology, with lower amount of surfactants and a relationship of 80% bitumen and 20% water, therefore being reduced the transportation cost, and being increased the caloric value per ton signicantly. It is worthwhile to mention that the market prospects for Orimulsion continue to be reafrmed with trade negotiations with countries in America (Mexico and Canada), Europe (Germany, Denmark, Lithuania, and Italy) and Asia (Japan, China, Singapore, Korea and India). Last year a total of 600 thousand tons of Orimulsion were sold to China National Petroleum Corporation, under an agreement signed with PDVSA Bitor, to carry on some tests in electric and industrial plants in the Peoples Republic of China. As for the downstream part of the business, the Venezuelan oil industry has been facing the challenge of introducing its rened products into a market avid for cleaner products and processes. This challenge calls for an upgrading technology which, within the equation of resources-environment-economy, could render products capable of improving environmental performance, ensuring at the same time, economic and nancial viability. From the large variety of technologies in the market, only a few can be successfully applied to process heavy and extraheavy oils with high metal and asphaltene content. among these, not yet commercially installed, inteveps hydrocracking, distillation and hydrotreating process known to the rening industry as hdh is one of those to choose from. This process was developed via a new catalytic hydrogenconversion scheme, which operates at moderate pressures and constitutes an upgrading route, able to produce higher valueadded products from a wide range of feedstocks, without a residue to be disposed of, since the process leaves no undesirable by-products. Acquaconversion is an in-house development which utilizes a low-cost novel catalyst, which can be incorporated within the feedstock and can be partially recovered for further utilization. the technology allows for the conversion of the orinoco crudes with viscosities ranging from 810API, to get an upgraded oil of 16API, or better. At present there is an association with UOP and Foster Wheeler, aimed at the scale-up and commercial application of this technology, which is felt will reduce the investment and operational cost far below those of available technologies. Also in the rening industry this technology could be of great help. Since Petroleos de Venezuela has a considerable rening capacity of around 2.9 million barrels per day at present, there is room for the utilization of this technology in the treatment

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of heavy residues. So far PDVSA has started to introduce it in Isla Renery, at Curazao, Netherland Antilles. Overall the Venezuelan oil industry has spent many billions of U.S. dollars to increase its deep conversion capacity which has allowed to reduce the amount of residual fuel oil from 60% in 1976 to only 17% in 1997, at the same time adapting our products to meet the more stringent environmental requirements. The acquisition and development of a rening and distribution network throughout the united states and europe has been the result of a well thought strategy devised in the 80s which has allowed us to place internationally substantial volumes of crudes and products, close to the nal consumers, complying with clients specications. Indeed the continued application of new and existing technology, together with our own developments, has been the venezuelan oil industrys main weapon to deal with challenges in reducing costs and maintaining the viability of the corporation as an international enterprise notwithstanding the current market situation of low oil prices. In the up-stream sector of the business for instance, 3-D and 4-D seismic integrated with advanced geological modeling and reservoir simulation techniques, has given us an allaround understanding of the behavior of the underground reservoir, allowing to choose the best, most cost-effective ways of producing the variety of the country hydrocarbon reserves. Production techniques such as: horizontal and deviated wells, slim-hole, enhanced oil recovery with solvents and foaming agents; all have made important contributions to operations in terms of infrastructure and cost reduction. New equipment and pumping devices, continuous on-line measurement and quality control of emulsions, coreow, as well as asphaltene deposition, have helped us to learn over the years how to respond to challenges with ingenuity and creative adaptations. Thus the challenge has not only been to come up with a conventional development scheme, but to push available technology worldwide to its practical limits, adapting it to our needs and particular circumstances. At present, in line with our strategy to increase the reservoir recovery factor and production of heavy and extraheavy oils and bitumens, our research efforts are centered in three main basic projects: 1. An upgrading project which we referred to as in-situ upgrading of heavy/extraheavy oils and bitumens. here we intend to develop new methods to upgrade these type of oils and bitumens within the reservoir, using an integrated production/conversion scheme which in turn will allow for a substantial cost reduction. so far results have been very encouraging as far as propane extraction and reverse and intermittent in-situ combustion are concerned.

2.

We are conducting research in trying to establish production mechanisms for the Orinoco Belt heavy/extraheavy oils and bitumens through the concept of foaming crudes. So far, results have allowed for the development of a methodology to evaluate foam stability and gas entrapment behavior in a viscous crude. 3. A third research project on articial lift, by which we intend to reduce investment, maintenance and production costs in articial lift installations, by means of new design schemes in electro-submergible pumps and ways to extend service factor in progressive cavity pumps. Current research in the manufacturing area is being geared toward the optimization of fuels; such as reformulated gasoline, asphalts and lubricants formulation, and the development and optimization of a new upgrading technology for heavy/ extraheavy oils and bitumens, which I previously referred to as aquaconversion. We at PDVSA are very much concerned and acquainted with the challenges the fossil fuels community will have to face to meet todays needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet tomorrows needs. The industrialized countries need not only to solve their own problems, but they also have a crucial role to play in helping to improve the environment of developing countries. Taking into account the vast hydrocarbon reserves of Venezuela and the increasing energy demand of the world, it could be envisaged that the country is aimed to play an important role to ll the future energy needs of the western hemisphere, being the appropriate exploitation of the heavy crude reserves a key aspect of that equation. We do hope that the recommendations of this conference can make an appropriate contribution in the better understanding of non conventional oils as a suitable hydrocarbon resource, taken into account that they are the most abundant in the world, in a way to convince consumers of the need to take a long-term view for exploitation, upgrading, rening and marketing, using in the evaluation an integral approach. In this endeavor our corporation is more than willing to help. Thank you very much for your attention.

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Opening Session Statement: David K. Olsen, Director, UNITAR Centre for Heavy Crude and Tar Sands, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA

Welcome
It is with great enthusiasm that I welcome each and every one of you to Beijing. I have high expectations that you will have an educational, productive, and enjoyable experience at this Conference. This Conference is the result of the hard work and many long hours of preparation by many very dedicated people. It is only tting for me, on behalf of the UNITAR Centre for Heavy Crude and Tar Sands, to personally express sincere thanks to each of you who made this Conference possible. Thanks to authors, supportive families, to companies and graphics departments who supported you, to managers and company editors who helped your paper meet company guidelines, to the Technical Committee (Jesus Chacin, Tom Reid, Liu Wenzhang, and Chu Hsi) who helped select papers to be presented, to Richard F. Meyer who co-edited manuscripts, to Pam Dixon who produced the Proceedings, to China National Petroleum Company for printing the Proceedings, and especially the Chinese members of the Organizing Committee. The Organizing Committee on both the technical side and the conference organizing side have worked to make your time in Beijing educational, enjoyable and of benet to you and those you represent here today. Many of you have arranged business meetings while in China. There are also technical tours and cultural tours following the Conference. I have had the honor of working closely with Wang Naiju, Conference Chairman; Liu Wanfu, Chairman of the Organizing Committee; Zhang Xin, Vice-Chairman; Li Janhou, Secretary General; and Ms. Zhao Fen, Conference Secretary. Behind these individuals is a group of well organized, hard working staff who have helped each of us. Behind each of us seemed to be Helga Petri, the former UNITAR Centre director pushing us to do our best and to whose memory we dedicate these Proceedings. Helga Petri gave us a legacy and to her we extend our gratitude and say thank you for being a leader who helped get us to where we are today.

The Conference would not be possible without the commitment of the People's Republic of China; our host, China National Petroleum Corporation; and co-sponsors, the United States Department of Energy and Petroleos de Venezuela. I would also like to thank our industrial members: CANMET, SUNCOR Energy, and ARCO for their support. I would also like to thank our two honorary co-chairmen, Marcel Boisard, executive director of UNITAR and Wang Tao, former president of CNPC and now member of Congress of Peoples Republic of China. Many of you have traveled great distances; many of you have overcome obstacles to join with us today. On behalf of those who worked so diligently to prepare this conference, I extend our warmest welcome, sincere thanks and gratitude. Thank You, two small words to do such a big job; my deepest appreciation to everyone.

Introduction
Most people encountering the United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR) Centre for Heavy Crude and Tar Sands, see the Centre primarily as the host/coordinator of an international conference every three years on heavy crude and tar sands. These conferences are the best-known Centre projects and Conference Proceedings are the best stand-alone sources of information on heavy oil and oil sands. However, the Centre is much, much more and this presentation highlights the Centres history, present status, and future the Centres future growth and development depends upon your support and participation.

History of Heavy Crude and Tar Sands Conferences

The Centre originated from suggestions made during the June 1979 First International Conference on the Future of Heavy Crude and Tar Sands held in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. This 9day Conference was sponsored by the United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR), the Alberta Oil Sands Technology and Research Authority (AOSTRA), and the United States Department of Energy (USDOE), in cooperation with the government of Venezuela; the United States Geological Survey; the United Nations Development Program (UNDP); the Department of Energy, Mines, and Resources of the Government of Canada; the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis; and the Department of Conserva-

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tion of [Link] UNITAR/UNDP Information Centre for Heavy Crude and Tar Sands (the Centre) was formalized, approved and began operation in July 1980. The Centre was under the technical direction of UNITAR and the nancial management of UNDP. The Centre is unique in that it became the rst United Nations organization permitted to receive funding from private industry. The Centre remains unique in those sponsors who fund the Centre pay UNITAR for being part of the UN family of organizations. The 7th UNITAR International Conference on Heavy Crude and Tar is a continuation of a tradition of international technology development and exchange, and international cultural and business development that originated nearly 20 years ago.

The Centre began during times when oil prices were skyrocketing and the earths heavy oil and oil sands resources were anticipated to ll the projected shortfall in light oil. Since that time technology has made rapid advances that have helped lower the cost of oil production (light and heavy oil) and have helped discover huge new reserves of gas, light oil and heavy oil. Within the last few months, oil prices dropped to a 25 year low. Short term and long term projections are for continued low oil prices, ample energy supply and a slowdown in the growth rate of consumption, in spite of growing population.

Conference Statistics:
Est.
YEAR LOCATION REPORTS PEOPLE COUNTRIES 1979 EDMONTON 107 305 35 1982 CARACAS 142 548 53 1985 LONG BEACH 152 474 32 1988 EDMONTON 207 660 33 1991 CARACAS 188 790 34 1995 HOUSTON 160 502 24 1998 BEIJING 201 > 650 > 35

The Second International Conference on the Future of Heavy Crude and Tar Sands took place in Caracas, Venezuela, in February 1982 under the sponsorship of UNITAR and Petrleos de Venezuela, S.A. (PDVSA), in cooperation with the USDOE and AOSTRA. The UNITAR/UNDP Information Centre for Heavy Crude and Tar Sands (the Centre) had been formalized and approved. It began operation in July 1980 under the technical direction of UNITAR and the nancial management of UNDP. At the Second Conference, interest in the commodities had increased as a result of strongly improved oil prices. The Third UNITAR/UNDP International Conference on Heavy Oil and Tar Sands, held in Long Beach, California, USA, in July 1985, was sponsored by the Centre in cooperation with the USDOE, PDVSA and AOSTRA. The number of technical papers increased, although attendance decreased, which was largely attributed to the severe drop in world oil prices. Edmonton, Alberta, Canada was the site of the August 1988, Fourth UNITAR/UNDP International Conference on Heavy Crude and Tar Sands. The Centre and AOSTRA sponsored the meeting in cooperation with PDVSA, USDOE, and Petro-Canada, Inc. For the rst time in the series of Conferences, poster sessions were held and a trade exhibition was included. These were to become an integral part of future conferences.

