15EE662

SENSORS & TRANSDUCERS

Module 4
DATA TRANSMISSION & TELEMETRY
Prepared by
Vineeth Kumar P K
Asst. Prof, EEE dept.
SDMIT, Ujire.

21-07-2024 Dept. of EEE, SDMIT, Ujire 1

Syllabus
• Data Transmission and Telemetry: Data/Signal
Transmission, Telemetry.
• Measurement of Non – Electrical Quantities:
Pressure Measurement. 08 Hours

21-07-2024 Dept. of EEE, SDMIT, Ujire 2

 What is data transmission &
Telemetry?
Definition:
• The process by which the measurand is
transferred to a remote location for the
purpose of being processed , recorded &
displayed is known as data transmission and
telemretry.
• The device used for transferring the data for
long distance is known as Telemeters.

21-07-2024 Dept. of EEE, SDMIT, Ujire 3

Methods of data transmission
1. Hydraulic & Pneumatic methods
-Generally called Mechanical Transmission
-short distance (max. 200m)

2. Electrical/Electronic methods
- Using microwave

21-07-2024 Dept. of EEE, SDMIT, Ujire 4

Methods of data transmission
1. Hydraulic method

21-07-2024 Dept. of EEE, SDMIT, Ujire 5

Methods of data transmission
1. Hydraulic method
• There are four bellows.
• Two bellows at transmission end and another two at
receiving side.
• Four bellows connected with impulse pipeline.
• Liquid flows through impulse pipe
• Actuating link operating at transmission end
• During operation one bellow is expanded and other
bellow is contracted.
• This expansion & contraction communicated to
receiving end.

21-07-2024 Dept. of EEE, SDMIT, Ujire 6

Methods of data transmission
2. Pneumatic Transmission

21-07-2024 Dept. of EEE, SDMIT, Ujire 7

Methods of data transmission
2. Pneumatic Transmission
• Flapper nozzle mechanism
• Open nozzle supplied air through orifice.
• Flapper is linked with measurand
• Force on the flapper produced by the
transducer convert the mesurand into linear
displacement.

21-07-2024 Dept. of EEE, SDMIT, Ujire 8

Methods of data transmission
3. Electric type transducer
• Wheatstone bridge transmitter
• Inductance bridge
• Impedance bridge
• Differential transformer

21-07-2024 Dept. of EEE, SDMIT, Ujire 9

Telemetry
• Meaning of telemetry- Measuring at a
distance.
• Definition: Technology which allows users to
collect information from inaccessible &
inconvenient locations & transmit it to the
accessible places to process, record & display
the information in presentable form.

21-07-2024 Dept. of EEE, SDMIT, Ujire 10

Telemetry
General Telemetering System

21-07-2024 Dept. of EEE, SDMIT, Ujire 11

Telemetry
General Telemetering System
• In primary stage (input stage) measurand
detected by primary detector & send to the
channel transmitter.
• Intermediate stage: Telemeter transmitter,
Telemeter channel & Telemeter receiver.
• Telemeter transmitter converts the output of
the primary detector into an electrical signal &
transmit into telemeter channel.
21-07-2024 Dept. of EEE, SDMIT, Ujire 12
Telemetry
General Telemetering System
• Telemeter receiver receives electrical signals.
• Telemeter receiver converts the signals into a
usable form & is indicated or recorded or
displayed by the End Device.
• End device can be calibrated.
• Control Device can be implemented.

21-07-2024 Dept. of EEE, SDMIT, Ujire 13

Telemetry
Classification:
A. According to the link between the telemeter
transmitter and the telemeter receiver
1. Land line (DC) telemetry system
- Voltage Telemetering System
- Current Telemetering System
- Position (radio) Telemetering System

21-07-2024 Dept. of EEE, SDMIT, Ujire 14

Telemetry
Classification: (continued….)
2. Radio Frequency (RF) telemetry system
- Frequency Telemetering System
-Pulse Telemetering System
B. According to the form in Which the
information is transmitted
1. Analog Telemetering System
2. Digital Telemetering System

21-07-2024 Dept. of EEE, SDMIT, Ujire 15

Telemetry
Classification: (Explanation)
• Landline telemetering system: System must
have a direct physical link (Telemeter channel).
Physical link may be a cable or telegraphy or
power carrier line .
• Radio frequency Telemetering system: No
physical link between transmitter and receiver.
Radio links establishes between transmitter
and receiver.
21-07-2024 Dept. of EEE, SDMIT, Ujire 16
Telemetry
Classification: (Explanation)
• Analog telemetry system: Information is
transmitted in the form of current, voltage,
position & frequency.
• Digital telemetry system: system information
is transmitted in the form of pulses.

21-07-2024 Dept. of EEE, SDMIT, Ujire 17

Telemetry
Classification: (Explanation)
Advantages of landline telemetry system:
- Effective for short distance transmission
- Simple circuitry
- Information can be transmitted by modern circuitry
- Wide variety of detectors are available now days
Disadvantages of landline telemetry system:
-Limited frequency response
-Signal multiplexing is difficult
-Distortion of transmission link leads errors
-EMI problems
21-07-2024 Dept. of EEE, SDMIT, Ujire 18
Telemetry
Voltage Telemetering System:
Slide wire

Potentiometer

21-07-2024 Dept. of EEE, SDMIT, Ujire 19

Telemetry
Voltage Telemetering System:
• A voltage telemetry system transmit
measured variable as a function of AC or DC
voltage.
• By using voltage telemetry system measured
variable can transmit over 300m.

