CEGEP ST.
LAWRENCE - Champlain
201-NYA-05: Differential Calculus
Patrice Camiré
Extensive Review
1. Determine whether the curve is the graph of a function of one variable.
a) b) c) d)
1 + x if x ≤ 1
2. Given that f (x) = , evaluate f (0), f (1) and f (2).
x2 if x > 1
3. Find the equation of the line defined by the following.
a) The line passing through the points (1, 8) and (−1, −2).
b) The line passing through the point (1, 3) and perpendicular to the line y = 2x + 1.
c) The vertical line passing through the point (−2, 5).
d) The line passing through the points (1.1, 5) and (−17.3, 5).
4. Find the domain of each function.
√ √
3
sin(t)
a) f (x) = x+2+ x d) f (t) =
√ √ √ 2t − 1
p
b) f (x) = x+2+ 3x+ 5−x e) f (t) = 9 − t2
5x + 4 1
c) f (x) = 2 f) f (x) = √4
x + 3x + 2 2
x − 5x
5. Find the range of each function.
2
a) f (x) =
x−1 √
b) f (t) = cos(t) + 2
c) f (x) = (x + 1)4 − 3
6. A function f (x) is called even if f (−x) = f (x) for all x and is called odd if f (−x) = −f (x) for
all x. Determine whether the following functions are even, odd or neither.
a) f (x) = x7 − x3 d) f (t) = |t| sin(t)
x2 + cos(x)
b) f (x) = 1 + x8 e) f (x) =
x + x3
2
c) f (t) = 2t − 6t
x if x ≥ 0
7. Recall that the absolute value function is given by |x| = . Here is its graph:
−x if x < 0
The absolute value |x| represents the size of the real number x; the
distance between 0 and x. For example, if A > 0 then |x| < A if and only if −A < x < A.
a) For which values of x is it true that |3x − 1| < 5?
b) Using what you know about transformations of functions (vertical shift, horizontal shift,
compressing, stretching, reflecting) use the graph of |x| to produce the graph of −2|x−1|+3.
c) Sketch the graph of the function | log10 (x)|.
8. Completing the Squares and the Quadratic Formula √
b2 − 4ac
−b ±
If a > 0, then the solutions to the quadratic equation ax2
+ bx + c = 0 are x = .
2a
This can be derived by a technique known as completing the squares. The idea is to eliminate
the linear term in x, that is bx. Here is how it goes.
2
√ b2
2 b
ax + bx + c = ax + √ + c− (completing the squares) ,
2 a 4a
thus 2
√ b2
2 b
ax + bx + c = 0 if and only if ax + √ + c− = 0.
2 a 4a
Solving for x in the last equality yields the well-known quadratic formula (I suggest you go
through the algebra). Note that in the case where a < 0, you just need to factor the minus sign
first.
Completing the squares is also the only technique needed in order to graph a parabola, that is
a function of the form f (x) = ax2 + bx + c where a 6= 0. Suppose you must graph the function
f (x) = x2 − 6x + 4. Completing the squares yields
f (x) = x2 − 6x + 4 = (x − 3)2 − 5
and from the transformation rules, we know that f (x) is the parabola given by y = x2 shifted
to the right by 3 and downward by 5. Here is the graph:
Using the same idea, sketch the graph of the following function.
a) f (x) = −x2 − 6x + 1
b) f (x) = 4x2 − 8x + 3
9. Factoring
Given a polynomial f (x) = an xn + an−1 xn−1 + · · · + a1 x + a0 , it is often useful to factor it, such
as x2 − x − 6 = (x − 3)(x + 2). But what about factoring x3 − 1? The following result comes in
handy.
x-a is a factor of f(x) if and only if f(a)=0 .
Thus looking for factors of f (x) is the same as looking for zeros of f (x). In the case
that f (x) = x3 − 1, it is clear that f (1) = 0 and so x − 1 is a factor of x3 − 1, which is definitely
not obvious. We can now perform long divison.
x2 + x + 1
x3
x−1 −1
− x3 + x2
x2
− x2 + x
x−1
−x+1
0
Therefore − 1 = (x − 1)(x2 + x + 1) and x2 + x + 1 has no real zeros (why?... think quadratic
x3
formula), thus this completes the factorization over the real numbers.