The Fifth Conference, aptly subtitled Heavy Crude and Tar Sands Hydrocarbons for the 21st Century, was held in Caracas, Venezuela in August 1991. PDVSA and the Centre sponsored the conference and USDOE and AOSTRA were cosponsors. A record 790 participants from 34 countries were present to hear the 188 technical reports and learn at the exhibition of the latest technology. The Sixth Conference, with the theme Heavy Crude and Tar Sands Fueling for a Clean and Safe Environment, was held in Houston, Texas, USA on February 1217, 1995. The Centre and the USDOE sponsored the Sixth Conference; cosponsors were PDVSA and Alberta Department of Energy, Oil Sands and Research Division. The technology exhibition featured 20 companies and organizations concerned with heavy oil and oil sands development. The present proceedings of the 7th Conference follows the theme, Heavy Oil A Major Energy Source for the 21st Century. The Conference is sponsored by China National Petroleum Corporation and the Centre, and co-sponsored by Petrleos de Venezuela, S.A., and the United States Department of Energy. Eleven countries have been represented at all six of the previous conferences: Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Madagascar, Trinidad and Tobago, the United Kingdom, USA, USSR, and Venezuela. At the Sixth Conference, delegates from Russia as well as the Republic of Tatarstan

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replaced the USSR. Another six countries, Brazil, the Peoples Republic of China, India, Mexico, Norway, and Surinam have each missed but one Conference.

Vision and Mission of the UNITAR Centre for Heavy Crude and Tar Sands
The original UNITAR/UNDP Information Centre for Heavy Crude and Tar Sands (the Centre) pursued the mission of being an information source, collecting data on heavy oil and oil sands resources from throughout the world. The Centre prepared paper copies of databases on heavy oil and oil sands resources, tax and royalty structure, collected historical research on heavy oil and oil sands resources, and promoted the development of heavy oil and oil sands. These studies were distributed to Centre members and UNITAR. All organizations evolve, change goals and structure. In 1992, the Governing Board, in response to changes occurring in the energy industry and to meet growing world energy demand, modied the mandate of the Centre. The Governing Board expanded the Centre's mandate from information/data collection to cover all aspects of technology exchange including: exploration, production, rening, and utilization of heavy oil and oil sands, including education. The mandate read: The UNITAR Centre for Heavy Crude and Tar Sands mandate is to facilitate the cooperative development of the world's heavy crude and tar sand resources, particularly to the benet of energy decient countries, in an economic, efcient and environmentally sound manner. The Centre acts as a facilitator to bring those who need information, expertise, and products, together with those who have them. The UNITAR Centre was, in brief, intended to facilitate the development of resources, particularly for the benet of energy decient countries, in bringing together those in need of information, expertise, training and products, with those having these resources. Three main activities conducted to meet these goals were: information collection and analysis, information dissemination including training, and facilitation of international conferences and technology exchange.

Promote and facilitate the exchange of technical information on heavy oil and oil sands on a worldwide basis. Assess the resources of heavy crude and oil sands and guide countries in developing their resources (especially less-developed nations). Promote and facilitate the economic and environmentally sound development and use of heavy oil and tar sands on a worldwide basis. Provide training programs for the world's heavy crude and oil sands community to help them develop their resources (especially less-developed nations).

Products and Services

The Centre offers a number of products and services that meet the needs of the supporting organizations, their constituents, professionals within the heavy oil and oil sands industry, and the worlds growing, environmentally conscious, energy-consuming population. During the early years of the Centre, many of the research studies on heavy oil and oil sands resources, international royalty and tax structure for heavy oil and oil sands extraction, and assessments of rening/upgrading technology for conversion of heavy oil and bitumen to higher-value product were available only to Centre members and published in limited edition. Over time some of this information becomes outdated. However, the studies on heavy oil and oil sands resources remain one of the better collections of voluntarily contributed data that is available. The paper volumes comprising the studies on heavy oil and oil sands resources need to be updated and formatted into a more usable electronic format. The Centre serves as an information source and consultant, answering questions from throughout the world. The Centre uses the expertise of the Centres Director and the Centres worldwide contacts to answer inquiries. Inquiries (questions) come from a wide spectrum: from children, high school, college students, news media, industry professionals, corporations, trade associations and government agencies. Each is looking for help understanding oil production, mining, energy use, environmental restoration, energy conservation and gas emissions. During the rst three months of 1998, the Centre responded to an average of 5 phone/fax inquiries per day in addition to website hits. Many times the Centre provides a place to start or a reference of where to nd information. As the Centre becomes more well known, it anticipates a substantial increase in its use and resources.

Specically, the Goals of the Centre (1992 1998) were to: Promote, enhance contact and interaction among countries, government bodies, and prospective developers and investors. Promote contact and interaction between government bodies and the industrial, technical, academic segments of the industry.

The Centre also provides: International Heavy Oil and Tar Sands Conferences. Centre Internet website [Link] Short courses (under construction).

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Heavy Oil and Tar Sands Resource Databases in electronic form. Heavy Oil and Bitumen Analysis Database in electronic form. Results of Round Robin Analytical Studies, characterization of select heavy oils to test standardization among laboratories and improve analysis. Proceedings of previous International Heavy Oil and Tar Sands Conferences. Facilitation of international personnel exchange. Facilitation/promotion of exchange between suppliers of goods and services within the heavy oil and tar sands industry and potential users. Facilitation of international contacts between governments and agencies. Contacts to Centre members. Internet web link for exchange of information about upcoming conferences and events that may be of interest to industry professionals.

Conferences UNITAR International Conferences on Heavy Crude and Tar Sands are held every three years in the country of a major sponsor. Funds contributed by major sponsors help prepare Conference Proceedings and help the Centre provide nancial assistance for some delegates to attend the Conference. These triennial conferences serve as a focal point for technology transfer for both upstream and downstream processes. They are a meeting place for experts in heavy crude and tar sands. Proceedings serve as a valuable reference for those in the industry. Conference proceedings are available through the Centre and can be purchased through the Centre website. Copies of some proceedings are very limited.

Call for Papers Preliminary Program, Maps, Tours Registration Forms, Visa Forms Business and Language Guides Preliminary Program Technical Program Conference Proceedings from 1st to 7th Conferences Table of Contents PDF of previous conference papers (in progress) Databases (Interactive and downloadable) Heavy Oil and Oil Sand, USA, Alberta (others in progress) Crude Oil Analysis (in progress) Energy Production/Consumption for 173 Countries Photographic History and Tours of Heavy Oil and Oil Sands (in progress) Calendar Conferences and Events of Interest to Heavy Oil and Oil Sands Industry Classes on the Internet Short Courses /training seminars taught over the Internet (in progress)

UNITAR Centre Internet Web Site: [Link] The intent of the Centres interactive website at: http:// [Link] is to provide timely, informative, educational and economic exposure for the Centre to the world audience. Web pages have replaced newsletters and mailings to those in the heavy oil and tar sands industry. It also provides rapid communication with those in the energy industry and the world. The Centre answers thousands of questions per year from school children, college students, news media and industry professionals each year. It contains activities of the Centre, goals of the Centre, and photographic history of heavy oil and oil sands development from around the world, and much more. The web page also contains information available through the Centre, links to sites of supporting members. Conference

Heavy Oil and Bitumen Resource and Crude Oil Analysis Databases The Centre is developing an electronic worldwide heavy crude and tar sands resource database. The sortable and downloadable electronic spreadsheets for United States heavy crude and tar sands resources is available on the Centre website. Data from Canada (Alberta and Saskatchewan) is currently (1998) being entered in the same format. Detailed information is still needed, as the paper copies of the databases developed during the early 1980s and in 1992 have very incomplete reservoir data. The Centre initiated a survey in 1996 to collect statistical resource information on heavy oil and bitumen worldwide and to establish contacts in countries with these resources. This survey follows a previous survey conducted by the Centre in 1980. There will be a matching electronic Crude Oil Analysis database for oils obtained from heavy oil reservoirs and oil sands. The two databases are intended for use as a pair to provide insight into world's heavy oil and tar sand resources.

Round Robin Analytical Studies The Centre has coordinated four Round Robin analytical studies. These studies were performed with the goal of standardizing downstream procedures for the evaluation of heavy crude and bitumen, and to develop a comprehensive database on the characteristics of the world's heavy oil and bitumen. The

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fourth Round Robin Study was done on Venezuela's Cerro Negro crude from the Orinoco Belt. Many of the laboratories that participated in previous studies no longer have the resources to do these analytical studies. This concern was discussed at the Sixth UNITAR Conference. Questionnaires were issued requesting suggestions for future activities in this project. Characterization of the crude help in designing more efcient and cost effective upgrading/rening units to convert the viscous oil to higher-value, clean-burning, liquid fuels (gasoline, aviation fuel and diesel). The Centre is preparing summary report (winter 1999). The report summarized what companies gained from the Round Robin Analytical Studies and what future analytical work is required. No additional laboratory work planned.

Resource Materials and Publications The Centre distributes proceedings from previous UNITAR Heavy Crude and Tar Sands Conferences. Copies can be ordered from the Centre website. Limited quantities of proceedings from previous conferences are available. Select limited edition publications from other meetings and authors are also available from the Centre.

Inter-Agency Cooperation and International Networking The Centre actively cooperates with all major sponsors and members of the Centre to facilitate communication and cooperation among members. The Director is responsible for attending technical meetings, presenting technical papers, and visiting government and industry ofcials. One aspect of the Director's responsibilities is to recognize needs for the Centre's services, act on these needs, and recruit new members and sponsors. This role is vital for funding and networking purposes. The Director also acts as the liaison between organizations that need information or assistance and those who may be able to provide it. Based on feedback from the 6th UNITAR International Conference on Heavy Crude and Tar Sands, there have been multi-million-dollar projects that originated at the conference meeting and follow-up discussion between companies.

