Pakistan International School Tabuk – K.S.
A)
Grade 12th Pak
Studies
First Term Notes (2022) (2 nd Notes)
Subject: Pak Studies
Grade: 12th
Chapter 1 Genesis of Islamic Republic of Pakistan
Prepared by: Sarah Khan Lodhi
Long Questions
05. Give an account of the proposals brought forward for the
solution of the Indian problem at different times.
Ans: Introduction:
Constitutional problems of India were of very complex
nature. Numerous efforts were made to work out a conciliatory
formula which would satisfy the British, the Hindus and the
Muslims at the same time. Given here is a brief overview of the
proposals made by different groups in this regard:
(1) Minto-Morley Reforms or the Government of India Act
1909.
(2) The Lucknow Pact 1916 (jointly agreed Congress. League
constitutional proposals).
(3) Montague-Chelmsford Reforms or the Government of India
Act 1919.
(4) The Delhi-Muslim Proposals 1927 (another conciliatory
effort made by the Quaid-e-Azam.
(5) The Simon Commission 1928.
(6) The Nehru Report 1928 (anti-Muslim Congress stance)
(7) The All Parties Muslim Conference (1928-1929).
(8) The Quaid-e-Azam's Fourteen Points 1929, minimum
Muslim constitutional demands; another effort by the Quaid-e
Azam to reach a mutually agreed constitutional accord).
(9) The Round Table Conference, London, 1930 to 1932, (an
effort made by the British government to hit at a commonly
agreed constitutional formula).
(10) Communal Award: declaration of the British Government
regarding the future constitution of India after the failure of
Indian representatives to reach an agreed formula.
(11) New constitutional arrangement; the Government of India
Act 1935.
(12) Arrival and failure of the Cripps Mission (1942).
(13) The Cabinet Mission Plan (1946); (a sincere British effort
towards the solution of the constitutional problem).
(14) British Prime Minister's declaration of February 20, 1947.
(Announcement of the British - decision to quit India till June
1948).
(15) Mountbatten's arrival and Third June 1947: Plan (final
proclamation of the Partition Plan).
(16) Indian Independence Act July 1947 (approved by
the British Parliament).
Q6. Give a background of the Khilafat Movement and a
brief account of its major events.
Ans:
(1)Introduction
(2) Establishment of the Khilafat Committee
(3) Hindu-Muslim Unity and Non-Cooperation:
(4) Khilafat Delegation:
(5) The Treaty of Sevres:
(6) NonCooperation Movement:
(7) Civil Disobedience:
(8) Mopla Uprising:
(9) Chora Chori Incident:
(10) Civil Disobedience called off:
(11) Reaction of the Leadership:
(12) Abolition of Khilafat:
(1)Introduction: Britain and her allies (the United States of
America being one of them) emerged victorious as a result of
the First World War (1914-1918). Behaviors of the Allies during
the War, and their arrogant proclamations, made the Muslims
highly apprehensive about their future designs. The Muslims
were afraid that the Allies may take over a part of the Turkish
Empire, distribute some of its parts among themselves, may
desecrate the holy Muslim shrines and even go to the extent of
dismembering the Turkish Empire which the Muslims cherished
as a symbol to the global Muslim fraternity. These
apprehensions gave out a wave of anger and unrest among the
Indian Muslim. They started a country-wide movement in which
the Hindus stood by their side and gave them full support.
(2) Establishment of the Khilafat Committee: In order to
organize a mass movement and launch a pinion forming
campaign, a committee was formed in 1919; it was named "The
India Khilafat Committee"
(3) Hindu-Muslim Unity and Non-Cooperation: In the year
1919 the Indian National Congress decided to support the
Muslims on the Khilafat issue, and authorized Gandhiji to chalk
out a road map for that matter. Gandhiji brought forward a
programme of non-cooperation with the government, which was
to be executed in four stages.
(4) Khilafat Delegation: In 1920 a delegation headed by
Maulana Muhammad Ali (Johar) set off for London.
The British government refused to give an ear. The delegation,
however, held some meetings and explained its position to the
general public.
(5) The Treaty of Sevres: In May 1920, the Allied Forces
decided on Turkey's fate under the treaty made at Sevres. The
Empire was stripped off its occupations in Europe and Arabia.
The Treaty was named after the venue where it was concluded.
(6) Non Cooperation Movement: Maulana Muhammad Ali
(Johar), Maulana Shaukat Ali Maulana Zafar Ali Khan, Maulana
Abu ul-Kalam Azad and Maulana Hasrat Mohani (RA) set the
Indian emotion at fire with their speeches. An all India hartal
was observed on the appeal of the Khilafat committee on August
1, 1920. Gandhiji was elected leader of the Non Cooperation
Movement. As a part of the non-cooperation programme courts
were boycotted, government servants resigned services, students
all over India quit educational institutions and many of
the British title holders surrendered their titles and decorations
as protest; Ali Brothers (Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali) were
convicted on charges of high treason and given two years
rigorous imprisonment.
