SUBJECT: Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Lab

SUBJECT CODE: BME-651

COURSE: [Link]
YEAR: III SEMESTER: VI

LAB MANUAL
 Table of Contents
S. Experiments Page
No. No.
1 Experiment on refrigeration test rig and calculation of various
performance parameters.
2 Experiment on air‐conditioning test rig & calculation of various
performance parameters.
3 Study of Psychrometer and determination of humidity of air using
Sling Psychrometer.
4 To study the air washer and perform different psychometric
processes on air washer.
5 Study of desert coolers and determine the change in temperature
and humidity of ambient air.
6 Study of window air conditioner.
7 Study of Hermetically sealed compressor.
8 To study basic components and control devices of refrigeration and
air‐conditioning system.
9 Visit of a central air conditioning plant and its detailed study.
10 Visit of cold‐storage and its detailed study.
 EXPERIMENT NO:-1

OBJECT: To study and sketch of Refrigeration Test Rig.

APPARATUS USED: Refrigeration Test Rig.

THEORY:
Refrigeration may be defined as the process by which the temperature of a given space or
a substance is lowered below that of the atmosphere or surrounding. Thus, in order to
maintain a temperature below the surrounding atmosphere, it is essential that whatever
amount of heat gets into refrigerated space must be extracted out to maintain the
temperature differential.
There are following types of conventional refrigeration systems
i. Air refrigeration
ii. Vapour compression refrigeration
iii. Vapour absorption refrigeration

Here, we shall study about vapour compression refrigeration. This type of refrigerator
works on vapour compression refrigeration cycle. In its simplest form, there are four
fundamentals’ operations required to complete one cycle
a. Compression
b. Condensation
c. Expansion
d. Evaporation

WORKING PRINCIPLE:
A vapour compression test rig is shown in figure. It consists of compressor, condenser, an
expansion device for throttling process and an evaporator along with other accessories.

The vapor compression refrigeration cycle is based on a circulating fluid media viz. a
refrigerant having special properties of vaporizing at temperature lower than the ambient
temperature and condensing back to the liquid form at slightly higher than ambient
conditions by controlling the saturation temperature and pressure.
Thus, when the refrigerant evaporates at temperature lower than ambient, it extracts heat
from the load and lowers the temperature of refrigerant space consequently providing
cooling. The p – h diagram is shown above in figure.

In the above diagram, the thermodynamic processes are as follows

Process 1 - 2 isentropic process (at constant entropy)
Process 2 - 3 De-superheating and condensation (at constant pressure)
Process 3- 4 Isenthalpic process (Throttling process)
Process 4 - 1 Evaporation (at constant pressure)
In above Pressure - Enthalpy diagram, two of the process are at constant pressure and one
is at constant enthalpy (i.e., throttling). Therefore, even though the fourth process is an
isentropic one (i.e., compression) the Pressure – Enthalpy diagram is still convenient as
the work done is given by the change in enthalpy.

The condensation temperature tc and evaporation temperature te be the temperatures

corresponding to respective saturation pressure Pc and Pe.

Refrigeration effect = h1– h4

Power consumed by compressor = h2– h1
Refrigeration capacity
Refrigeration circulation rate (in Kg/ Min) = Refrigeration effect per Kg

There are four working processes are as follows –

1. COMPRESSION: The low pressure vapour in dry state is drawn from the evaporator
during the suction stroke of the compressor. During compression stroke, the pressure
and temperature increase until the vapour temperature is greater than the temperature
of cooling medium of condenser (air or water) keeping compression ratio 4: 5.
2. CONDENSATION: When the high-pressure refrigerant vapour enters the condenser,
heat flows from condenser to cooling medium thus allowing the vaporized refrigerant
to return to liquid state by giving its latent heat of vaporization.
3. EXPANSION: After condensation, the liquid refrigerant is stored in the liquid
receiver. From the receiver, it passes through an expansion device where the pressure
of liquid refrigerant is reduced sufficiently to allow its vaporization at a low
temperature of about – 10oc.
4. EVAPORIZATION: The low pressure refrigerant vaporized after expansion in the
expansion valve enters the evaporator or refrigerated space, where considerable
amount of latent heat is absorbed by it and refrigerant is vaporized and refrigeration
furnished.
DESCRIPTION OF TEST RIG:
The different parts of refrigeration test rig are as follows
i. Evaporator (Calorimeter)
ii. Suction Line
iii. Compressor
iv. Discharge Line
v. Condenser
vi. Receiver
vii. Liquid line
viii. Drier and filter
ix. Expansion Device (Capillary tube and thermostat expansion valve)
x. Agitator Motor
xi. Rotameter
xii. By pass valve
xiii. LP/ HP cut out
xiv. Pressure gauges
xv. Digital temperature indicator
xvi. Heater
xvii. Heater regulator
xviii. Heater Thermostat
i. Evaporator (Calorimeter): Its function is to provide a heat
transfer surface through which heat can pass from refrigerated space into the
vaporizing refrigerant.
ii. Suction line: It consists of the low-pressure vapour from the evaporator to the
suction inlet of the compressor. This must be properly insulated.
iii. Compressor:
iv. The function of the compressor is to draw refrigerant vapour from the
evaporator and to raise its pressure and temperature to such a stage so that it
may be easily condensed with normal available condensing media. It also
maintains continuous flow of the refrigerant through the system. This is also
known as heart of refrigeration system.
v. Discharge Line: It transfers the high pressure and high temperature
refrigerant from the compressor to the condenser.
vi. Condenser: The function of the condenser is to provide a heat transfer surface
through which heat passes from the refrigerant to the condensing media which
is either water or air. Refrigerant change its phase from vapour to liquid by
giving its latent heat of vaporization.
vii. Receiver: It acts as a reservoir which stores the liquid refrigerant coming
from the condenser and supplies it to the evaporator according to the
requirement.
viii. Liquid Line: It carries the liquid refrigerant from receiver and conveys it to
the expansion valve.
ix. Expansion Device: Its function is to supply a proper amount (regulate mass
flow rate) of liquid refrigerant to the evaporator after reducing its pressure
considerably so that the refrigerant take sufficient amount to latent heat from
the refrigerating space during evaporation. There are two types of expansion
devices are used in the test rig i.e., capillary expansion device and
thermostatic expansion device.
x. Drier & Filter: A drier is installed in the liquid line particularly in Freon
Systems. The drier contains Silica gel and absorbs traces of moisture present
in the liquid refrigerant so that it does not enter the narrow cross section of the
expansion device causing moisture choking by freezing. It filters the
contaminated refrigerant, so that contamination will not choke expansion
device.
xi. Agitator Motor: This is use to agitate calorimeter water so that water in
calorimeter attain uniform temperature.
xii. Rotameter: This gives flow rate of refrigerants in circuit.
xiii. By Pass valve: These are hand shut off valves for directing the refrigerant
from different circuits.
xiv. LP / HP cut out: It is a preventive device for compressor. It disconnect
compressor unit if suction pressure and discharge pressure goes below or
beyond the prescribed limit.
xv. Pressure Gauges: They show suction and discharge pressure of compressor.
xvi. Digital temperature Indicator: This give temperature set different points in
refrigeration system.
 xvii. Heater: It is used to measure cooling effect in calorimeter.
As it balance cooling effect of refrigeration system.
xviii. Heater regulator: It regulates supply to heater so constant temperature can be
maintained inside calorimeter.
xix. Heater thermostat: It controls heater temperature.