As an example, in 1995, the Centre, together with the Albanian Energy Ministry, Albpetrol, and the Anglo-Albanian Petroleum Company, presented a training workshop in Patos, Albania, from October 2327, 1995. This week long course entitled Heavy Crude: Energy Alternatives for Development, averaged 40 participants per day. The program began with an overview of the Albanian heavy oil industry presented by the Albanian Energy Ministry, Albpetrol, and the Anglo-Albanian Petroleum Company. A number of topics were covered with specic reference to Albania: primary production, steambased processes, in situ combustion processes, horizontal wells, under-balanced drilling, pumping technologies, reservoir modeling and simulation, safety, and environmental concerns. Classes included a eld tour of Albania's elds, production facilities, and two steam pilot projects. In 1996, a training workshop was presented in Romania from June 36, 1996. The workshop focused on thermal methods, in situ combustion, and horizontal wells for production of heavy oil. Dr. Maria Tth from Romania, and Drs. Gordon Moore, Raj Mehta, and Kenny Adegbesan from Canada, formed the volunteer team of facilitators/instructors for the workshop. The feedback from both the Albanians and Romanians indicated that they were very pleased with the content, presentation, and organization of the workshops. The Albanians also stated that they would be purchasing equipment, which was suggested during the training program. The Centre has received requests for workshops to be presented in Venezuela, Albania (follow up to 1996 workshop), Madagascar, Cameroon, China, USA, Nigeria, Cuba and Mexico. The Centres use of the Internet will permit the Centre to offer short courses to anyone who logs on to the Centre site at any time of day, from anywhere in the world. Technology to use the Internet to provide courses has been developed by a number of universities. The Center will offer in the rst quarter of 1999, a one-day course on remediation of soils contaminated with oil (especially heavy oils) and of soils suffering from spills of salt water. The second course will be an introduction to Upgrading/Rening of heavy ends and bitumen. Both courses have been requested by a number of countries.

Training and Workshops In the past the Centre has conducted limited training, although the potential for technology transfer under the Centres mandate is enormous. United Nations Institute for Training and Research Centre for Heavy Oil an Tar Sands workshops are conducted in various areas of energy production, transportation, rening/upgrading, and environmental compatibility, in countries that require assistance in technology, research, planning or development. Consultants and industry experts are used to conduct technical training sessions.

Hosting Foreign Delegations The Centre alone or in cooperation with other industry delegations helps to promote development of the heavy oil and tar sand resources by facilitating tours and discussion. Within recent years tours in Albania, Canada, China, Cuba, Mexico, Romania, Russia, USA, and Venezuela have been coordinated through the Centre.

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Field Placement In the past, the Centre has arranged for an employee exchange or eld placement between different countries and companies. This promotes the sharing of information, understanding of different cultures and knowledge, as well as an excellent learning opportunity for the people involved. Within recent years, the Centre has had interns from Indonesia, Canada and the USA to work on Centre projects.

2.

Benets of Membership in UNITAR Centre

The UNITAR Centre for Heavy Crude and Tar Sands provides numerous benets to its members and the industry it represents. Members gain more than just good will and the opportunities to meet fellow Board members. At the Centre's 1993 re-opening in Edmonton, Dr. Marcel Boisard, then Acting Executive Director of the United Nations Institute for Training and Research (Geneva), described the Centre as: The UNITAR Centre for Heavy Crude and Tar Sands is a prototype of cooperation between international and private companies, governments, and the United Nations. This autonomous UN organization works closely and directly with governments and industry to develop the world resources of oil sands and heavy oil. This goes a long way in the direction established by the UN Secretary General in meeting the goals of the United Nations Institute for Training and Research for providing training programs for the world community. The Centre has created an organization that avoids the politics and agendas of individual members and provides a gateway to develop international trust and understanding to promote development of the world's heavy oil and tar sands resource. New, emerging, and growing companies and countries have resources through the Centre to provide them with the knowledge they require in an objective format. The doors opened by this reputation of trust, and the spin-off benets, are immeasurable. Some of the more tangible benets include: 1. Cooperation by high-level management on international issues: Membership ensures access to the major countries with an interest in the Heavy Oil and Tar Sands industries. Board members are usually involved in bilateral energy agreements between countries, and other types of energy/ environmental meetings, thus the Centre and Governing Board meetings offer opportunities for contacts and discussion of mutual problems.

3.

Access to state-of-the-art knowledge The Centre is a coordinator of expertise in resource development, production, transportation, rening/upgrading and nance/marketing of heavy crude and tar sands. The conference, held every three years, is an opportunity for technology transfer, a meeting place for international experts, and an alternative for heavy oil and tar sands programs in many countries. All presentations are documented in the conference proceedings, providing a valuable resource for years after the conference. Provides industry contacts in underdeveloped countries: This provides opportunities for the developed members to assist in maximizing the resources in undeveloped countries for their benet. Contracts spanning international borders are struck, equipment is sold, and expertise exchanged, all feeding economic advantage to the group as a whole. This benet arises directly from networking during conferences, and the Centre activities. Public awareness of the Heavy Oil and Tar Sands industries: The conferences held in various countries draw attention to the industries and their effects on the local economic and physical environments. It is widely known that the oil industry is one of the main contributors to the economy, and a large portion comes from the heavy oil and oil sands industries. The effects of public awareness and support range from interest in the processes to political support on important decisions affecting the industries. Spin-off benets to local areas: During a conference, workshop or any planned event bringing people into a region, there will be economic benets due to the needs of these visitors. The larger the event (a conference) the more benets will occur including: printing, promotional materials, equipment rental, hall rental, resulting tourism (return trips), accompanying trade show sales, and contact with worldwide markets. All members will experience these monetary benets at some point. Other economic benets of the Centre are direct employment, tax revenues, ongoing operating costs that contribute to the local economy, liaison with developing countries, and technology promotions. Training sessions provide consultants with exposure to a worldwide audience, opportunity for future contracts, and technology promotions in developing markets (rst-in-the-door approach to sales). International contacts: The Centres mailing list (greater than 4,000 addresses) represents one of the most current and complete lists of international contacts in the eld of heavy oil and tar sands. These contacts serve the sponsors and members of the Centre in marketing, promotion and awareness.

4.

5.

6.

27

7.

Recognized international authority: The Centre is a recognized international organization. This unbiased status allowed the Centre to set worldwide standards such as the legal denition of heavy oil, extra heavy oil and bitumen. Other worldwide standards could also be set, as a United Nations organization would not benet from a biased standard.

Future of UNITAR Centre for Heavy Crude and Tar Sands

At the October 26, 1998 Governing Board meeting, Centre members will re-examine the role of the UNITAR Centre for Heavy Crude and Tar Sands. The proposed organizational structure is outlined in Figure 1. Changes will be made in response to changes occurring in the energy industry, the environmental concern with man-made emission of carbon dioxide, and the growing world energy demand. The Centre has to grow to a critical mass and be able to effectively pursue the mandate established by the Governing Board. Your input, membership, and contribution of resources will further the mission and focus of the Centre. With your support the goals of the Centre can be met; development and best use of the worlds natural resource of oil from oil sands and heavy oil can be achieved.

UNITED NATIONS

FOUNDATIONS ASSOCIATIONS INVESTORS

International Cooperation (Members Only) Meeting Coordination

UNITAR CENTRE for HEAVY CRUDE and TAR SANDS

CORPORATE STATE COMPANIES GOVERNMENT AGENCIES

Facilitate Meetings Between Sponsors and Non-member Coporate Entities and/or Non-member Government Entities

Technology Transfer International Conferences Focused Workshops Focused Conferences

Training on Safety and Environmental Best Practice, Remediation/Cleanup, Conservation, Gas Emissions, Production/Processing, and Financing

Information Resource for World's Growing Population of Energy Consumers

Figure 1: Interface of UNITAR Centre for Heavy Crude and Tar Sands

28

Manuscripts 1998.001
THE IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY ON THE EXPLOITATION OF THE ORINOCO BELT: RESULTS AND FUTURE TRENDS Ignacio Layrisse, PDVSA-FAJA, Caracas, Venezuela; and Jesus Chacin, PDVSA-INTEVEP, Caracas, Venezuela

1998.002
TAR SANDS TECHNOLOGY, ECONOMICS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES FOR COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION BEYOND THE YEAR 2000 George J. Stosur and Sandra L. Waisley, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, D.C., USA; Thomas B. Reid, U.S. Department of Energy, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA; and Leland C. Marchant, Consultant, Laramie, Wyoming, USA 1

1998.003
SUNCOR ENERGY INC. OIL SANDS MILLENNIUM PROJECT B.A. Lang, Suncor Energy, Fort McMurray, Alberta, Canada

1998.004
HEAVY OIL AND TAR SANDS RESOURCES IN CHINA Hu Jianyi and Niu Jiayu, Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, CNPC, Beijing, China

1998.005
OIL SANDS DEVELOPMENT IN ALBERTA: THE NEW PARADIGM Paul Precht and Carmen Rokosh, Alberta Department of Energy, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

1998.006
THE OILSANDS INDUSTRY AND SYNCRUDE CANADA LTD. GROWTH PLANS Philip C. Lachambre, Syncrude Canada, Fort McMurray, Alberta, Canada

1998.008
THE FUTURE OF THE WORLDS EXTRA HEAVY OIL RESOURCES COMPETITION AND POTENTIAL . Haaland, R. Klovning, and T. Sem, Statoil, Stavanger, Norway

1998.010
ALBERTA OIL SANDS: THE ADVANCE OF TECHNOLOGY, 197898 AND BEYOND Marcel Polikar and Ted Cyr, Alberta Department of Energy, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; and Keith Sadler, Alberta Energy and Utilities Board, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

1998.011
ORIMULSION A FUEL FROM HEAVY OIL, ENGINEERED FOR PERFORMANCE Cebers O. Gmez-Bueno, Niomar Marcano, and Ana C. Sanchez, PDVSA-INTEVEP, Los Teques, Venezuela

1998.012
OIL SANDS DEVELOPMENT IN ALBERTA AN EUB PERSPECTIVE Keith Sadler and Richard Houlihan, Alberta Energy and Utilities Board, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

1998.013
ANALYTICAL MODEL OF DISTILLATION OF OIL AT THE STEAM-OIL INTERFACE Gunawan Sutadiwiria, Pertamina, Jakarta, Indonesia; and Daulat D. Mamora, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA

1998.015
MISCIBLE DISPLACEMENTS INVOLVING POWER-LAW FLUIDS IN POROUS MEDIA Charul Shah, Hooshang Kharabaf, and Yanis C. Yortsos, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA

1998.016
FLUID ENHANCEMENT UNDER LIQUID PRESSURE PULSING AT LOW FREQUENCY Jianbin Wang and M.B. Dusseault, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada; T.J.T. Spanos, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; and Brett Davidson, Subterranean Technologies, Cambridge, Ontario, Canada

1998.017
A STUDY OF HEAVY OIL ASPHALTENE BY NEUTRON SCATTERING Min Y. Lin, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA; and E.B. Sirota and Hu Gang, Exxon Research and Engineering, Annondale, New Jersey, USA 2

1998.018
APPLICATIONS OF HIGH / LOW-FREQUENCY ULTRASONIC ENERGY FOR BREAK-UP OF OIL FIELD EMULSIONS David H.-S. Law and Eddy E. Isaacs, Alberta Research Council, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

1998.020
EFFECT OF FRACTURE PROPERTIES ON STEAM EFFICIENCY IN NATURALLY FRACTURED RESERVOIRS Tayfun Babadagli, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey

1998.021
ON THE SIGNIFICANCE OF RESERVOIR WETTABILITY ON EXTRACTION AND RECOVERY PROCESSES Eddy Isaacs, Ross Chow, and Alexander Babchin, Alberta Research Council, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

1998.022
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF FLOW IN THE VICINITY OF A STEAMFLOOD HORIZONTAL WELL M.S. Al-Salhi, Petroleum Development Oman, Oman; and Q. Doan and S.M. Farouq Ali, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

1998.023
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF STEAMFLOODING SASKATCHEWAN HEAVY OIL RESERVOIRS Q.T. Doan, L.T. Doan, and S.M. Farouq Ali, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

1998.025
THE INTERNAL WITNESS SAMPLE METHOD AND THE EVALUATION OF THERMOOXIDATIVE REACTIONS ON THE COMBUSTION INFLUENCED OIL Gabriel Teianu, Flavia Teianu, and Cornelia tefan, I.C.P.T., Cmpina, Romania

1998.027
AN INVESTIGATION OF WAG PROCESS THROUGH HORIZONTAL WELLS Suat Bagci and Erdal Tuzunoglu, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey

1998.028
STUDY OF PHASE EQUILIBRIUM OF MIXED GASES FENGCHENG BITUMEN SYSTEM Jingjun Pan, Xingjiang Institute of Oil Technology, Xinjiang, China; and Jie Ke, Guanying Yang, Buxing Han, and Haike Yan, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

1998.029
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF RHEOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR OF HEAVY OIL UNDER RESERVOIR CONDITIONS Lu Xue Cheng, Jianghan Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, Jianghan, China

1998.030
SUCCESSFUL APPLICATION OF NEW THERMAL CYCLIC TECHNOLOGIES IN HEAVY OIL FIELD GREMIKHINSKOYE V.I. Koudinov, E.I. Bogomolnyi, and N.V. Zubov, Udmurtneft Joint StockCompany, Izevsk City, Udmurt Republic, Russia; and V.S. Kolbikov, RosNIPItermneft, Moscow, Russia

1998.031
MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF WAX DEPOSITION IN HORIZONTAL WELLS M. Evren Ozbayoglu, Birol Demiral, and Mustafa V. Kok, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey

1998.032
A RATIONALIZED WELL DENSITY STUDY FOR STEAM INJECTION RECOVERY IN HEAVY OIL RESERVOIRS Xie Peigong, Pu Haiyang, and Xu Xinwei, Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, CNPC, Beijing, China; and Zhang Xiuwen and Lin Yuqiu, Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, Liaohe Petroleum Exploration Bureau, CNPC, Liaohe Oilfield, China

1998.033
A COMPREHENSIVE EVALUATION SYSTEM OF THERMAL RECOVERY BY STEAM INJECTION FOR HEAVY OIL RESERVOIRS Pu Haiyang, He Zhong, and Zhang Rui, Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, CNPC, Beijing, China

1998.034
A STATISTICAL MODEL PREDICTING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF STEAM DRIVE FOR A HEAVY OIL RESERVOIR He Zhong, Pu Haiyang, and Zhang Rui, Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, CNPC, Beijing, China

1998.035
NUMERICAL SIMULATION STUDY OF THERMAL RECOVERY BY HORIZONTAL WELLS IN CAOGU 1 BLOCKA FRACTURED LIMESTONE HEAVY OIL RESERVOIR Lei Ping, Zhang Jian, Gao Yongrong, and Wang Xiaochun, Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, CNPC, Beijing, China

1998.036
OPTIMIZATION OF INJECTION AND PRODUCTION PARAMETERS IN STEAM DRIVE Pingke Li, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. Johns, New Foundland, Canada; and Zhang Xia and Yue Qingshan, Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, CNPC, Beijing, China

1998.037
SOME USEFUL ANALYTIC MODELS FOR STEAMFLOOD PROCESSES P.J. Closmann, Consultant, Houston, Texas, USA

1998.038
A COMPARISON OF MASS RATE AND STEAM QUALITY REDUCTIONS TO OPTIMIZE STEAMFLOOD PERFORMANCE G.L. Messner, L M. Castanier, and W.E. Brigham, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA

1998.039
HEAVY OIL A MAJOR ENERGY SOURCE FOR THE 21ST CENTURY Douglas Lanier, Chevron Petroleum Technology, Houston, Texas, USA

1998.040
FOAMY OIL: DETERMINATION OF PRODUCTION MECHANISM AND THERMAL EFFECT OVER IT Carlos Otero, Paolys Llaguno, Nicolas Charavallo, and Angel Rico, PDVSA-INTEVEP, Los Teques, Venezuela

1998.041
COLD PRODUCTION AND WORMHOLE PROPAGATION IN POORLY CONSOLIDATED RESERVOIRS Yarlong Wang, Computer Modelling Group, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; and Jian-Yang Yuan, Alberta Research Council, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

1998.042
EFFECT OF RESERVOIR PARAMETER ON OIL RATES AND STEAM OIL RATIOS IN SAGD PROJECTS Y. Ito and S. Suzuki, Japan Canada Oil Sands, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

1998.043
OPTIMIZATION OF STEAM FLOODING OF A HIGH WATER-CUT HEAVY OIL RESERVOIR Brun Tripathy, Computer Modelling Group, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

1998.044
FIELD SCALE COMBUSTION SIMULATION STUDIES INVESTIGATION OF RESERVOIR FLUID AND OPERATIONAL PARAMETERS ON PROJECT PERFORMANCE Xiaowei Wang and Partha S. Sarathi, BDM Petroleum Technology, Bartlesville, Oklahoma, USA; and C.R. Bidinger, BP Alaska, Anchorage, Alaska, USA

1998.045
PREDICTION OF STEAM-FRONT PROPAGATION RATES IN GRAVITY DRIVEN STEAM-WATER COUNTER-CURRENT FLOWS David H.-S. Law, T.N. Nasr, and Alex Babchin, Alberta Research Council, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

1998.046
GRAVITATIONAL DEPOSITION OF SAND INSIDE A HORIZONTAL WELL Q.T. Doan, L.T. Doan, M. Oguztoreli, and S.M. Farouq Ali, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

1998.047
A SIMULATION STUDY OF STEAMFLOODING IN A HIGHLY STRESS-SENSITIVE HEAVY OIL FORMATION Zhengming Yang and Iraj Ershaghi, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA; and Julius J. Mondragon and Scott Hara, Tidelands Oil Production, Wilmington, California, USA

1998.048
DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF SAFE TIME CALCULATION SOFTWARE FOR HIGH WAXY CRUDE OIL PIPELINES ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE KHARYAGA TO UNINSK PIPELINE K.D. Kaufmann, ILF Consulting Engineers, Munich, Germany

1998.049
MULTIPHASE FLOW METERING EXPERIENCE IN THE VENEZUELA OIL INDUSTRY Aaron Padron, PDVSA-FAJA, Caracas, Venezuela; and Emilio Guevara, PDVSA-INTEVEP, Los Teques, Venezuela

1998.050
MULTIPHASE PUMPING COSTA BOLIVAR FIELD EXPERIENCES Emilio Guevara, PDVSA-INTEVEP, Los Teques, Venezuela; and Aaron Padron, PDVSA-E&P, Caracas, Venezuela

1998.051
HEAVY VISCOUS OIL CONDITIONING PROCESSES V. Valer Popp, SNP PETROM SA, Institute for Research and Technology, Cmpina, Romania

1998.052
HIGH INTERNAL PHASE RATIO REVERSE EMULSION TECHNOLOGY FOR PIPELINE TRANSPORTATION OF HEAVY CRUDES IN NORTH CAMBAY BASIN OF INDIA Avinish Kumar, V.K. Saxena, N.D. Sharma, R.K. Talwar, [Link], and R.S. Dinesh, Oil Natural Gas Corporation, Baroda, India

1998.053
EFFECTS OF DROPLET SIZE AND DROPLET SIZE DISTRIBUTION ON THE RHEOLOGY OF OIL-IN-WATER EMULSIONS Rajinder Pal, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada

1998.054
PERFORMANCE OF MULTIPHASE SYSTEMS WITH HEAVY CRUDE OILS R. Gonzalez, PDVSA-Production, Caracas, Venezuela; J.L. Trallero, PDVSA-INTEVEP, Los Teques, Venezuela; V. Santoro, PDVSA-Production, Caracas, Venezuela; and M.A. Jimenez and J. Colmenares, PDVSA-INTEVEP, Los Teques, Venezuela

1998.056
RECOVERY METHODS FOR HEAVY OIL AND BITUMEN IN THE 21ST CENTURY Eddy E. Isaacs, Alberta Research Council, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Ted Cyr, Alberta Department of Energy, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Chu Hsi, Consultant, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; and Surindar Singh, Alberta Research Council, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

1998.057
SWELLING CLAYS IN HYDROCARBON RESERVOIRS: THE BAD, THE LESS BAD, AND THE USEFUL Z. (John) Zhou and David H.S. Law, Alberta Research Council, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

1998.058
BITUMEN IN WATER BIMODAL EMULSIONS STABILIZED BY NATURAL SURFACTANTS Hercilio Rivas, Felix Silva, Xiomara Gutierrez, and Gustavo Nunez, PDVSA-INTEVEP, Los Teques, Venezuela

1998.059
DEVELOPMENT OF THE STEAM AND GAS PUSH (SAGP) PROCESS Qi Jiang, Roger M. Butler, and Chi-Tak Yee, GravDrain, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

1998.060
STUDY ON A NEW UPGRADING PROCESS OF HEAVY OILS COMBINED WITH SAGD BY MEANS OF HYDROTHERMAL TREATMENT A. Kishita, H. Kamimura, C.X. Hong, and H. Enomoto, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; T. Moriya and Y. Saito, Tohoku Electric Power, Sendai, Japan; T. Sugiura, Japan Petroleum Exploration, Tokyo,Japan; and K. Ohno, Japan National Oil Corporation Technology Research Center, Chiba, Japan

1998.061
ELECTRICAL INDUCTION HEATING OF HEAVY OIL WELLS USING THE TRIFLUX SYSTEM Homer L. Spencer, Tesla Industries, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; and Robert E. Isted, Madis Engineering, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

1998.062
EVOLUTION OF THE PRODUCTION METHODS FOR BITUMEN IN THE AREA CERRO NEGRO OF THE BITUMINOUS ORINOCO BELT VENEZUELA Martha R. Espinoza and Luis E. Montefusco, PDVSA-BITOR, Morichal, Mongas, Venezuela

1998.063
PRESENT AND FUTURE OF ARTIFICIAL LIFT SCHEMES FOR THE ORINOCO BELT IN VENEZUELA Jorge Robles and Carlos Guirados, PDVSA-INTEVEP, Los Teques, Venezuela

1998.066
OPTIMIZATION OF ELECTROSUBMERSIBLE PUMPS FOR HANDLING HEAVY FOAMY OILS C. Brunings and [Link], PDVSA-Corpoven, Caracas, Venezuela

1998.067
AUTOMATED DIAGNOSTIC OF PROGRESSIVE CAVITY PUMPS Esmil Quijada, Carlos Brunings, and Leonardo Mena, PDVSA-Corpoven, Caracas, Venezuela