(7)Civil Disobedience: In November 1921, the people were
given a call to break the law and disobey the government by
refusing to pay taxes and by all other possible means. About
twenty thousand people courted arrest as a result of this call.
(8) Mopla Uprising: Moplas were a Muslim community settled
on the south Indian shores. They claimed to be the descendants
of the Arab traders. In the year 1921 there was a clash between
the Moplas and the Hindu business lords of the area on issues of
purely local nature. These incidents provided the British
Government with a golden opportunity of creating rift between
the Hindus and the Muslims. Exaggerated reports about Hindu-
Muslim riots were spread, which provoked the extremists on
both sides, riots spread throughout India. This state of affairs
caused a great setback to the Khilafat Movement.
(9) Chora Chori Incident: In the year 1922, an infuriated mob
at Chora Chori, a small township in the UP laid siege to a police
station and set it at fire. Twenty on policemen were burnt alive.
(10) Civil Disobedience called off: Gandhiji said that since the
Civil Disobedience Movement had deviated from its avowed
path of non-violence, it was necessary to call it off. He made this
decision at a time when the Movement had reached its climax.
(11) Reaction of the Leadership: The entire leadership of the
movement, the Hindu and the Muslim alike was stunned at this
sudden decision. Most of the leaders thought that this decision
was without justification and had caused a great setback to the
Movement.
(12) Abolition of Khilafat: Ataturak came to power in Turkey.
In the year 1923 he abolished the institution of Khilafat. This
proclamation came as the final death below the Khilafat
Movement in India.
Q7. Examine the impact and outcomes of the Tehrik- e-
Khilafat in detail.
Ans:
(1)Results and Consequences:
(2) Beginning of common man's politics in the sub-continent:
(3) A step towards the Liberation of India:
(4) Spirit of global Muslim brotherhood strengthened:
(5) Inspiration for the Turk soldiers:
(6) Success of a moderate approach:
(1)Results and Consequences:
Apparently futile Muslim efforts to keep the institution of
Khilafat alive failed but otherwise these efforts had far reaching
impact on the Indian Politics i.e.
(2) Beginning of common man's politics in the sub-continent:
It was the first popular movement which touched almost all parts
of the sub-continent. It was through Khilafat platform that the
leaders of public opinion came very close to the common man. It
gave people the consciousness which was to serve as a
motivation force behind the Muslim struggle for the
achievement of Pakistan in the days to come.
(3) A step towards the Liberation of India: It was an
important step towards the liberation of India from the shackles
of the British rule. The forceful expression of India's popular
sentiments against Imperialism helped the British rulers to
understand that it was impossible to deep India under their
control for ever; they started to make their mind to quit.
(4) Spirit of global Muslim brotherhood strengthened: The
Khilafat movement strengthened the spirit of pan-Islamism and
the feelings of global Muslim brotherhood. Its failure made the
Muslims realize that religious issues cannot be resolved through
agitational politics.
(5) Inspiration for the Turk soldiers:
Although the Indian Muslims did not succeed in achieving their
core objective, yet the Khilafat Movement did great service to
the Turks who were fighting the war of their survival. Speeches
and statements of the Khilafat leaders were translated and spread
in Turkey, and it gave the Turk soldiers courage to consolidate
and strengthen their position in the areas left for Turkey after the
war was over, and drive the enemies out of the Turk areas.
(6) Success of a moderate approach: The moderate Muslims
leaders like Allama Muhammad Iqbal and the Quaid-e Azam
were second to none in their sympathies for the Turks, but they
did not indulge themselves in the politics of agitation or the
emotional frenzy spurred by the Khilafat leaders. They believed
that no substantial success can be achieved through emotional
and agitation politics. Results proved that these leaders were
right. Failure of the Khilafat Movement enhanced people's trust
and confidences in moderate politicians.
08. What important events paved way for the adoption of the
Lahore Resolution?
Ans:
1) Background
2) The Two Nation Theory
3) Hindu Extremism
4) Iqbal’s Ideology of Muslim Brotherhood
5) Period of Congress Rule
6) Popularity of Muslim League
(1)Background: The Lahore Resolution is the most significant
landmark in the history of our freedom struggle. In the month of
March 1940, the Muslims of India adopted a resolution
embodying their national objectives and expressing their firm
commitment to make all out efforts for the achievement of these
objectives. Important events and factors that led to the adoption
of this Resolution are summed up here:
(2)The Two Nation Theory: The Muslims, by virtue of their
faith, are a nation separate and distinct from all other nations of
the World. Their spiritual and national aspirations could only be
realized in a state which was Islamic in nature, where they could
live as free citizens and could mode their lives in accordance
with Islamic injunctions.