RESULT: Studied and sketched Refrigeration Test Rig.

PRECAUTIONS:
a. Do not operate the system below 190 Volts.
b. Do not run the system without filling the water in the calorimeter.
c. Always switch on the condenser before running the compressor.
d. Always open one expansion device valve at a time either it may be Capillary
or thermostatic expansion device.
e. Set cooling thermostat at desired temperature to which water is to be cooled.
f. Check carefully pressure gauges that gas (R-12) is fully charged or not.
(Check Pressure gauge readings are at 50 lb / in2 or not.)
 EXPERIMENT NO:-2

OBJECT: To determine the COP of Refrigeration Test Rig with capillary tube expansion
device.

APPARATUS USED: Refrigeration Test Rig.

THEORY:
Refrigeration may be defined as the process by which the temperature of a given space or
a substance is lowered below that of the atmosphere or surrounding. Thus in order to
maintain a temperature below the surrounding atmosphere, it is essential that whatever
amount of heat gets into refrigerated space must be extracted out to maintain the
temperature differential.
There are following types of conventional refrigeration systems
i. Air refrigeration
ii. Vapour compression refrigeration
iii. Vapour absorption refrigeration

Here, we shall study about vapour compression refrigeration. This type of refrigerator
works on vapour compression refrigeration cycle. In its simplest form, there are four
fundamentals’ operations required to complete one cycle
a. Compression
b. Condensation
c. Expansion
d. Evaporation

WORKING PRINCIPLE:
A vapour compression test rig is shown in figure. It consists of compressor, condenser, an
expansion device for throttling process and an evaporator along with other accessories.
The vapor compression refrigeration cycle is based on a circulating fluid media viz. a
refrigerant having special properties of vaporizing at temperature lower than the ambient
temperature and condensing back to the liquid form at slightly higher than ambient
conditions by controlling the saturation temperature and pressure. Thus, when the
refrigerant evaporates at temperature lower than ambient, it extracts heat from the load
and lowers the temperature of refrigerant space consequently providing cooling. The p –
h diagram is shown in figure.
In the above diagram, the thermodynamic processes are as follows
Process 1 – 2 isentropic process (at constant entropy)
Process 2 – 3 De superheating and condensation (at constant pressure)
Process 3 – 4 Isenthalpic process (Throttling process)
Process 4 – 1 Evaporation (at constant pressure)
In above p – h diagram, two of the process are at constant pressure and one is at constant
enthalpy (i.e., throttling). Therefore, even though the fourth process is an isentropic one
(i.e., compression) the p – h diagram is still convenient as the work done is given by the
change in enthalpy.
PROCEDURE:
1. Switch on the main board, check voltage. It should not be less than 190 volts.
2. Switch on the solenoid valve, when using the mode of thermostatic expansion
valve.
3. First of all, start the condenser fan motor.
4. Switch on the compressor.
5. See that all the respective indication lights are on.
6. Check and note down the voltage and Amperage of unit.
7. Put the water in the evaporative tank / calorimeter. (Before running the unit)
8. Adjust the cooling thermostat according to the requirement.
9. At the time of start, note down the readings of voltage, Ampere, suction and
discharge pressure, reading of energy meter of compressor.
10. Check and note down the reading of various temperature through digital
temperature indicator such as T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6 respectively.
11. Always close the door of the evaporator / calorimeter.
12. Note down the readings of the various pressure gauges, absence of any reading
will indicate the blockage of pipe line or leakage of gas.
13. After the gap of 15 minutes, start the agitator motor for two minutes for
equalization of water temperature and note down all the readings.
 14. Always run the unit with one expansion valve and note
down the difference of temperature and pressure, ampere flow
rate etc.
15. After taking the readings immediately close the by-pass valve of rotameter.
16. Now let the unit run directly or through either capillary tube expansion valve or
thermostatic expansion valve without opening by pass valve of rotameter and note
down the readings.
17. For test load on the compressor
a. Switch on the heater.
b. Adjust the heating thermostat; its range must not go ahead more than 35oC as
per ISI conditions.
c. Adjust the dimmerstat for heating element.
d. Check and note down the readings of temperature, pressure and energy.
e. Now let the unit run at least 15 – 20 minutes.
f. Switch on the agitator motor for 2 minutes for equalization of water
temperature.
g. Check the water temperature through digital temperature indicator. It must not
go ahead than 35oC.
h. Again take at least 2-3 readings with rotameter and without rotameter with
thermostatic expansion valve or with capillary tube expansion valve according
to the requirements.
i. After taking the necessary results, switch off the heating process.