1998.068
STUDY ON INSULATED TUBING AGAINST HYDROGEN DAMAGE Wang Shihu, Zhang Yi, Zhou Zhiqi, Gai Pingyuan, and Zhai Yong, Shengli Petroleum Administration Bureau, CNPC, Shengli Oilfield, China

1998.069
TECHNOLOGY OF ELECTRIC CABLE HEATING BY HOLLOW SUCKER ROD IN THE HEAVY OIL RESERVOIRS Liu Junrong, Li Chuntang, Wang Qinglin, and Wang Tianpeng, Liaohe Petroleum Exploration Bureau, CNPC, Liaohe Oilfield, China

1998.070
FOUR HIGH TEMPERATURE PARAMETER MEASURING TECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATION Ma Donglan, Zhao Yewei, and Zhou Hongwei, Liaohe Petroleum Exploration Bureau, CNPC, Liaohe Oilfield, China

1998.071
TRANSIENT HEAT TRANSFER PROBLEM FOR A PROGRESSIVE CAVITY PUMP (PCP) USED IN THE RECOVERY OF HEAVY OIL Bruce C.W. McGee, Shane Freeson, and Robert Batt, Wascana, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Thorsten Watterodt, DT Systems, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; and Fred Vermeulen, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

1998.072
ESPS IN CYCLIC STEAM INJECTION WELLS R. Gonzlez, C. Brunings, L. Toussaint, and A. Granado, PDVSA-E&P, Caracas, Venezuela

1998.073
RESID CONVERSION OPTIONS B.E. Reynolds, J.L. Rogers, S. Spieler, and R.A. Broussard, Chevron Research and Technology, Richmond, California, USA

1998.074
PARTIAL UPGRADING OF ATHABASCA BITUMEN FROTH BY ASPHALTENE REMOVAL P.M. Rahimi, R.E. Ellenwood, and R.J. Parker, National Centre for Upgrading Technology, Devon, Alberta, Canada; and J.M. Kan, N. Andersen, and T. Dabros, Advanced Separation Technology, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

1998.076
(HC)3 PROCESS A SLURRY HYDROCRACKING TECHNOLOGY DESIGNED TO CONVERT BOTTOMS AND HEAVY OILS Roger K. Lott, Alberta Research Council, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; and Ted Cyr and Roger T. Bailey, Alberta Department of Energy, Edmonton / Calgary, Alberta, Canada

1998.077
UPGRADING OF THE PROCESSING RESIDUE OF MORDOVO KARMALSKIAN OIL TO INTENSIFY THE OXIDATION PROCESS AND TO IMPROVE THE BITUMEN QUALITY A.F. Kemalov, R.Z. Fakhrutdinov, T.F. Ganieva, I.N. Diyarov, and R.A. Ibragimov, Kazan State Technological University, Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia

1998.078
EFFECT OF DIFFERENT VACUUM GAS OILS OBTAINED FROM HEAVY OILS ON FCC PRODUCTS SELECTIVITIES Jorge Ancheyta-Jurez and Enrique Aguilar-Rodrguez, Instituto Mexicano del Petrleo, Col. San Bartolo Atepehuacan, Mxico; and Felipe Lpez-Isunza, Universidad Autnoma Metropolitana, Iztapalapa, Mxico

1998.079
FRIPP RESIDUUM SLURRY HYDROCONVERSION PROCESS Li Yuansheng, Wang Jun, Wang Xianti, Jia Li, Zhang Zhongqing, and Han Chongre, Fushun Research Institute of Petroleum and Petrochemicals, SINOPEC, Fushun, China

1998.081
INVESTIGATION OF COKE FORMATION DURING THERMAL TREATMENT AND HYDROCRACKING OF LIAOHE VACUUM RESIDUE Wang Zongxian, Aijun Guo, and Guohe Que, University of Petroleum-East China Dongying, Shandong, China

1998.082
A NEW ASSAY METHOD FOR HEAVY OILS AND PETROLEUM RESIDUAL AND THE CHARACTERIZATION OF CHINESE RESIDUALS Yang Guanghua, Wang Renan, and Xu Chunming, State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, University of Petroleum, Beijing, China

1998.083
EVALUATION OF RATIONALITY AND RESTRICTION OF VISCOUS CRUDE AND RESIDUE UPGRADING Fan Yao, Hua Cheng, Jian Zheng, and Zhong Ping, University of Petroleum East China, Dongying, Shandong, China

1998.084
DESIGN OF SUPERCRITICAL FLUID EXTRACTION PROCESS TO UPGRADE OIL SAND BITUMEN BY CONTINUOUS THERMODYNAMICS M. Subramanian and F.V. Hanson, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA

1998.085
PROCESSING ASPECTS OF JODHPUR HEAVY CRUDE OIL IN INDIA Y.K. Kuchhal and T.S.R. Prasada Rao, Indian Institute of Petroleum, Dehradun, India 8

1998.086
RESID CONVERSION THROUGH THE AQUACONVERSION TECHNOLOGY AN ECONOMICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTION R. Marzin, P. Pereira, L. Zacarias, and L. Rivas, PDVSA-INTEVEP, Los Teques,Venezuela; Michael McGrath, Foster Wheeler, Clinton, New Jersey, USA; andGregory J. Thompson, UOP, Des Plaines, Illinois, USA

1998.087
BOTTOMS CONVERSION CONTINUED IMPROVEMENT AND BRIGHT OUTLOOK R.L. Dickenson, F.E. Biasca, A.D. Karp, and H.E. Johnson, SFA Pacific, Mountain View, California, USA

1998.088
MOLECULAR DISTILLATION: AN ANALYTICAL TOOL FOR HEAVY AND EXTRAHEAVY CRUDE OIL ASSAYS Alain Bellet, PDVSA-INTEVEP, Los Teques, Venezuela

1998.089
H-OIL PROCESS BASED HEAVY CRUDES REFINING SCHEMES J.J. Colyar and E. Peer, IFP North America, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; A. Billon, IFP Direction Industrielle, Paris, France; and S. Kressmann and F. More, IFP Centre d'tudes et de Dveloppement Industriel Ren Navarre, Solaize, France

1998.090
THERMAL PROCESSING OF HEAVY PETROLEUM FRACTIONS: COKING AS AN EMULSION PROCESS Liming Liu, Sanyi Wang, Murray R. Gray, and William C. McCaffrey, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

1998.093
SESR A NOVEL CANADIAN TECHNOLOGY FOR REMEDIATING HIGHLY SALINE PETROLEUM AND HEAVY METAL CONTAMINATED SOILS AND SEDIMENTS Abdul Majid and Bryan D. Sparks, National Research Council of Canada, Institute for Environmental Research and Technology, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

1998.094
CANADIAN HEAVY CRUDE / BITUMEN MARKETS: DRIVERS AND CHALLENGES Gareth R. Crandall, Purvin & Gertz, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

1998.095
MECHANISMS OF MASSIVE SAND PRODUCTION IN HEAVY OILS Maurice B. Dusseault and Mikhail B. Geilikman (Shell USA, Houston), Porous Media Research Institute, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada; and Tim Spanos, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

1998.096
COMMERCIAL IMPLEMENTATION OF A DRY LANDSCAPE OIL SANDS TAILINGS RECLAMATION OPTION: CONSOLIDATED TAILINGS R.J. Mikula, V.A. Munoz, K.L. Kasperski, and O.E. Omotoso, Natural Resources Canada, CANMET, Devon, Alberta, Canada; and D. Sheeran, Suncor Energy, Fort McMurray, Alberta, Canada

1998.097
SOLVENT EXTRACTION PROCESS FOR ASPHALTENIC HEAVY OIL SLOP CLEANUP AND RECOVERY Frank H. Wu, Integral Energy and Environmental Engineering, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

1998.098
THE ENVIRONMENT AND ITS CONSTRAINTS IN THE PROJECT MANAGEMENT, THE INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT AND THE CASE OF MADAGASCAR Elis Raveloson and Etienne Rakotomaria, Universit d'Antananarivo, Ampasampito, Madagascar; and Jolle Gazerian, Franois Rigaud, and Jean Michel Ruiz, Universit de Droit, Marseille Cedex, France

1998.100
HYDROCYCLONE MODEL SIMULATION: A DESIGN TOOL FOR DEWATERING OIL SANDS PLANT TAILINGS A.I.A. Salama, CANMET, Devon, Alberta, Canada; and T. Kizior, Syncrude Canada, Fort McMurray, Alberta, Canada

1998.101
MARKETING CHALLENGES FOR CANADIAN BITUMEN Ian C. Walker, Imperial Oil, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

1998.102
MEANS AND PRACTICE TO IMPROVE THE HEAT EFFICIENCY OF STEAM INJECTION SYSTEM Zhang Guangqing, Chen Fusheng, Wang Xinmin, and Wu Yadongm, Shengli Petroleum Administration Bureau, CNPC, Shengli Oilfield, China

1998.103
RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT OF HEAVY OIL RESERVOIRS OF NORTH GUJARAT, INDIA A.K. Bhatia, Lehmbar Singh, and Daljit Singh, Oil Natural Gas Corporation, Baroda, India

1998.104
EXPLOITATION SCHEME FOR THE ARECUNA AREA, LOCATED IN THE ORINOCO BELT, BASED ON HORIZONTAL WELLS Oscar Gonzalez, Hector Rodriguez, Paolys Llaguno, and Carlos Otero, PDVSA-INTEVEP, Los Teques, Venezuela

1998.105
BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES IN THE ORINOCO BELT: CERRO NEGRO PROJECT Manuel Trevio, PDVSA-FAJA, Caracas, Venezuela

1998.106
DIFFERENT EXPLOITATION SCHEMES FOR HEAVY FOAMY OIL RESERVES IN ORINOCO BELT, VENEZUELA H.A. Rodriguez, M. Blanco, O. Gonzalez, and C. Otero, PDVSA-INTEVEP, Caracas, Venezuela; and G. Hernandez and M.C. de Mirabal, PDVSA-E&P, Caracas, Venezuela

1998.107
INTEGRATED RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION AND VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE ANALYSIS OF THE ARECUNA FIELD (3-D SEISMIC AREA) ORINOCO BELT Jos J. Castillo, M. Sanchez, M. Rodriguez, and P. Caldern, PDVSA-E&P, Puerto La Cruz, Venezuela; and D. Hamilton, M. Holtz, R. Barba, S. Akther, J. Yep, R. Nelson, and G. Bullen, Bureau of Economic Geology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, USA

1998.108
MONITORING STEAM INJECTION PERFORMANCE IN SHALLOW HEAVY OIL RESERVOIRS Chang Yuwen, Peng Tongshu, Wang Lisheng, and Liu Yinghui, Xinjiang Petroleum Administration Bureau, CNPC, Karamay Oil Field, China

10

1998.110
BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR HEAVY OIL RECOVERY Rebecca S. Bryant, Scott A. Bailey, Anita K. Stepp, Deanna B. Evans, Judy A. Parli, and Arati R. Kolhatkar, BDM Petroleum Technology, Bartlesville, Oklahoma, USA