(3)Hindu Extremism: The Muslims had lived with the Hindus
as neighbors and compatriots for about one thousand years. On
the basis of their experience they could not expect good
neighborly treatment from the extremist Hindus, who had
already made it clear that the Muslims had no place in India,
they should either embrace Hinduism or quit India.
(4)Iqbal's Ideology of Muslim Nationhood: Delivering his
presidential address at the "annual session of the Muslim League
held in 1930, poet-philosopher Allama Muhammad lqbal said
that the north western part of the Indian sub-continent was
predominantly Muslim, that Muslims living in these areas form
a distinct and separate national entity and that their rights in any
future constitution should be determined in this light.
(5)Period of Congress Rule: Congress ministries were formed
in seven out of the eleven Indian provinces, these governments
worked till 1939. Bad governance and the oppressive rule of the
congress ministries created a general discontentment and despair
among the Muslims. Demand for a separate Muslim homeland
was its immediate outcome.
(6)Popularity of the Muslim League: The Quaid-e-Azam kept
persistently in touch with the Muslims during the oppressive
Congress rule, he was successful in impressing upon them that a
horrible future lies ahead them if the Congress were entrusted
authority to rule the whole of India. As a result of the Quaid-e-
Azam efforts the Muslim League which had failed to attract the
Muslim masses in 1936-37 elections, emerged as the sole
representative of the Muslim nation.
Q9. Elaborate salient features of the Lahore Resolution and
determine its place and role in the history of our freedom
movement.
Ans:
(1)Salient Features of the Lahore Resolution:
(2)Federal Scheme Disapproved
(3)Establishment of Independent State
(4)Safeguard of Minorities
(5)Extent of State Sovereignty
(1)Salient Features of “The Lahore Resolution”:
The Lahore Resolution embodied minimum demands regarding
the political status of the Muslims in South-East Asia. The
Muslims resolved in unambiguous terms that they will only
accept a constitutional formula which satisfies the following
Muslim demands:
(2) Federal Scheme Disapproved: The federal scheme
formulated in the Government of India Act 1935 is absolutely
unsuitable for the Indian conditions. The Indian Muslims will
never accept it.
(3) Establishment of Independent States: It was clearly stated
that a constitution acceptable for the Muslims of India shall be
based on the following principles:
"Geographically contiguous units are demarcated into regions in
which the Muslims are numerically a majority, as in the
northwestern and eastern zones of India, should be grouped to
constitute independent states in which the Constituent units shall
be autonomous and sovereign".
(4)Safeguards for Minorities: In the newly established Muslim
and non Muslim states adequate constitutional safeguards should
be provided to minorities, with their consultation, for the
protection of their religious, cultural, economic, political and
administrative rights and interests.
(5)Extent of State Sovereignty: The Resolution authorized the
Muslim League Working Committee to draft a detailed
constitutional scheme in the light of the principles stipulated in
the Resolution, this scheme shall ensure that the states created
under this scheme have full control over defence, foreign affairs,
communications, customs and all other necessary subjects.
Analysis:
Following are the most notable features of the Lahore
Resolution.
-
(1) Word 'Pakistan" was no where used in the text of the Lahore
Resolution.
(2) The Resolution did not demand one Muslim state in clear
terms. The ambiguity, which was caused due to the use of plural
'states', was removed later at Madras session of the Muslim
League held in 1941.
(3) The boundaries of the Muslim slate or states were not
defined in the Resolution, words like units, regions and zones
were used instead.
(4) The Resolution was originally called 'Lahore Resolution' but
later it came to be known as "Pakistan Resolution' This name
was given by the hostile Hindu press, and was readily picked up
by the Quaid-e Azam. In the following years the Lahore
Resolution was referred to as the sole document formulating
Indian Muslims unanimous national demands.
Importance of the Lahore Resolution:
Adoption of the Lahore Resolution was, undoubtedly, a
significant landmark in the history of the Muslim India.
Following reasons signify its importance:
(1) Through this Resolution, the Muslims of India set their
national objectives and expressed their unflinching
determination to make all out efforts for the achievement of
these objectives.
(2)Representatives of the Muslims from all over India attended
the Lahore session. Events in the following years proved that
Muslims had reposed full confidence in the Muslims League.
Pakistan was taken up as the core issue by the Muslim League in
the election manifesto it gave for the 1945-46 elections. The
Muslims rallied round the Muslim League in great numbers and
the same party which had failed to attract people in the 1937
elections, now emerged as the sole representative of the Muslim
nation all over India.
(3) The Lahore Resolution gave, a direction to the political
struggle of the Muslims, and within a short span of seven years
time the Muslims were able to achieve their cherished goal;
Pakistan.