OBSERVATION TABLE:
S.N. Voltage Current Wattage Pressure Temperature in ºC Rotameter
Volts Amps. Watts (in lb/ Mass Flow
inch2) Rate
(in Kg / min

V I W P1 P1 T1 T2 T3 T4 mr

1
2
3

Where
T1, P1 : Compressor inlet temp. And pressure
T2, P2 : Compressor outlet temp. And pressure
T3 : Condenser outlet temp.
T4 : Calorimeter water temp.
Now to calculate COP of refrigeration cycle h1 −h4
Q Heat etracted in evaporator
COP= = =
W Workdone h2 −h1

Where
h1 = Enthalpy of refrigeration effects before compressor
h2 = Enthalpy of refrigeration effects outlet of compressor
h3 = h4 Enthalpy of refrigeration effect at inlet
The values of h1, h2, h3 can be calculated from P-h chart.
CALCULATIONS:
RESULT:
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Check voltage. It should not be less than 190 volts.
2. First of all, start the condenser fan motor.
3. See that all the respective indication lights are on.
4. At the time of start, note down the readings of voltage, Ampere, suction and
discharge pressure, reading of energy meter of compressor.
5. Check that the receiver service valves must be open during start of the
compressor.
6. Always close the door of the evaporator / calorimeter.

EXPERIMENT NO:-3

OBJECT: To study and sketch of Window Type Air conditioner.

APPARATUS USED: Model of Window type air conditioner.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION:
The machine, which produces an artificial atmosphere specially adapted to particular
requirements, is called Air Conditioner. The different operations done by the air
conditioner are
i. To cool the air in summer and heat it in winter inside the premises air-
conditioned.
ii. To maintain proper temperature.
iii. To control the humidity.
iv. To supply duly cleaned and fresh air.
v. To keep down body odors, concentration of carbon-di-oxide and smoke within
low limits.
vi. To obtain air movement without producing any noise.
WORKING PRINCIPLE:
The working principle of an air conditioner is same as of domestic
refrigerator. Air conditioner works on vapour compression system. The compressor
extracts the refrigerant vapors from the evaporator as soon as it is formed, through the
suction line. The refrigerant vapors are compressed by the compressor and delivered to
the condenser through discharge line at high pressure, on compression the vapors get
heated up and its temperature becomes higher than the surroundings of the condenser
coils. The latent heat of the refrigerant is extracted by the cooling medium that is
atmospheric air; change the refrigerant vapors into liquid form, goes to the capillary tube
which down refrigerant high pressure side to low pressure side thus refrigerant
temperature goes down (Throttling Process). This refrigerant cycle is repeated again and
again. This low temperature refrigerant then feed to evaporator where desired cooling is
performed.

DESCRIPTION OF MODEL: The different parts of air conditioner are-

i. Compressor
ii. Condenser
iii. Capillary Tube
iv. Evaporator
v. Fan Motor
vi. Impellor Fan
vii. Centrifugal Blower
 viii. Air Filter
ix. Grill
x. Filter (Refrigerant Strainer)
xi. Ventilation System

1. Compressor: Its function is to suck the refrigerant from the evaporator and after
compression at high pressure and high temperature sends it to the condenser.
2. Condenser: The condenser receives the compressed refrigerant from the
compressor in the gaseous form and converts it into liquid form after dissipating
its latent heat of vaporization to atmospheric air through impellor fan.
3. Capillary Tube: It receives liquid refrigerant from condenser. It acts as an
expansion device and also regulates the mass flow rate of the refrigerant required
for cooling (Throttling Process).
4. Evaporator: It receives refrigerant from capillary tube. The evaporator extracts
the heat of the room air, which is to be cooled and convert the refrigerant that is in
the liquid form into vapour form using latent heat of vaporization of refrigerant.
5. Fan Motor: This motor is used for blowing the air over the condenser and
evaporator. It is double shaft motor on which impellor fan is placed on one side
and centrifugal blower is placed in opposite side.
6. Impellor Fan: It is fitted near the condenser and its function is to dissipate the
heat of compressed refrigerant in the condenser to the atmosphere by atmospheric
air.
7. Centrifugal Blower: It sucks the air from the room delivers the same over
evaporator and then send back to room after cooling, when this cooled air is
mixed with fresh air obtained through damper door (Ventilation system) and then
delivered to the room.
8. Air Filter: Its function is supplying a cleaned and fresh air to the premises, which
is to be conditioned. It is fitted in front of evaporator.
9. Grill: This is a plastic molded exterior part of air conditioner. This is fitted
towards room side on air conditioner frame.
10. Filter (Refrigerant Strainer): It filters the contamination, if present in
refrigerant. These contaminations may induct in refrigerant circuit at the time of
fitting, gas charging or by wear and tear of compressor and tubes.
11. Ventilation System: This system is used for taking the fresh air from outside and
exhausting the contamination to outside the room.

ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT OF WINDOW TYPE AIR CONDITIONER:

1. Compressor Motor: (inside hermetically sealed body of compressor) it is

generally capacitor start capacitor run motor. The capacitor of the starting
winding has higher microfarad then the running capacitor, which is of heavy –
duty type.
2. Selector Switch: Its function is to select the fan motor speed as well as to start the
compressor of air conditioner.
 3. Thermostat: The function of thermostat is to control the
temperature of the air to be cooled. It is fitted in front of
evaporator.
4. Starting Relay: Its function is to put the starting capacitor in the starting winding
circuit initially and when motor picks up speed and then keeping only running
capacitors in circuit.
5. Starting Capacitor: Its function is to start the motor from standstill condition for
running the compressor, keeping a point in view that more torque is needed to
start the compressor. That is why it should be of high rating. Its generally rating is
80 – 100 microfarad.
6. Running Capacitor: Its function is to maintain the compressor in running
condition after starting the motor. It is generally of low rating as compared to
starting capacitor. Its general rating is 36 microfarad.
7. Over Load Protective Relay: Its function is to protect the compressor from being
over loaded and overheated.
8. Blower Motor: It is generally a split phase capacitor start motor having an
arrangement of running it at multi speeds. Its function is to drive the blower.
9. Fan Motor Capacitor: Its function is to run the fan motor.

RESULT: Studied and sketched the Window Type Air Conditioner.

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Model should be cleaned
2. All circuits should be right joined.
3. All screw and bolts should be tight.

EXPERIMENT NO:-4

OBJECT: To calculate Coefficient of performance (COP) of Window Type Air

conditioning Test Rig.

APPARATUS USED: Window type air conditioning Test Rig.

WORKING PRINCIPLE:
Air conditioning is the process of maintaining the temperature below that of atmospheric
temperature and maintaining humidity as well as cleanliness and flow rate of air for a
human comfort.

The principle of working of air conditioning system is based on vapor compression cycle
which has four processes to complete a cycle viz., compression, condensation, expansion
or throttling and evaporation.

In an air conditioning system, the refrigerant in the liquid state is fed to the evaporator
through a throttling device and in the process of changing its state from liquid to vapor; it
absorbs and removes the heat from the space to be air conditioned. The vapor is compressed
to a higher pressure and heat generated is rejected in a condenser to be cooled to liquid state. This
forms the refrigeration cycle in an air conditioning system.
In the above diagram, the thermodynamic processes are as follows
Process 1 – 2 isentropic process (at constant entropy)
Process 2 – 3 De superheating and condensation (at constant pressure)
Process 3 – 4 Isenthalpic process (Throttling process)
Process 4 – 1 Evaporation (at constant pressure)
In above p – h diagram, two of the process are at constant pressure and one is at constant
enthalpy (i.e., throttling). Therefore, even though the fourth process is an isentropic one
(i.e., compression) the p – h diagram is still convenient as the work done is given by the
change in enthalpy.

PROCEDURE:
 1. Switch on the main board, check voltage. It should not be less
than 220 volts.
2. Switch on the solenoid valve, when using the mode of thermostatic expansion
valve.
3. First of all, start the condenser fan motor.
4. Switch on the compressor.
5. See that all the respective indication lights are on.
6. Check and note down the voltage and Amperage of unit.
7. At the time of start, note down the readings of voltage, Ampere, suction and
discharge pressure, reading of energy meter of compressor.
8. Check and note down the reading of various temperature through digital
temperature indicator such as T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6 respectively.
9. Always close the door of the evaporator / calorimeter.
10. Note down the readings of the various pressure gauges, absence of any reading
will indicate the blockage of pipe line or leakage of gas.
11. After the gap of 15 minutes, start the agitator motor for two minutes for
equalization of water temperature and note down all the readings.
12. Always run the unit with one expansion valve and note down the difference of
temperature and pressure, ampere flow rate etc.
13. After taking the readings immediately close the by-pass valve of rotameter.
14. Now let the unit run directly or through either capillary tube expansion valve or
thermostatic expansion valve without opening by pass valve of rotameter and note
down the readings.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

S.N. Voltage Current Wattage Pressure Temperature in ºC Rotameter

Volts Amps. Watts (in lb/ Mass Flow
inch2) Rate
(in Kg / min

V I W P1 P1 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 mr

1
2
3

Where

Mass flow rate of refrigerant = mr Kg. / min.

Compressor inlet temp. and pressure = T1 and P1
Compressor outlet temp = T2
Condenser outlet temp. and pressure = T3 and P2
Cooling coil surface temp. = T4
Room / Fresh air temp. = T5

Conditioned air temp. = T6

Now to calculate COP of refrigeration cycle

Q Heat extracted in evaporator h1 −h4

COP= = =
W Workdone h2 −h1
.
Where
h4 – Enthalpy of refrigerant after expansion
h1 – Enthalpy of refrigerant before compression
h2 – Enthalpy of refrigerant after compression

The values of h1, h2, h4 can be calculated from P-h chart

CALCULATIONS:
Show at least one specimen calculation on P-h chart.
RESULT:
C.O.P. of Window Air Conditioning Test Rig =

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Check the voltage. It should not be less than 200 / 240 volts with single phase, 50
Hz AC supply.
2. Do not run the compressor, without switch on the condenser fan motor.
3. Whenever the compressor is switched OFF, do not switch ON the compressor
before 5 minutes of interval.
4. Avoid sudden opening / closing of the hand shut off valve in the line to prevent
float hunting and possibilities glass tube breakage.