1998.112
LOG INTERPRETATION METHOD FOR HEAVY OIL RESERVOIRS Chen Xueyi, Li Nenggen, Zhang Hui, and Han Zhiming, Liaohe Well Logging Company, Liaohe Oilfield, China

1998.113
A VERSATILE MODEL FOR EVALUATING THERMAL EOR PRODUCTION ECONOMICS Scott H. Stevens and Vello A. Kuuskraa, Advanced Resources International, Arlington, Virginia, USA

1998.114
RECENT ENGINEERING ADVANCES IN STEAMFLOODING K.C. Hong, KCH Consulting, Irvine, California, USA

1998.115
THE PRACTICE AND ACHIEVEMENT OF STEAM DRIVE PILOTS IN BLOCK 9, KARAMAY SHALLOW HEAVY OIL RESERVOIRS Ma Xingming, Wang Jiahuai, and Yang Shengzhen, Xinjiang Petroleum Administration Bureau, CNPC, Karamay Oilfield, China

1998.116
STEAM FLOODING PILOT FOR SHALLOW AND THIN-BEDDED HEAVY OIL RESERVOIRS Hu Changzhong, Liu Xinfu, Song Zhenyu, Wang Jue, and Song Pengrui, Henan Petroleum Exploration Bureau, CNPC, Henan Oilfield, China

1998.117
EVALUATION OF STEAMFLOODING EFFECTIVENESS OF DU 163 PILOT Li Xiuluan, Zhang Rui, and Zhang Jian, Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, Beijing, China; and Ju Shifeng and Wang Jing, Liaohe Petroleum Exploration Bureau, CNPC, Liaohe Oilfield, China

1998.118
PRACTICE AND PRODUCTION PERFORMANCE STUDY OF STEAM DRIVE IN BLOCK SHU 175 Xing Jingkui, Pei Yubao, Ju Shifeng, Zuo Xiangjun, and Ma Yulong, Liaohe Petroleum Exploration Bureau, CNPC, Liaohe Oilfield, China

1998.119
RECENT EXPERIENCE IN DESIGN AND MODELING OF THERMAL HORIZONTAL WELLS Mridul Kumar and William S. Fong, Chevron Petroleum Technology, La Habra, California, USA; and Mike Basham, Chevron USA Production, Bakersfield, California, USA

1998.120
EFFECTS OF GEOMECHANICS ON STEAMFLOOD IN THE SHALLOW RINDU ZONES, DURI FIELD, INDONESIA D. Satriana, W. Budiarto, and J. Peifer, CPI; D.S. Mims, Texaco, Houston, Texas, USA; R. Ewy and M. Kumar, Chevron, La Habra, California, USA; A. Settari and G.M. Warren, Duke Engineering, Houston, Texas, USA; and M.S. Bruno, Terralog Technologies, Houston, Texas, USA.

11

1998.121
DEVELOPMENT OF BITUMEN PRODUCTION IN THE CERRO NEGRO FIELD Armando Herrera and Jess Pacheco, PDVSA-BITOR, Caracas, Venezuela

1998.123
MECHANISMS OF MASSIVE SAND PRODUCTION IN HEAVY OILS Maurice B. Dusseault and Mikhail B. Geilikman, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada; and T.J.T. (Tim) Spanos, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

1998.124
NINE DECADES OF COMBUSTION OIL RECOVERY A REVIEW OF IN SITU COMBUSTION HISTORY AND ASSESSMENT OF GEOLOGIC ENVIRONMENTS ON PROJECT OUTCOME Partha S. Sarathi, BDM Petroleum Technology, Bartlesville, Oklahoma, USA

1998.125
EXPERIENCES OF DEVELOPING SHALLOW HEAVY OIL RESERVOIRS BY STEAM INJECTION IN KARAMAY OIL FIELD Zhao Lichun and Sun Chuansheng, Xinjiang Petroleum Administration Bureau, CNPC, Karamay Oilfield, China

1998.126
TECHNOLOGY FOR STEAM INJECTION OF HEAVY OIL IN SHENGLI OIL FIELD Huo Guangrong, Li Xianmin, and Zhang Guangqing, Shengli Petroleum Administration Bureau, CNPC, Shengli Oilfield, China

1998.127
IMPROVING OIL RECOVERY BY STEAM INJECTION DURING LATE WATER FLOOD IN FAULTED BLOCK BO21 Qiu Guoqing, Zhao Hongyu, Zhang Shaodong, and Feng Zhiqiang, Shengli Petroleum Administration Bureau, CNPC, Shengli Oilfield, China

1998.128
SANDSTONE HEAVY OIL RESERVOIR ALTERATION AND ITS INFLUENCE IN STEAM INJECTION RECOVERY OF LIAOHE OIL FIELD Yu Lanxiong, Yang Huixian, and Li Zhichang, Liaohe Petroleum Exploration Bureau, CNPC, Liaohe Oilfield, China

1998.129
HORIZONTAL WELL STEAM STIMULATION: A PILOT TEST IN WESTERN VENEZUELA Humberto Mendoza, PDVSA-Maraven, Caracas, Venezuela

1998.130
TECHNIQUES FOR SELECTIVE STEAM INJECTION AND SEPARATE ZONE PRODUCTION IN SHALLOW HEAVY OIL RESERVOIRS Shang Changzhu, Wang Zhuofei, Guo Shiyang, and Chen You'an, Xinjiang Petroleum Administration Bureau, CNPC, Karamay Oilfield, China

1998.131
STEAM STIMULATION PILOT IN THE CAO20 FRACTURE LIMESTONE WITH EXTRA HEAVY OIL Zhou Yingjie, Lin Yi, Liu Li, and Chen Gaoqun, Shengli Petroleum Administration Bureau, Shengli Oilfield, China; and Zhang Jian, Petroleum Exploration and Exploitation Institute, CNPC, Beijing, China

12

1998.132
THE RECOVERY TECHNOLOGIES WITH HORIZONTAL WELLS IN SHALLOW SUPER-HEAVY OIL RESERVOIRS OF AREA 98, KARAMAY OIL FIELD Wan Jiaoyu, Cheng Zhenqi, Cui Jiangjie, Peng Shunlong, and Shi Guoxin, Xinjiang Petroleum Administration Bureau, CNPC, Karamay Oilfield, China

1998.133
THERMAL RECOVERY OF LEAN GLUTENITE HEAVY OIL RESERVOIR WITH HORIZONTAL WELLS Zhu Xingang, Yao Kai, Liu Haitao, and Zhang Yi, Shengli Petroleum Administration Bureau, CNPC, Shengli Oilfield, China

1998.134
CNPC LIAOHE DUAL WELL SAGD THE JOURNEY FROM VISION TO REALITY Colin C. Card and Joseph S. Woo, Computer Modelling Group, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Chuanpeng Wang, Liaohe Petroleum Exploration Department, Liaohe Oilfield, China; and Zhimian Hu, Drilling and Production Institute, CNPC, Beijing, China

1998.136
TECHNOLOGY OF PLUGGING AND PROFILE CONTROL IN STEAMFLOODING IN GLUTENITE HEAVY OIL RESERVOIR OF LE'AN OIL FIELD Wang Shourong, Guo Hongjin, Wang Shiwen, and Wang Zhigang, Shengli Petroleum Administration Bureau, CNPC, Shengli Oilfield, China

1998.137
RESEARCH ON HIGH TEMPERATURE ANTI-CLAY SWELLING AGENT Guo Shengxue, Zhang Yi, Ji Shupeng, Zhu Ruihua, and Meng Qiuyu, Shengli Petroleum Administration Bureau, CNPC, Shengli Oilfield, China

1998.138
CLAY SWELLING CONTROL TO IMPROVE STEAM STIMULATION RESULTS Yu Hongkun, Cheng Jincai, Yang Xianke, Fan Yuping, and Zhou Yunzhang,Liaohe Petroleum Exploration Bureau, CNPC, Liaohe Oilfield, China

1998.139
PROFILE CONTROL TECHNOLOGY IN STEAM INJECTION OF HEAVY OIL RESERVOIR Shen Chen, Ji Shupeng, Wang Xinmin, and Liu Yanjie, Shengli Petroleum Administration Bureau, CNPC, Shengli Oilfield, China

1998.140
APPLICATION OF HIGH-TEMPERATURE PROFILE CONTROL AND PLUGGING AGENTS IN KARAMAY OIL FIELD Pan Jingjun, Li Yuanlin, Wang Guoxing, and Wang Jie, Xinjiang Petroleum Administration Bureau, CNPC, Karamay Oilfield, China

1998.141
USE OF CARBON DIOXIDE TO ENHANCE HEAVY OIL RECOVERY Kayhan Issever and Ilhan Topkaya, Turkish Petroleum Corporation, Ankara, Turkey

1998.142
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF EOR BY STEAM INJECTION FOLLOWING WATER FLOODING Sun Chuansheng, Zou Zhengyin, Wang Jingyu, Luo Zhixing, and He Xin, Xinjiang Petroleum Administration Bureau, CNPC, Karamay Oilfield, China

13

1998.143
SUBSTANTIAL INCREASE IN HEAVY OIL EXPLOITATION PROFITABILITY IN PDVSA-LAGOVEN WITH HORIZONTAL WELLS AND HIGH CAPACITY PUMPS James McGee, Zuney Chivico, and Jose Inciarte, PDVSA-Lagoven, Caracas, Venezuela

1998.144
PREDICTING PERFORMANCE OF FOAMY HAMACA CRUDE OIL RESERVOIRS M. de Mirabal, C. Guerra, H. Rodrguez, and M. Blanco, PDVSAINTEVEP, Los Teques, Venezuela

1998.147
IN SITU COMBUSTION AIR INJECTION PLANT ENGINEERING AND DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS Partha S. Sarathi, BDM Petroleum Technologies, Bartlesville, Oklahoma, USA

1998.148
MODELING AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY FOR THE PHASE EQUILIBRIUM OF SOLVENT INJECTION HEAVY OIL SYSTEMS Du Liangui and Luo Jianhua, Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, CNPC, Beijing, China

1998.149
METHODS OF CALCULATING RECOVERABLE RESERVE IN HEAVY OIL RESERVOIRS DEVELOPED BY STEAM INJECTION Liu Bin, Xiao Xu, Zheng Hongying, Guo Xiuwen, and Gao Qunfeng, Liaohe Petroleum Exploration Bureau, CNPC, Liaohe Oilfield, China

1998.150
THE PILOT TEST ON STEAM FLOODING FOR THE HEAVY OIL RESERVOIR OF THE QI40 FAULT BLOCK Chang Ying, Cai Jueheng, Liu Xilin, Qi Xiaoming, Zhou Jipei, and Zhao Hongyan, Huanxiling Oilfield, Liaohe Petroleum Exploration Bureau, CNPC, Liaohe Oilfield, China

