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Nitrogen-Containing Compounds in Organic Chemistry

The document is a lecture outline for an Organic Chemistry course focusing on nitrogen-containing compounds, specifically amines and diazonium salts. It covers the preparation and reactivity of amines, including various synthesis methods and their mechanisms, as well as the preparation and reactivity of diazonium salts. Key topics include nucleophilic substitution, reductive amination, and azo coupling reactions.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
11 views44 pages

Nitrogen-Containing Compounds in Organic Chemistry

The document is a lecture outline for an Organic Chemistry course focusing on nitrogen-containing compounds, specifically amines and diazonium salts. It covers the preparation and reactivity of amines, including various synthesis methods and their mechanisms, as well as the preparation and reactivity of diazonium salts. Key topics include nucleophilic substitution, reductive amination, and azo coupling reactions.

Uploaded by

tridung12062004
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

OCHE220203
Lecturer: Dat P. Nguyen, Ph.D
Email: datnp@[Link]
Department of Chemical Technology
Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology 1
CHAPTER 15
NITROGEN-CONTAINING
COMPOUNDS

2
CONTENTS

1. Amines
1.1. Preparation of Amines
1.2. Reactivity of Amines
2. Diazonium Salts
2.1. Preparation of Diazonium Salts
2.2. Reactivity of Diazonium Salts

3
1. Amines
1.1. Preparation of Amines

Aldehydes/
Ketones
Other
reductive
Nitrogen-Co
Alkyl halides amination ntaining
Compounds
alkylation reduction

Amines

4
1. Amines
1.1. Preparation of Amines

1.1. Alkylation of Ammonia (NH3)

Mechanism:
• SN2
• Can form a mixture
of 1°, 2°, 3° amines
and ammonium salt

5
1. Amines
1.1. Preparation of Amines

1.2. Gabriel Amine Synthesis


To get 1°/2° amine from alkyl halide → Gabriel amine synthesis

• Step 1

• Step 2

or

6
Amine Synthesis - Practice

7
1. Amines
1.1. Preparation of Amines

1.3. Reductive Amination

8
1. Amines
1.1. Preparation of Amines

1.3. Reductive Amination

9
Synthesis Strategy

10
Synthesis Strategy

11
Synthesis Strategy

12
Synthesis Strategy

13
Amine Synthesis - Practice

14
Amine Synthesis - Practice

15
1. Amines
1.1. Preparation of Amines

1.4. Reduction of Other Nitrogen-Containing Compounds


Reduction of Amides

Reduction of Nitriles

16
1. Amines
1.1. Preparation of Amines

1.4. Reduction of Other Nitrogen-Containing Compounds


Reduction of Imines

Reduction of Azides

SN2

17
1. Amines
1.1. Preparation of Amines

1.4. Reduction of Other Nitrogen-Containing Compounds


Reduction of Nitro Compounds

18
1. Amines
1.2. Reactivity of Amines

Nucleophilic
Substitution (SN2)

Amines as Nucleophilic Addition


Nucleophiles (AN)

Hofmann Nucleophilic Acyl


Elimination Substitution (NAS)
Amines
Reaction with
HNO2

Oxidation

19
1. Amines
1.2. Reactivity of Amines

1.2.1. Amines as Nucleophiles for SN2 Reactions

Alkylation of amines

Mechanism:
• SN2
• Can form a mixture
of 2°, 3° amines and
ammonium salt

20
1. Amines
1.2. Reactivity of Amines

1.2.2. Amines as Nucleophiles for AN Reactions


Imine/Enamine formation (review Chapter 13)

21
1. Amines
1.2. Reactivity of Amines

1.2.3. Amines as Nucleophiles for NAS Reactions


Amidation (review Chapter 14)

Reaction of amine with acid chloride/anhydride/ester

22
1. Amines
1.2. Reactivity of Amines

1.2.4. Hofmann Elimination

23
1. Amines
1.2. Reactivity of Amines

1.2.4. Hofmann Elimination

• Form less substituted C=C double bond

24
1. Amines
1.2. Reactivity of Amines

1.2.4. Hofmann Elimination


Mechanism

25
1. Amines
1.2. Reactivity of Amines

1.2.4. Hofmann Elimination


Mechanism

26
Synthesis Strategy

27
Synthesis Strategy

28
Hofmann Elimination – Practice

29
1. Amines
1.2. Reactivity of Amines

1.2.5. Reaction with HNO2


Nitrous acid and the formation of nitrosonium ion

30
1. Amines
1.2. Reactivity of Amines

1.2.5. Reaction with HNO2


1° amine → diazonium salt

Mechanism

31
1. Amines
1.2. Reactivity of Amines

1.2.5. Reaction with HNO2


Alkyl diazonium salt → unstable

Aromatic diazonium salt → stable

32
1. Amines
1.2. Reactivity of Amines

1.2.5. Reaction with HNO2


2° amine → nitrosamine

33
Reaction with HNO2 – Practice

34
1. Amines
1.2. Reactivity of Amines

1.2.6. Oxidation
Oxidation of amine can give a variety of products

35
2. Diazonium Salts
2.1. Preparation of Diazonium Salts

Reaction of 1° amine and HNO2

36
2. Diazonium Salts
2.2. Reactivity of Diazonium Salts

Reactions of aromatic diazonium salts

Sandmeyer
reaction
CuI

Schiemann
reaction

37
Diazonium Salts – Practice

38
2. Diazonium Salts
2.2. Reactivity of Diazonium Salts

Azo compound formation (Azo coupling)

Electrophile Nucleophile

+ HX

pH: acidic or mildly basic


39
2. Diazonium Salts
2.2. Reactivity of Diazonium Salts

Azo coupling – Mechanism

40
2. Diazonium Salts
2.2. Reactivity of Diazonium Salts

Azo coupling – Determine coupling partners

41
2. Diazonium Salts
2.2. Reactivity of Diazonium Salts

Azo coupling – Determine coupling partners

42
Azo Coupling – Practice

43
Azo Coupling – Practice

44

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