EXPERIMENT NO:-5
OBJECT: To calculate Coefficient of performance (COP) of Air
Conditioning Test Rig.

APPARATUS USED: Air Conditioning Test Rig.

THEORY:
Air conditioning is the process of maintaining the temperature below that of atmospheric
temperature and maintaining humidity as well as cleanliness and flow rate of air for a
human comfort.

The principle of working of air conditioning system is based on vapor compression cycle
which has four processes to complete a cycle viz., compression, condensation, expansion
or throttling and evaporation.

In an air conditioning system, the refrigerant in the liquid state is fed to the evaporator through a
throttling device and in the process of changing its state from liquid to vapor; it absorbs and
removes the heat from the space to be air conditioned. The vapor is compressed to a higher
pressure and heat generated is rejected in a condenser to be cooled to liquid state. This forms the
refrigeration cycle in an air conditioning system.
In the above diagram, the thermodynamic processes are as follows
Process 1 – 2 isentropic process (at constant entropy)
Process 2 – 3 De superheating and condensation (at constant pressure)
Process 3 – 4 Isenthalpic process (Throttling process)
Process 4 – 1 Evaporation (at constant pressure)

PROCEDURE:
1. Switch on the main board, check voltage. It should not be less than 220 volts.
2. Switch on the solenoid valve, when using the mode of thermostatic expansion
valve.
3. First of all, start the condenser fan motor.
4. Switch on the compressor.
5. See that all the respective indication lights are on.
6. Check and note down the voltage and Amperage of unit.
7. At the time of start, note down the readings of voltage, Ampere, suction and
discharge pressure, reading of energy meter of compressor.
8. Check and note down the reading of various temperature through digital
temperature indicator such as T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6 respectively.
9. Always close the door of the evaporator / calorimeter.
10. Note down the readings of the various pressure gauges, absence of any reading
will indicate the blockage of pipe line or leakage of gas.
11. After the gap of 15 minutes, start the agitator motor for two minutes for
equalization of water temperature and note down all the readings.
12. Always run the unit with one expansion valve and note down the difference of
temperature and pressure, ampere flow rate etc.
13. After taking the readings immediately close the by-pass valve of rotameter.
14. Now let the unit run directly or through either capillary tube expansion valve or
thermostatic expansion valve without opening by pass valve of rotameter and note
down the readings.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
S.N. Voltage Current Wattage Pressure Temperature in ºC Rotameter
Volts Amps. Watts (in lb/ Mass Flow
inch2) Rate
(in Kg /
min

V I W P1 P1 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 mr

1
2
3

Where
Mass flow rate of refrigerant = mr Kg. / min.
Compressor inlet temp. and pressure = T1 and P1
Compressor outlet temp = T2
Condenser outlet temp. and pressure = T3 and P2
Cooling coil surface temp. = T4
Conditioned air temp. = T5

Fresh air temp. = T6

Now to calculate COP of refrigeration cycle

Q Heat extracted in evaporator h1 −h4
COP= = =
W Workdone h2 −h1

Where
h4 – Enthalpy of refrigerant after expansion
h1 – Enthalpy of refrigerant before compression
h2 – Enthalpy of refrigerant after compression
The values of h1, h2, h4 can be calculated from P-h chart
CALCULATION:
Show at least one specimen calculation on P-h chart.
RESULT:
C.O.P. of Air Conditioning Test Rig =
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Check the voltage. It should not be less than 200 / 240 volts with single phase, 50
Hz AC supply.
2. Do not run the compressor, without switch on the condenser fan motor.
3. Whenever the compressor is switched OFF, do not switch ON the compressor
before 5 minutes of interval.
4. Avoid sudden opening / closing of the hand shut off valve in the line
to prevent float hunting and possibilities glass tube
breakage.

Experiment No:-6
OBJECT: To calculate the by- pass factor and efficiency of the cooling
coil.

APPARATUS USED: Air Conditioning Test Rig.

THEORY:
Cooling of air without subtraction of moisture is called sensible cooling. The sensible cooling can
be achieved by passing the air over cooling coil like evaporating coil of the refrigerant cycle.
Qs (Heat removed) = Cpm (T5 – T6)

Where Td1 and Td2 are inlet and outlet dry bulb temperatures of air and C pm is the mean
specific heat of air.

Where
Td1 = T5 is the Room air / inlet air temperature.
Td2 = T6 is the Conditioned air / outlet air temperature
Td3 = T4 the temperature of cooling coil.
i.e., T6 of the coil will be more than temperature T4. In this case T5> T6> T4

FORMULAE USED: T 6 −T 4
By pass factor of the cooling coil = T 5 −T 4

Also, Efficiency of cooling coil = 1 – BPF

PROCEDURE:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

OBSERVATION:

S.N. Temperature of Temperature of Temperature of BPF Efficiency

 Cooling Coil in Fresh Air in ºC Cooling Air in ºC
ºC
1. Td3 = T4 Td1 = T5 Tw1 Td2 = T6 Tw2
2.
3.
4.
5.

CALCULATIONS:

RESULT:
1. By pass factor of cooling air =
2. Efficiency of coil =
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Check the voltage. It should not be less than 200 / 240 volts with single phase, 50
Hz AC supply.
2. Do not run the compressor, without switch on the fan motor.
3. Whenever the compressor is switched OFF, do not switch ON the compressor
before 5 minutes of interval.
4. Avoid sudden opening / closing of the hand shut off valve in the line to prevent
float hunting and possibilities glass tube breakage

EXPERIMENT NO: -12

OBJECT: Study of Psychrometer and Determination of Humidity of Air using Sling

Psychrometer.