Q10. What was the Cabinet Mission Plan? How did the
Congress and the Muslim League react to it?
Ans:
(1) Background
(2) Failure of Dialogue of Indian Leadership:
(3) Recommendations:
(1)Background: In fulfillment of the promise made during
1945-46 elections, the British Government sent three senior
members of the British Cabinet, in March 1946, as a last attempt
to preserve unity of the Indian federation. The delegation flew
from London and arrived in Delhi on March 24, 1946.
Representing the Congress Maulana Abul-Kalam Azad and
Gandhiji took a plea for the preservation of the Indian Union
and introduction of federal form of government. The Quaid-e-
Azam' tried to impress upon the members that Pakistan was the
only possible solution of the Indian problem.
(2)Failure of Dialogue of Indian Leadership:
Difference of opinion between the two major political parties
was substantial and sharp. The Mission tried to make an effort to
bring about the parties to a conciliatory formula acceptable for
both. Leaders of the two major parties were invited at Simla
from May 5, to 12, 1946 to discuss matters. Seven sessions were
held but no result could be achieved.
(3)Recommendations:
After the declaration of its failure to bring about the parties to a
conciliatory formula, the Mission published its own proposals
on May 16, 1946 with the hope that if these Proposals were
implemented, rights of the Muslims and other minorities will be
fully safeguarded within the framework of an Indian Union.
Summed up here are the major' proposals of the Cabinet Mission
Plan:
(1) Indian Union: India shall be a Union comprising the British
India and the Princely states. Union government shall control
foreign affairs, communications and taxation.
(2)Grouping Scheme: Provinces shall be divided into three
groups formed under following formula: Group A; six Hindu
majority provinces; Group B; three Muslim majority provinces;
Group C; two Muslim majority provinces.
(3) Internal Independence of the Provincial Groups:
Members of the Constituent Assembly shall be divided into
three groups and shall frame constitutions for their respective
groups. After the date of first elections held under the
Constitution, each provincial legislature shall be given a chance
to decide whether it wanted to remain a part of the group or quit
it. (After ten years)
(4) Establishment of the Interim Government: The Plan
further envisaged that an interim government shall be formed at
the centre till the formation of the constitution and its
implementation. In this government, all important, portfolios,
including the Ministry of Defence, shall be held by the Indians.
Reaction:
The Muslim League council decided to approve the plan. The
council resented that the plan did not clearly provide for the
demand for Pakistan but it saw a ray of hope in the "grouping
scheme", and confirmed that the party would join the constituent
with the hope that it would be able to achieve its objectives
through constitutional means.
Gandhi ji interpreted the Plan as "an appeal and an advice". He
said that the Constituent Assembly as a sovereign body shall
have the power to amend the Plan. This interpretation made
congress approval meaningless, so the Muslim League also
withdrew its approval.
11. Give a background account of the Third June Plan: also
give its salient features.
Ans:
(1) Introduction
(2) Arrival of Mount Batten
(3) The Indian Constituent Assembly
(4) Provincial Assemblies
(5) Princely States
(6) Dominion Status
(1)Introduction: On February 20, 1947 the British Prime
Minister Clement Attlee made a statement in the British
Parliament declaring that:
(1) India shall be given independence by June 1948.
(2) If the Constituent Assembly fails to frame constitution
within the stipulated time limit, the British, government shall
decide if the powers are to be transferred to a central
government or certain provincial governments.
(3) Mountbatten was appointed viceroy; he was to replace
Wavell.
(2)Arrival of Mountbatten: Mountbatten reached India in the
last week of March 1947. He discussed matters with the Indian
leaders and was convinced that it was not possible to keep India
united for a longer period of time. Mountbatten worked out a
partition plan and in May 1947 he flew to England to seek
approval of the British Government on the plan. The approval
was readily granted. Given approval by all major Indian political
parties the partition plan was announced by the Viceroy on June
3, 1947, following are the salient features of this Plan:
(3) The Indian Constituent Assembly : The British
Government shall not impose its own constitution on India. The
Indian Constituent Assembly shall frame a Constitution under
which the government of the Indian Union shall be run. This
Constitution, however, shall not be mandatory for the units
unwilling to adopt it.
(4)The Provincial Assemblies : The Provincial assemblies shall
be entitled to decide which of the two Constituent Assemblies
their respective provinces shall join. The Plan stipulated
different formulas for the provinces of the Punjab Bengal the
NWFP, Balochistan and for district of Sylhat in East Bengal.
(4)The Princely States: The Princely States were also offered
an option to join either of the two states, keeping in view their
geographical position and "other conditions" or to remain
independent by making treaty arrangements with either of the
two successor states.
(5) Dominion Status : Powers were to be transferred by the
British to one or two successor states, with "Dominion Status"
during the same year.