Factor the following polynomial as much as you can over the real numbers. Use the above
result/discussion.
a) x3 − 8
b) x3 − 5x2 − 17x + 21
c) x2 − x − 2
10. State the Pythagorean Theorem.
11. Using the Pythagorean Theorem, show that thepdistance between two points (x1 , y1 ), (x2 , y2 ) in
the Cartesian plane is given by the expression (x2 − x1 )2 + (y2 − y1 )2 .
x+3 √
12. Given the functions f (x) = x2 − 1, g(x) = , h(x) = 9x , k(x) = log3 (x), r(x) = x and
x−1
s(x) = sin(x), give an expression for each function in terms of x. Try to obtain the answer
provided.
a) (f + g − r)(x)
b) (f · g)(x)
c) (r ◦ h)(x)
d) (f ◦ g)(x)
e) ((k ◦ h) ÷ g)(x)
f) (r ◦ h ◦ g)(x)
g) s(x + π/2) + ((h ◦ k) − f )(x)
13. Suppose the graph of f (x) is given. Write equations for the graphs that are obtained from the
graph of f (x) as follows.
a) Shift 4 units upward. f) Reflect about the x-axis.
b) Shift 2 units downward. g) Stretch vertically by a factor of 5.
c) Shift 1 unit to the left. h) Compress vertically by a factor of 3.
d) Shift 7 units to the right. i) Compress horizontally by a factor of 4.
e) Reflect about the y-axis. j) Stretch horizontally by a factor of 8.
Answers
1. a) No. b) Yes. c) No. d) Yes.
2. f (0) = 1, f (1) = 2 and f (2) = 4.
3. a) y = 5x + 3
b) y = − 12 x + 7
2
c) x = −2
d) y=5
4. a) [−2, ∞)
b) [−2, 5]
c) R \ {−2, −1} (This means every real number except for −2 and −1.)
d) R \ {1/2} (This means every real number except for 1/2.)
e) [−3, 3]
f) (−∞, 0) ∪ (5, ∞)
5. a) √ 0) ∪
(−∞, √(0, ∞)
b) [ 2 − 1, 2 + 1]
c) (−3, ∞)
6. a) odd
b) even
c) neither
d) odd
e) odd
4
7. a) − < x < 2
3
b) c)
8. a) f (x) = −x2 − 6x + 1 = −(x + 3)2 + 10, which is a parabola given by y = x2 shifted to the
left by 3, reflected about the x-axis and shifted upward by 10.
b) f (x) = 4x2 − 8x + 3 = (2x − 2)2 − 1 = 4(x − 1)2 − 1, which is a parabola given by
y = x2 shifted by 1 to the right, stretched vertically by 4 and shifted downward by 1.
√
9. If we look at the quadratic formula, we see the term b2 − 4ac, which is a real number if and
only if b2 − 4ac ≥ 0. In the case of x2 + x + 1, b2 − 4ac = 12 − 4(1)(1) = 1 − 4 = −3 < 0, thus
x2 + x + 1 has no real zeros and so no real factors.
a) x3 − 8 = (x − 2)(x2 + 2x + 4)
b) x3 − 5x2 − 17x + 21 = (x − 1)(x + 3)(x − 7)
c) x2 − x − 2 = (x + 1)(x − 2)
10. Given a right triangle with sides a, b and hypothenuse c, we have that a2 + b2 = c2 .
11. Draw an appropriate right triangle.
√ √
x3 − x2 + 4 + x − x3
12. a)
x−1
b) x2 + 4x + 3
c) 3x
8(x + 1)
d)
(x − 1)2
2x2 − 2x
e)
x+3
x+3
f) 3 x−1
g) 1 + cos(x)
13. a) f (x) + 4
b) f (x) − 2
c) f (x + 1)
d) f (x − 7)
e) f (−x)
f) −f (x)
g) 5f (x)
1
h) f (x)
3
i) f (4x)
j) f (x/8)