APPARATUS USED:
Sling Psychrometer (Dry and Wet bulb thermometers)
Chart of psychrometric data or psychrometric table
Distilled water

THEORY:
A psychrometer is an instrument used for measuring the humidity of the atmosphere. It
consists of two thermometers:
Dry Bulb Thermometer: Measures the actual air temperature.
Wet Bulb Thermometer: The bulb is covered with a wet cloth. When the air flows over
it, evaporation occurs, causing cooling.
The difference in temperatures between the dry and wet bulb is known as the wet bulb
depression. This difference is used to determine the relative humidity and dew point
using a psychrometric chart or formula.

IMPORTANT TERMS:
Dry Bulb Temperature (Tdb): Temperature of air measured by a regular
thermometer.
Wet Bulb Temperature (Twb): Temperature measured when water evaporates from a
wet cloth over the bulb.
Dew Point Temperature: Temperature at which air becomes saturated and water
vapor condenses.
Relative Humidity (RH): The amount of water vapor present in air expressed as a
percentage of the amount needed for saturation at the same temperature.
Formula for Relative Humidity:
If a psychrometric chart/table is not used, approximate RH can be calculated
using:

PROCEDURE:
1. Wet the muslin cloth and wrap it tightly around the wet bulb thermometer.
2. Rotate (sling) the psychrometer in air for 20–30 seconds to allow sufficient
evaporation.
3. Note down the readings of both dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers.
4. Repeat 2-3 times for consistency.
5. Calculate the wet bulb depression:
Depression = Tdb − Twb
6. Use a psychrometric chart or table to find:
o Relative Humidity
o Dew Point Temperature

OBSERVATIONS:
[Link] Dry Bulb Wet Bulb Wet Bulb Relative Dew Point
Temp (°C) Temp (°C) Depression (°C) Humidity (%) Temp (°C)
1
 2

RESULT:
1. The dry bulb and wet bulb temperatures were successfully recorded.
2. The relative humidity of the air was found to be _____%.
3. The dew point temperature was determined to be _____°C.

CONCLUSION:
The sling psychrometer is a simple yet effective instrument for determining
atmospheric humidity. The experiment demonstrates the principles of evaporation and
cooling, and helps understand the physical behavior of moist air.

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Ensure the wet bulb is properly moistened with distilled water before each reading.
2. Sling the instrument in open air away from heat sources or sunlight.
3. Read thermometers immediately after slinging to avoid temperature rise.
4. Avoid touching the bulbs directly to prevent error due to body heat.
 EXPERIMENT NO: -13

OBJECT: Experiment Study of Hermetically Sealed

Compressor.

APPARATUS USED:
Hermetically sealed compressor cut-section model or working unit
Multimeter (for electrical measurements, if needed)
Refrigeration test rig (optional for performance study)

THEORY:
A hermetically sealed compressor is a type of positive displacement compressor where
the compressor motor and mechanical parts are enclosed in a single sealed casing,
usually welded shut to prevent leakage of refrigerant and entry of air or moisture.
These compressors are widely used in refrigerators, air conditioners, and small to
medium commercial refrigeration systems due to their compact design, reliability, and
minimal maintenance.
TYPES OF HERMETICALLY SEALED COMPRESSORS:
1. Reciprocating Compressor
2. Rotary Compressor
3. Scroll Compressor

CONSTRUCTION:
Compressor Motor: Usually a single-phase induction motor.
Crankshaft and Piston (in reciprocating type): Converts rotary motion into
reciprocating motion.
Casing: Airtight welded steel shell.
Suction Line: Entry for low-pressure refrigerant vapor.
Discharge Line: Exit for high-pressure compressed vapor.
 Oil Sump: Lubricates moving parts; oil is circulated by splash or pump.

WORKING PRINCIPLE:
1. Suction Phase: Low-pressure refrigerant vapor enters the suction line.
2. Compression Phase: The piston compresses the vapor, raising its pressure and
temperature.
3. Discharge Phase: High-pressure vapor exits via the discharge valve and is sent
to the condenser.
4. The motor and compressor share the same sealed enclosure and often use the
refrigerant gas for cooling the motor windings.

PROCEDURE:
1. Study the cut-section model or diagram of the hermetically sealed compressor.
2. Identify the major components: motor, piston, crankshaft, suction and discharge
ports, casing.
3. If a test rig is available:
o Switch ON the system.
o Observe pressure readings at suction and discharge lines.
o Note temperature rise at discharge side.
4. Record electrical input values (voltage, current) using a multimeter.
5. Observe for signs of vibration, noise, and cooling performance (if applicable).

OBSERVATIONS:
[Link] Suction Discharge Input Current Compressor
Pressure (bar) Pressure (bar) Voltage (V) (A) Temp (°C)
1
2

RESULTS:
 The hermetically sealed compressor was successfully studied.
  It was observed that the suction pressure was around ____
bar and the discharge pressure was around ____ bar.
 The compressor draws ____ A current at ____ V input.

CONCLUSION:
The hermetically sealed compressor is a compact, efficient, and reliable
component for refrigeration systems. It performs compression and circulation of
refrigerant without allowing leakage, making it ideal for household and
commercial appliances.

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Never open the sealed casing—internal components are not user-serviceable.
2. Handle electrical connections carefully to avoid shocks.
3. Ensure the system is properly grounded.
4. Avoid operating the compressor without refrigerant—it can damage the motor.
5. Monitor for abnormal sounds or vibrations that may indicate internal issues.