1998.151
STUDY OF COMBUSTION OVERRIDE, SPLIT-PRODUCTION HORIZONTAL WELL COSH PROCESS IN A DEEP EXTRA HEAVY OIL RESERVOIR OF LENG41 BLOCK IN LIAOHE OIL FIELD Liao Chenghui, Li Shaochi, and Chen Yaping, Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, CNPC, Beijing, China; and Liu Junrong and Wang Qinlin, Liaohe Petroleum Exploration Bureau, CNPC, Liaohe Oilfield, China

1998.152
RESIDUAL OIL DISTRIBUTION IN THE LATE STAGE OF STEAM SOAK IN BLOCK SHAN2 HEAVY OIL RESERVOIR WITH ACTIVE EDGE-BOTTOM WATER Wang Huafen, Bi Yiquan, Qu Zhongying, and Er Jinsheng, Shengli Petroleum Administration Bureau, CNPC, Dongying, Shandong, China

1998.153
EVALUATION OF TURKISH OIL SHALES BY THERMAL METHODS Mustafa V. Kok, R. Pamir, O. Karacan, M. Pener, and Y. Penguler, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey

1998.154
TECHNOLOGY FOR REDUCING THE PH VALUE OF LIQUID PHASE OF STEAM DURING THERMAL RECOVERY OF HEAVY OIL Liang Zuoli, Wang Zhaojiang, and Zhou Yunheng, Liaohe Petroleum Exploration Bureau, CNPC, Liaohe Oilfield, China 14

1998.155
INVESTIGATION OF SOLUTION MECHANISMS NEUTRALIZING ACID MEDIUM IN IN SITU COMBUSTION R.G. Galeev, Tatneft Joint Stock Company, Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia; and R.N. Diyashev and F.M. Sattarova, TatNIPIneft Institute, Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia

1998.156
CENTRIFUGE TAILINGS FROM OIL SANDS PLANTS A RESOURCE MATERIAL FOR TITANIUM AND ZIRCONIUM A. Majid, F. Toll, and B.D. Sparks, National Research Council of Canada, Institute for Environmental Research and Technology, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; and A. Turak, TMCL Engineering, Gloucester, Ontario, Canada

1998.158
TOXICITY OF SOILS CONTAMINATED BY LIGHT AND HEAVY OILS K.V. Egorova, G.P. Kayukova, and G.V. Romanov, Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia; and S.K. Zaripova and R.P. Naumova, Kazan State University, Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia

1998.159
THE SPLITIGATOR: ENHANCING THE VALUE OF STEAMFLOODING J. Craig Pauley and M. Clayton Wheeler, Texaco Exploration and Production Technology Department, Houston, Texas, USA; and James L.G. Schrodt, Texaco North American Production, Kern River Business Unit, Bakersfield, California, USA

1998.160
SEPARATION OF NATURAL BITUMENS [Link]. Khusnutdinov, V.G. Kozin, and [Link]. Kopylov, Kazan State Technical University, Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia

1998.161
TEXACO'S STEAM FLOW RESEARCH FACILITY Jackie C. Sims, Texaco, Bellaire, Texas, USA

1998.162
TRENDS OF COMPREHENSIVE USE OF HEAVY CRUDES AND TAR SANDS: REVIEW OF STUDIES CARRIED OUT IN FORMER SOVIET UNION AND RUSSIA Rasim Diyashev, TatNIPIneft Institute, Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia

1998.163
THE USE OF AIR INJECTION THROUGH HORIZONTAL WELLS TO IMPROVE HEAVY OIL RECOVERY Suat Bagci and Aziz Shamsul, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey

1998.164
HIGH-VISCOUS HEAVY OIL FORMATION FEATURES IN LAMINATED HETEROGENEOUS LAYERS BY EXPLOITATION T.N. Yusupova, L.M. Petrova, Yu.M. Ganeeva, U.G. Romanova, and G.V. Romanov, Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Kazan Scientific Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Scientific-Research Centre for Hard-Accessible Oil and Natural Bitumen Reserves, Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia; R.Z. Mukhametshin and R.Z. Muslimov, Tatneft Joint-Stock Company, Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia; and R.A. Manapov, Kazan Physical-Technical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia

15

1998.165
EXTRACTION OF PRIMARY CONCENTRATED PETROPORPHYRIN PRODUCT R.A. Galimov and G.V. Romanov, Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Kazan Scientific Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Scientific-Research Centre for HardAccessible Oil and Natural Bitumen Reserves, Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia

1998.166
GEOCHEMISTRY OF PERMIAN BITUMEN FROM TATARSTAN G.P. Kayukova and G.V. Romanov, Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Kazan Scientific Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Scientific Research Centre for HardAccessible Oil and Natural Bitumen Reserves, Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia; G.N. Gordadze, Institute of Geology and Development of Fuel Minerals of MINTOPENERGO, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; and R.Z. Mukhametshin and [Link]. Muslimov, Tatneft Joint-Stock Company, Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia

1998.168
MOLECULAR WEIGHT DISTRIBUTIONS IN HEAVY CRUDES M.M. Boduszynski and C.E. Rechsteiner, Chevron Research and Technology, Richmond, California, USA; and R.M. Carlson, Chevron Petroleum Technology, Richmond, California, USA

1998.169
GEOLOGIC SETTING AND PETROLEUM SYSTEM OF HEAVY OIL OCCURRENCES IN SEDIMENTARY BASINS OF INDIA P.K. Padhy and Daljit Singh, Oil Natural Gas Corporation, Baroda, India

1998.170
DEVELOPMENT OF A HEAVY OIL RESERVOIR IN NORTH CAMBAY BASIN A CASE STUDY Anil Kumar Gupta and Daljit Singh, Oil Natural Gas Corporation, Baroda, India

1998.171
COMMERCIAL-PILOT OPERATIONS FOR NATURAL BITUMEN PRODUCTION IN REPUBLIC OF TATARSTAN R. Muslimov, Tatneft Joint-Stock Company, Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia; Z.A. Yangurazova, Yu.V. Rakutin, and R.M. Abdulkhairov, Scientific and Technological Centre for Production of Bitumen and High-Viscous Oils in Ural-Povolzhie Region of All Russian Oil and Gas Science and Research Institute, Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia; E.I. Suleymanov, Tatneft JointStock Company, Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia; and Yu.V. Volkov, Tatneftebitum, Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia

1998.172
PROSPECT FOR NATURAL BITUMEN ALTERNATIVE PRODUCTION METHODS AND COMPREHENSIVE APPLICATION OF BITUMEN-BEARING ROCKS IN THE REPUBLIC OF TATARSTAN M.I. Starshov, Z.A. Yangurazova, R.M. Abdulkhairov, and Yu.V. Rakutin, Scientific and Technological Centre for Production of Bitumen and High-Viscous Oils in Ural-Povolzhie Region of All Russian Oil and Gas Science and Research, Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia; [Link]. Muslimov, Tatneft Joint-Stock Company, Almetyevsk, Tatarstan, Russia; and Yu.V. Volkov, Tatneftebitum, Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia

1998.174
HEAVY OIL OF TATARSTAN: GEOLOGY, STRUCTURE OF RESERVES, STRATEGY FOR THE DEVELOPMENT Rinat G. Galeyev, Renat Kh. Mouslimov, Rustam Z. Mukhametshin, and Esaf I. Suleimanov, Tatneft Joint-Stock Company, Almetyevsk, Tatarstan, Russia

16

1998.175
INDUCED BIOCHEMICAL INTERACTIONS IN IMMATURE AND BIODEGRADED HEAVY CRUDE OILS E.T. Premuzic, M.S. Lin, M. Bohenek, G. Joshi-Tope, L. Shelenkova, and W.M. Zhou, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, USA

1998.176
ORINOCO BELT, CERRO NEGRO AREA: HORIZONTAL WELL EVALUATION Marcos Briceo, Fernando Rodulfo, and Suni Surez, PDVSA-BITOR, Caracas, Venezuela

1998.177
PETRO JET THREE SYSTEM FOR HEAVY OIL Wade Dickinson and Wayne Dickinson, Petrolphysics, San Francisco, California, USA

1998.178
SOME EXPERIENCES WITH HORIZONTAL DRILLING IN HEAVY AND EXTRAHEAVY CRUDE FIELDS IN EASTERN VENEZUELA Manolo Reina, Francisco Otero, and Manuel Gonzalez, PDVSA-E&P, Puerto La Cruz, Venezuela

1998.179
FINE SILT CONTROL TECHNOLOGY IN HEAVY OIL WELLS PRODUCED BY THERMAL RECOVERY Hu Yongjiu and Sun Houli, Liaohe Petroleum Exploration Bureau, CNPC, Liaohe Oilfield, China

1998.180
HEAVY OIL CHEMICAL AND THERMODYNAMIC CHARACTERIZATION RESEARCH Arthur M. Hartstein, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, D.C., USA; F. Dexter Sutterfield, U.S. Department of Energy, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA; and William V. Steele, BDM Petroleum Technology, Bartlesville, Oklahoma, USA

1998.183
ALBERTAS OIL SANDS: UPDATE ON THE GENERIC ROYALTY REGIME Robert Mitchell, Brad Anderson, Marty Kaga, and Stephen Eliot, Alberta Department of Energy, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

1998.184
COOPERATIVE R&D STRATEGY BY INDUSTRY AND GOVERNMENT FOR SUCCESSFUL DEVELOPMENT OF ALBERTA ENERGY RESOURCES Douglas P. Komery and Ted Cyr, Alberta Department of Energy, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

1998.185
PARTICULATE MATTER WHAT IS THE STANDARD? A.M. Hartstein, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, D.C., USA; F.D. Sutterfield, U.S. Department of Energy, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA; and D. Gurney, Rodan Inc., Bartlesville, Oklahoma, USA

1998.186
RESERVOIR SIMULATION OF FOAM DISPLACEMENT PROCESSES Anthony R. Kovscek, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA

1998.187
LAND RECLAMATION OF OIL SANDS PROCESSING BY-PRODUCTS: AN AGGREGATION APPROACH Xiaomei Li, Alberta Research Council, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Yongsheng Feng, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; and Martin Y.P. Fung, Syncrude Canada, Fort McMurray, Alberta, Canada 17

1998.188
CYCLIC STEAM STIMULATION FOR RECOVERY OF HIGH VISCOSITY, HIGH PARAFFIN OIL IN OSAGE COUNTY, OKLAHOMA, USA W.I. Johnson, Consultant, Bartlesville, Oklahoma, USA; Thomas Meeks, Wave Technology, Colton, California, USA; and Anthony K. Miller, US Crude Ltd., Colton, California, USA

1998.189
THE GEOLOGICAL CHALLENGE FOR DEVELOPMENT OF HEAVY CRUDE AND OIL SANDS OF WESTERN CANADA Don McPhee and Michael J. Ranger, PanCanadian Petroleum, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

1998.190
A TALE OF TWO WELLS: SAGD HORIZONTAL WELL WIRE WRAPPED SAND CONTROL SCREEN PLACEMENT WITH MUD CIRCULATION Donald G. Wells, Variperm, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Richard W. Luhning, Gibson Petroleum Company, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Robert G. Dyck, Remedy Resource Consultants, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Cal G. Bohme, Bohme Consulting, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; and Ryohei Wakishima, Japan Canada Oil Sands, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

