WINNERS ONLINE SCHOOL
REPRODUCTION
LESSON 1
BY
MR JUMBE
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CALL OR WHATSAPP 099 606 9997/ 088 11 53 203
Reproduction is the formation of new organism from already existing
organisms.
TYPES OF REPRODUCTION.
1. Asexual reproduction.
2. Sexual reproduction.
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION.
it is the formation of new organisms from a single parent. This process is
usually practiced by simple organisms such as bacteria, protozoa, fungi,
viruses and coelenterates.
EXAMPLES OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION.
a. Binary fission in amoeba.
b. Budding in hydra.
c. Regeneration in earthworms and cuttings.
d. Vegetative growth or propagation [Link] tubers, runners, bulbs, corms and
rhizomes.
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION.
It is the formation of new organisms from male and female parents. This
process is usually practiced by higher organism such as vertebrates.
ADVANTAGES OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION.
i. It brings about variation that increases chances of survival in the
environment
ii. Crops or animals can easily be improved.
iii. It leads to the formation of new species of organisms.
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN HUMAN BEINGS.
Men and women produce sex cells called gametes, which carry information
about a particular person. The gametes are produced in special organs called
gonads or genitals.
The genitals of the man are the testes, which are found in the scrotum that
hangs outside the body between two legs. Testis produces gametes called
spermatozoa (sperms).
The production of sperms requires a temperature slightly below body
temperature thus why testes lie outside the body.
The genitals of the woman are the ovaries that produce gametes called oval OR
eggs.
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
PARTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
1. TESTES
These are oval shaped parts of male reproductive system that hang outside
the man's body in between the legs. There are two testes in the male
reproductive system. Each testis consists of two compartments-the
seminiferous tubules where spermatogenesis takes place and the interstitial
tissues which consist of Leydig cells which secrete testosterone
Functions of testes
i. Production of sperms.
ii. Production of male sex hormone called testosterone, which stimulates
production of sperms and enlargement of penis.
2. SCROTUM
It is a muscular sac surrounding the tests, located outside the abdominal
cavity
Functions of scrotum
i. It supports and protects testes.
ii. It regulates the temperature of testes. This helps to increase the
lifespan of sperms.
3. EPIDIDYMIS
It is a coiled tube pressed against each testis in which sperms continue
to develop.
Functions of epididymis
i. It stores sperms until ejaculation.
ii. It is a site for sperm maturation.
4. SPERM DUCT
Sperm duct also known as vas deferens is a tube that connects epididymis to
the urethra.
Functions of sperm duct
i. It carries sperms from the epididymis to the urethra for ejaculation.
ii. It also stores sperms within its widened area called ampulla.
5. SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES
These are coiled tubes that are found in testes. The epithelial walls of the
seminiferous tubule is called germinal epithelium where spermatogenesis
takes place
Functions of seminiferous tubules
i They produce sperms/spermatozoa through a process called
spermatogenesis
6. URETHRA
It is a tube that connects the sperm duct, seminal vesicle, prostate gland and
bulbourethral gland to the tip of the penis.
Functions of urethra
It carries sperms from the sperm duct out of the male body through the
penis.
7. PENIS
It is a special part of male reproductive system that contains erectile tissues
with many blood spaces. When a man has sexual feelings, these tissues are
filled with blood. This causes the penis to become rigid and erect in a
process called erection. The tip of the penis is called glans. The glans has
sensory neuron endings that are stimulated by friction to cause the injection
of sperms.
Functions of penis
It injects sperms into the vagina during copulation.
8. ACCESSORY GLANDS
These are the three glands of the male reproductive system.
a. Prostate gland secrets mucus and alkaline fluid. The alkaline fluid
neutralizes acidic nature of the vagina making sperms active.
b. Cowper’s gland secrets clear, sticky alkaline fluid which neutralizes any
uric acid present in urethra.
c. Seminal vesicles secrets mucus and sugar solution which helps in sperm
movement.
The combination of accessory glands secretions and the sperms forms
semen. The semen is carried into urethra by ejaculatory duct. The
movement of semen into the urethra is emission
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
PARTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
1. OVARIES
These are oval shaped parts of female reproductive system that lie in the
lower part of the abdomen. There are two ovaries suspended in the
abdominal cavity by ovary ligaments.
Functions of ovaries
a. They produce ova/eggs through a process called oogenesis.
b. They secrete female sex hormones, oestrogen and progesterone.
2. OVIDUCT OR FALLOPIAN TUBE
It is a muscular tube that connects each ovary to the uterus. Each oviduct
has an open-end called funnel of the oviduct which lie next to the ovary, but
not attached to the ovary.
Functions of oviduct
a. It transports ovum/egg from the ovary to the uterus. II. It is a site where
fertilization takes place.
Adaptations of oviduct for transportation of ovum
i It has cilia that move to propel the ovum towards the uterus.
ii It has thick muscular wall that contracts to push the ovum to the uterus.
iii It is extensively folded that gives the ovum enough space to move.
3. UTERUS OR WOMB
It is a hollow muscular tube in the pelvic cavity of the female. It has a space
inside it called uterine cavity.
The outer layer of the uterus walls has muscles that contract strongly during
birth. The inner layer of the uterus walls is called endometrium and is made
up of many blood vessels.
Functions of uterus
It is a site for embryo development and implantation.
4. VAGINA
It is a flexible muscular tube about 8-10 cm wide and 1015cmlong leading
to the cervix. The penis is placed here during copulation. The vagina opens
to the outside through the vulva. Vulva contains labia major and labia
minor.
Functions of vagina
i. It receives sperms during copulation.
ii. It is a passage of baby during birth.
5. CERVIX
It is a narrow entrance to the uterus from the vagina
Functions of cervix
It prevents entry of harmful microorganisms into the uterus during
pregnancy.
BY
MR JUMBE
START LEARNING ONLINE WITH US
CALL OR WHATSAPP 099 606 9997/ 088 11 53 203