EXPERIMENT NO:-14

OBJECT: Study of Desert Coolers and Determination of Change in Temperature and

Humidity.
APPARATUS USED:

Equipment Quantity
Desert cooler 1
Digital thermometer or thermocouple 2
Hygrometer or psychrometer 2
Anemometer (for air velocity, optional) 1
Stopwatch 1
Measuring scale 1
Water supply (for cooler) 1
THEORY:
A desert cooler works on the principle of evaporative cooling. When hot dry air
passes through wet cooling pads, water evaporates and absorbs heat from the air,
lowering its temperature and increasing humidity.

KEY TERMS:
Dry Bulb Temperature (DBT): The temperature of air measured by a regular
thermometer.
Wet Bulb Temperature (WBT): The temperature a parcel of air would have if it
were cooled to saturation (100% RH) by the evaporation of water.
Relative Humidity (RH): The amount of moisture in the air compared
to what the air can hold at that temperature.

PROCEDURE:
A. Setup:
1. Place the desert cooler in an open space.
2. Connect the cooler to a water source and fill the tank.
3. Ensure all instruments are calibrated and working.
B. Measurement:
1. Record ambient air conditions (air entering the cooler):
o Dry bulb temperature (T₁)
o Relative humidity (RH₁)
o Use a psychrometer or hygrometer.
2. Switch ON the cooler and allow it to run for 10–15 minutes.
3. Record the cooled air conditions (air exiting the cooler):
o Dry bulb temperature (T₂)
o Relative humidity (RH₂)
Optionally, measure air velocity using an anemometer for air flow rate analysis.

OBSERVATIONS:
Parameter Before Cooling After Cooling
Dry Bulb Temperature (°C) Td1 = Td2 =
Relative Humidity (%) Φ1 = Φ2 =
Wet Bulb Temperature (if measured) Tw1 = Tw1 =
Air Velocity (if measured) (m/s) V1 = V2 =

CALCULATIONS:
Temperature Drop: ΔT= Td1 - Td2
 Change in Relative Humidity: ΔΦ = Φ1 – Φ2
(Optional) Calculate enthalpy or specific humidity change
using psychrometric formulas or chart.

RESULT:
The desert cooler decreased the air temperature by ΔT = ___ °C
The relative humidity increased by ΔΦ = ___ %

CONCLUSION:
The desert cooler effectively reduces the temperature of hot ambient air and
increases its humidity. This makes the air more comfortable in hot and dry
climates, though it may not be effective in humid areas.

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Ensure the cooler has sufficient water.
2. Avoid air leakage in and out of the cooler ducts.
3. Instruments must be correctly calibrated.
4. Take readings quickly to avoid temperature fluctuations.
 EXPERIMENT NO:-15

OBJECT: Study of Basic Components and Control Devices of Refrigeration and Air‐
Conditioning System.

APPARATUS USED:

[Link]. Apparatus/Component Description

RAC Test Rig or Domestic To observe a complete
1
Refrigerator working system
For measuring temperatures
2 Thermometers/Thermocouples
at various points
Pressure Gauges (High & Low
3 For pressure readings
side)
To measure electrical
5 Voltmeter, Ammeter
parameters
For visual understanding of
6 Schematic Diagram of RAC Cycle
cycle

THEORY:
Refrigeration is a process of removing heat from a space or substance to lower its
temperature. Most RAC systems operate on the Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle
(VCRC), which includes four primary components:
Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle: having four process
1. Compression (Compressor):
o Low-pressure vapor → High-pressure vapor
o Work is done on the refrigerant.
2. Condensation (Condenser):
o High-pressure vapor → High-pressure liquid
 o Heat is rejected to the surroundings.

3. Expansion (Expansion Device):

o High-pressure liquid → Low-pressure liquid-vapor mixture
o Temperature and pressure decrease rapidly.
4. Evaporation (Evaporator):
o Low-pressure liquid → Low-pressure vapor
o Heat is absorbed from the environment.

DESCRIPTION OF MAJOR COMPONENTS:

1. Compressor
 Function: Compresses refrigerant vapor from low to high pressure.
 Types: Reciprocating, Rotary, Scroll, Centrifugal.
 Location: Between evaporator outlet and condenser inlet.
2. Condenser
 Function: Rejects heat to the atmosphere; converts vapor to liquid.
 Types: Air-cooled, Water-cooled.
 Location: Between compressor outlet and expansion valve.
3. Expansion Device
 Function: Lowers the refrigerant pressure and temperature.
 Types: Capillary tube, Thermostatic Expansion Valve (TXV), Electronic Expansion
Valve (EEV).
 Location: Between condenser and evaporator.
4. Evaporator
 Function: Absorbs heat from the environment (cooling effect).
 Location: Between expansion valve and compressor.

CONTROL DEVICES IN RAC SYSTEM:

Device Function
Thermostat Senses room temperature and controls compressor ON/OFF
Low Pressure Switch Protects compressor from low pressure (e.g., refrigerant leak)
 Device Function

High Pressure Switch Prevents system from excessive pressure (e.g., condenser blockage)
Relay/Contactor Switches compressor motor circuit
Overload Protector Shuts down compressor in case of overheating
Solenoid Valve Controls refrigerant flow automatically based on electrical signal
Filter-Drier Removes moisture and impurities from refrigerant
Sight Glass Visual indicator of refrigerant flow and moisture presence

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
1. Ensure that the RAC test rig or system is connected properly and there are no
leaks.
2. Turn ON the system and observe the operation.
3. Identify the four main components: Compressor, Condenser, Expansion Valve,
and Evaporator.
4. Using pressure gauges, note high-side and low-side pressures.
5. Measure the temperature at:
o Compressor inlet and outlet
o Condenser outlet
o Expansion valve inlet and outlet
o Evaporator inlet and outlet
6. Observe the thermostat behavior by changing set temperatures.
7. Observe how relays, solenoids, and pressure switches operate under various
conditions.
8. Draw the schematic diagram of the system as observed.