1998.191
IMPLEMENTING A HEAVY-OIL HORIZONTAL-WELL POLYMER FLOOD IN WESTERN CANADA Alain Zaitoun and Ren Tabary, IFP, Paris, France; and Jean-Pierre Fossey and Tim Boyle, CS Resources, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

1998.192
SAGD PROCESS IN THE EAST SENLAC FIELD: FROM RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION TO FIELD APPLICATION Chayan Chakrabarty and Jean-Pierre Fossey, PanCanadian Resources, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; and Grard Renard and Claude Gadelle, Institut Franais du Ptrole, RueilMalmaison, France

1998.193
EXPERIENCES WITH PRIMARY TREATMENT OF THE EXTRA-HEAVY CRUDE PRODUCED AT THE VARADERO OILFIELD (CUBA) Roberto Lpez Polo and Miguel Gala-Valiente, CUPET, Varadero, Cuba

1998.194
MAIN GEOLOGICAL AND RESERVOIR CHARACTERISTICS OF THE EXTRAHEAVY CRUDE OIL, VARADERO FIELD, CUBA David Tavares, CUPET, Varadero, Cuba

1998.197
HIGH PERFORMANCE DOWNHOLE CATALYTIC UPGRADING USING TOE-TO-HEEL HORIZONTAL WELLS PROCESS M. Greaves and T.X. Xia, University of Bath, Bath, England

1998.198
THERMAL RECOVERY STATUS AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECT FOR HEAVY OIL IN CHINA Liu Wenzhang, Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, CNPC, Beijing, China

18

1998.200
RESOURCE EVALUATION AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECT OF HEAVY OIL AND TAR SANDS IN NORTHWESTERN MARGIN OF JUNGGAR BASIN Yang Ruiqi, Chang Yuwen, and Sun Xinge, Xinjiang Petroleum Administration Bureau, CNPC, Xinjiang Oilfield, China; and Wang Jianqui and Li Shuyuan, University of Petroleum, Beijing, China

1998.202
COMPOSITION AND PROPERTIES OF HEAVY CRUDES M.M. Boduszynski, C.E. Rechsteiner, A.S.G. Shafizadeh, and R.M.K. Carlson, Chevron Research and Technology, Richmond, California, USA

1998.203
GEOCHEMICAL VISCOSITY CORRELATIONS AMONG HEAVY CRUDE OILS OF THE SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY, CALIFORNIA R.M.K. Carlson and M.M. Pena, Chevron Petroleum Technology, Richmond, California, USA; M.M. Boduszynski, C.E. Rechsteiner, and A.S.G. Shafizadeh, Chevron Research and Technology, Richmond, California, USA; and P.C. Henshaw, Chevron USA-Production, Bakersfield, California, USA

1998.204
CHARACTERIZATION AND EXTRACTION ON CHINESE TAR SANDS Qian Jialin, Shuhua Guo, Jianqiu Wang, and Shuyuan Li, Petroleum University, Beijing, China

1998.205
PILOT GEOPHYSICAL 4-D PROJECT IN LAGUNILLAS, VENEZUELA: PRELIMINARY RESULTS Mariangela Capello, Elias Ata, and Javier Prez, PDVSA-INTEVEP, Los Teques, Venezuela; and Alberto La Cruz and Jonny Pinto, PDVSA-E&P, Caracas, Venezuela

1998.206
CRUDE OIL CHARACTERIZATION AND PVT STUDIES ON PRUDHOE BAY HEAVY OIL/TAR MAT Raj Srivastava and Arden Strycker, BDM Petroleum Technology, Bartlesville, Oklahoma, USA; and Richard Charles, PENCOR Group of Companies, Broussard, Louisiana, USA

1998.207
USING CROSSHOLE ELECTROMAGNETICS (EM) FOR RESOURCE EVALUATION AND PROCESS MONITORING IN HEAVY OIL FIELDS M.J. Wilt, Electromagnetic Instruments, Richmond, California, USA

1998.210
HUSKYS SUCCESS AT THE PIKES PEAK THERMAL PROJECT G.L. Sheppard, F.Y. Wong, and D. Love, Husky Oil Operations, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

1998.211
REDEVELOPMENT OF HEAVY OIL ASSETS THROUGH TECHNOLOGY ADVANCES F.Y. Wong and W.P. Ogrodnick, Husky Oil Operations, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

1998.212
TECHNIQUES TO IMPROVE CYCLIC STEAM STIMULATION OF DEEP AND EXTRA HEAVY OIL RESERVOIRS IN XIAOWA OIL FIELD Cheng Jincai, Yu Hongkun, Yang Xianke, Ge Zhiliang, and Liu Guiman, Liaohe Petroleum Exploration Bureau, CNPC, Liaohe Oilfield, China

19

1998.213
SYNERGISTIC BITUMEN UPGRADING SCHEME FROM MARGINAL ECONOMICS TO ECONOMIC ANCHOR IN OIL SANDS DEVELOPMENT Columba Yeung, Shell Canada, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

1998.214
PILOT TESTING OF POST-STEAM BITUMEN RECOVERY FROM MATURE SAGD WELLS IN CANADA Douglas P. Komery, Alberta Department of Energy, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Richard W. Luhning, ARKRIL Enterprises, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; John V. Pearce, Northstar Energy, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; and William K. Good, Alberta Department of Energy, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

1998.216
EVALUATION OF OIL GENERATION POTENTIAL OF BITUMINOUS ROCKS FROM TATARSTAN'S FIELDS AND PROBLEMS OF ITS REALIZATION G.P. Kayukova, G.V. Romanov, and T.N. Yusupova, Kazan Scientific Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Scientific-Research Centre for Hard-Accessible Oil and Natural Bitumen Reserves, Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia; M.S. Zonn, Institute of Geology and D evelopment of Fuel Minerals of MINTOPENERGO, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; and G.A. Petrov and [Link]. Muslimov, Tatneft Joint-Stock Company, Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia

1998.217
STUDY ON STEAM ASSISTED GRAVITY DRAINAGE WITH HORIZONTAL WELLS FOR SUPER-HEAVY CRUDE RESERVOIR Liu Shangqi and Gao Yongrong, Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, CNPC, Beijing, China; and Hu Zhimian, Yang Naiqun, Zhang Liping, and Hu Suning, Liaohe Petroleum Exploration Bureau, CNPC, Liaohe Oilfield, China

1998.218
NEW TECHNOLOGY FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF SUPER-HEAVY OIL RESERVOIRS Bao Lianchun, Ma Desheng, Kang Xiufa, and Zheng Nanfang, Liaohe Petroleum Exploration Bureau, CNPC, Liaohe Oilfield, China; and Liu Shangqi and Zhang Xia, Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, CNPC, Beijing, China

1998.219
RESEARCH ON IMPROVING VERTICAL DISPLACEMENT EFFICIENCY OF HEAVY OIL RESERVOIR Zhang Xiuwen, Lin Yuqiu, Li Shuming, and Yao Yulin, Exploration and Development Research Institute of Liaohe Petroleum Exploration Bureau, Liaohe Oilfield, China

1998.221
PROSPECTS FOR PRODUCTION AND MARKETING AND MARKETING OF IRAQS HEAVY OIL Abdulilah A. Al-Zubaidi and Amal Yousif Al-Zebari, Ministry of Oil, State Oil Marketing, Baghdad, Iraq

1998.222
UPGRADING AND REFINING OF HEAVY OIL IN IRAQ Amira M. Juwad and Suham A. Kamal, Ministry of Oil, Baghdad, Iraq

1998.223
MOBILS KEARL OIL SANDS PROJECT Wayne Kubasek, Mobil Oil Canada, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

20

1998.224
STATUS OF HEAVY OIL AND TAR SAND RESOURCES IN THE UNITED STATES Edward J. Hanzlik, Texaco E&P Technology, Houston, Texas, USA

1998.226
BITUMEN RELEASE MECHANISMS AND NEW PROCESS DEVELOPMENT R. Burns, Suncor Energy, Fort McMurray, Alberta, Canada; R. Tipman and K. Firmin, Shell Canada, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; and R.J. Mikula, V.A. Munoz, K.L. Kasperski, and O.E. Omotoso, Natural Resources Canada, CANMET, Devon, Alberta, Canada

1998.227
OIL SANDS DEVELOPMENT IN CANADA Erdal Yildirim, Alberta Chamber of Resources, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

1998.228
IMPROVED WATER FLOOD OPERATION IN THE LIAOHE CHINA OILFIELD CHINA Chen Caixiang, Shen Yang Oil Plant, Xin Min City, Liaoning, China; Zhan Liang, Zhong Xinlan, Huo Chunguang, and Dai Benliang, Oil Recovery Technology Research Institute, Liaoning, China; Ge Doufu, Yang Qian, Wang Jianguo, Ge Jing, Wang Jian, and Li Qingtong, Micro-Park Microbe Engineering, East-China Oil Pipeline Bureau, Xuzhou, China; and J.M. Morales, Dennis. R. Schneider, and Thomas L. Smith, Micro-Bac International, Round Rock, Texas, USA

1998.229
BOTTOM-OF-THE-BARREL CONVERSION: HEAVY OILS PATH TO MARKET Guillermo Guariguata, YPF-Maxus Energy, Dallas, Texas, USA

1998.230
HEAVY OIL: THE VENEZUELAN EXPERIENCE Vincenzo Paglione, PDVSA-INTEVEP, Los Teques, Venezuela

1998.231
CORRELATION BETWEEN HEAVY CRUDE SOURCES AND TYPES AND THEIR REFINING AND UPGRADING METHODS T.F. Yen, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA

1998.232
DETERMINATION OF ONSET POINT OF ASPHALTENE DEPOSITION DURING SOLVENT STIMULATED OIL RECOVERY PROCESSES Liu Chenguang, Li Meixia, and Liang Wenjie, University of Petroleum, Dongying, Shandong, China

1998.233
MILD HYDROCRACKING OF A NORTH SEA RESIDUE AT MEDIUM PRESSURE CONDITIONS FOR MAXIMUM NAPHTHA AND DISTILLATE YIELD Opinder K. Bhan, Shell Development-Shell Chemical, Houston, Texas, USA; and Arthur Suchanek, Criterion Catalyst, Houston, Texas, USA

1998.234
INTEGRATED NEW PROCESSES RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT FOR UPGRADING HIGH NITROGEN AND HEAVY SOUR CRUDES Wang Guoliang and Wang Genxin, Luoyang Petrochemical Engineering, SINOPEC, Luoyang, China; and Wang Bingshen, Science and Technology Development Center, SINOPEC, Beijing, China

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1998.235
STRATEGIES FOR SUCCESSFUL AIR INJECTION-BASED IOR PROCESSES R. Gordon Moore, S.A. (Raj) Mehta, Matthew G. Ursenbach, and Catherine J. Laureshen, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

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