OBSERVATIONS:
1. COMPONENT IDENTIFICATION TABLE:
 Component Type Used Function Summary

Compressor (e.g., Reciprocating) Increases refrigerant pressure

Condenser (e.g., Air-cooled) Rejects heat to atmosphere

Expansion Valve (e.g., Capillary Tube) Lowers pressure of refrigerant

Evaporator (e.g., Bare tube) Absorbs heat from space to be cooled

2. TEMPERATURE READINGS:
Location Temperature (°C)
Compressor Inlet
Compressor Outlet
Condenser Outlet
Evaporator Inlet
Evaporator Outlet

3. Pressure Readings:
Gauge Position Pressure (bar or psi)
Low Side (Suction)
High Side (Discharge)

RESULT:
The major components and control devices of the RAC system were successfully
identified and studied. Their functional roles in the refrigeration cycle were observed
through temperature and pressure readings.

CONCLUSION:
This experiment helps students understand:
  The mechanical and thermodynamic functioning of each
component.
 How the refrigerant behaves at different stages.
 The significance of control devices in ensuring safe and efficient system operation.

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Do not touch refrigerant lines during operation (may be hot or cold).
2. Handle electrical components carefully.
3. Ensure gauges and thermometers are properly calibrated.
4. Never bypass safety switches or overload protectors.

EXPERIMENT NO:-16

OBJECT: Visit and Study of a Central Air Conditioning Plant

APPARATUS USED:
[Link]. Equipment/Material Purpose
1 Notebook and pen For recording observations
2 Thermometer/Infrared scanner Measuring temperature at air outlets
3 Psychrometric chart For air property analysis
4 Safety gear (helmet, shoes) For plant visit safety

THEORY:
A central air conditioning plant cools and conditions the air for an entire building or a
large area using a central cooling system. Unlike window or split ACs, it is designed for
commercial or industrial applications and operates on the principles of the Vapor
Compression Refrigeration Cycle (VCRC).
TYPES OF CENTRAL AC SYSTEMS:
 Chilled Water System
 Direct Expansion (DX) System
 Package Units (Packaged AC)
 Variable Air Volume (VAV) / Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF)

MAJOR COMPONENTS OF CENTRAL AC PLANT:

Component Function
Compressor Compresses refrigerant gas to high pressure
Condenser Removes heat from refrigerant (air-cooled or water-cooled)
Chiller / Cooling Coil Removes heat from water or air, used for cooling air
Air Handling Unit (AHU) Mixes, filters, and circulates air in the ducting system
Cooling Tower Rejects heat from condenser water loop to the atmosphere
Pumps Circulate water through chillers and coils
Ductwork Distributes cooled air to various spaces
VAV Boxes / Dampers Control air flow to zones
Thermostats / Sensors Monitor and control temperatures and humidity

Building Management System Centralized control and automation system (if present)

PROCEDURE FOR THE VISIT:

1. Introduction by Plant Engineer / Guide:
o Overview of the system, layout, and safety instructions.
2. Tour of Each Section:
o Compressor Room: Observe types of compressors (centrifugal, screw,
scroll).
o Chiller Section: Understand chilled water generation and distribution.
o Condenser & Cooling Tower: Learn how heat is rejected.
o Air Handling Units (AHUs): Observe how air is filtered, cooled, and
distributed.
o Ducting and Diffusers: Note the air distribution throughout the building.
 o Control Panel / BMS Room: If present, see system control
and automation.
3. Take Measurements:
o Measure supply and return air temperatures.
o Note chiller inlet/outlet water temperatures.
o Observe air quality and comfort in conditioned zones.
4. Interaction with Technical Staff:
o Clarify doubts about maintenance, control systems, and energy
consumption.

OBSERVATIONS:
1. PLANT SPECIFICATIONS:
Parameter Value / Observation
Type of AC Plant (e.g., Chilled Water System)
Capacity of Plant (e.g., 100 TR, 200 TR, etc.)
Compressor Type (e.g., Centrifugal, Screw)
Cooling Tower Type (e.g., Induced Draft)
Number of AHUs
Type of Ducting (e.g., GI Sheet with insulation)
BMS Installed? Yes / No

2. TEMPERATURE AND FLOW READINGS:

Location Temp. (°C) Remarks
Chiller Inlet Water
 Location Temp. (°C) Remarks
Chiller Outlet Water
AHU Supply Air
AHU Return Air
Ambient Air

RESULT:
The central air conditioning plant was successfully studied. Students were able to
identify the key components, understand their functions, and observe real-time operating
conditions.

CONCLUSION:
A central AC system efficiently maintains thermal comfort in large buildings by
centrally cooling and distributing air. It requires precise control of temperature, humidity,
and airflow, which is often achieved through automation (BMS). Such systems are more
energy-efficient than decentralized AC units in large-scale applications.

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS:
1. Wear safety gear while entering the plant.
2. Do not touch moving or electrical components.
3. Follow the instructions of the plant supervisor.
4. Keep a safe distance from the cooling tower and rotating machinery.