21-07-2024 Dept. of EEE, SDMIT, Ujire 20

Telemetry
Voltage Telemetering System:
Construction:
• In transmitting terminal a slide wire
potentiometer is connected in series with the
battery.
• Signal transmitting medium is made up of copper
wire.
• Sliding contact is connected to bourdon tube.
• In receiving terminal, null balance dc
potentiometer or recorder is used.

21-07-2024 Dept. of EEE, SDMIT, Ujire 21

Telemetry
Voltage Telemetering System:
Working:
• With the change in pressure in the system, bourdon
tube actuates the slider of potentiometer.
• Voltage changes at receiving end w.r.t change in
pressure in transmitter.
• In receiving side, with the help of null balance
potentiometer indicator calibrated in terms of pressure
scale (kN/m^2).

21-07-2024 Dept. of EEE, SDMIT, Ujire 22

Telemetry
Voltage Telemetering System:
Application:
Microphones, tachometers, bourdon tubes etc.
Drawbacks:
• Transmission is limited up to 300m.
• Receiver is costly.

21-07-2024 Dept. of EEE, SDMIT, Ujire 23

Telemetry
Current Telemetering System

21-07-2024 Dept. of EEE, SDMIT, Ujire 24

Telemetry
Current Telemetering System
• Similar to voltage telemetry system.
• Consists of slide wire potentiometer series with
battery.
• Slider is connected to bourdon tube which
measure pressure.
• Pair of copper wire used as a telemetry channel.
• At the receiving end milliammeter is connected in
series which is calibrated in terms of pressure
(kN/m^2) .

21-07-2024 Dept. of EEE, SDMIT, Ujire 25

Telemetry
Current Telemetering System
Working:
• When the pressure in the system changes, the
bourdon tubes moves sliding contact, thereby
changes in transmitter side.
• This current passes through receiving end via
telemetering channel.
• Milliammeter measures receiving end current
which is calibrated in pressure scale.
21-07-2024 Dept. of EEE, SDMIT, Ujire 26
Telemetry
Current Telemetering System
Advantages:
• Simple milliammeter can be used.
• Several receivers can be operated separately
• The energy level is high
Disadvantages:
• System is not suitable for longer distance.

21-07-2024 Dept. of EEE, SDMIT, Ujire 27

Telemetry
Current Telemetering System
Improvement In current telemetering system:
1. Motion balance current telemetering system
2. Force balance current telemetering system

21-07-2024 Dept. of EEE, SDMIT, Ujire 28

Telemetry
Position (Ratio) Telemetering System

21-07-2024 Dept. of EEE, SDMIT, Ujire 29

Telemetry
Position (Ratio) Telemetering System
• This system transmits and reproduces
measured variable in terms of positioning
variable with the help of potentiometer
arrangement shown in the diagram.
• There are two potentiometers arranged in
transmitter and receiving end respectively.
• Both potentiometers are operated under
common power supply.
21-07-2024 Dept. of EEE, SDMIT, Ujire 30
Telemetry
Position (Ratio) Telemetering System
• Receiving end scale is calibrated in terms of
kN/m^2.
• It obeys bridge Wheatstone bridge balancing
principle.
Advantages: No intermediate amplifiers are needed,
relatively inexpensive, less moving parts, low
maintenance.
Drawbacks: Affected by the excessive line resistance.
21-07-2024 Dept. of EEE, SDMIT, Ujire 31
Telemetry
Radio Frequency (RF) Telemetering System
• No physical link between transmitter and
receiver
• More suitable to transfer the data more than
1 km.
• Microwaves are to be used for RF telemetry
system

21-07-2024 Dept. of EEE, SDMIT, Ujire 32

Telemetry
Radio Frequency (RF) Telemetering System

21-07-2024 Dept. of EEE, SDMIT, Ujire 33

Telemetry
What is modulation?
• The process of combining the low frequency signal
with a very high frequency radio wave (carrier wave).
or
• Modulation is the process of varying one or more
properties of a periodic waveform, called the carrier
signal, with a modulating signal that typically contains
information to be transmitted.
or
• It is a process of combining audio frequency (AF) signal
with a radio frequency carrier (RF) is called modulation.

21-07-2024 Dept. of EEE, SDMIT, Ujire 34

Telemetry
What is modulation?

21-07-2024 Dept. of EEE, SDMIT, Ujire 35

Telemetry
Methods of Modulation
• Analog Modulation: Amplitude modulation,
Frequency modulation, Phase modulation etc .
• Digital Modulation: Phase Shift Keying (PSK),
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK), Amplitude Shift
Keying (ASK), Quadrature Amplitude
Modulation (QAM) etc.

21-07-2024 Dept. of EEE, SDMIT, Ujire 36

Telemetry
Need for Modulation
• Increases the operating range
• It reduces size of transmitting & receiving
antennas.
• Permits wireless transmission.

21-07-2024 Dept. of EEE, SDMIT, Ujire 37

Telemetry
Amplitude Modulation
• The process by which the amplitude of carrier
wave is varied in accordance with the
modulating signal is called amplitude
modulation.
• Operating range: 550 to 1550 kHz
• Drawbacks: smaller operating range, poor
efficiency, poor audio quality & noisy
reception.
21-07-2024 Dept. of EEE, SDMIT, Ujire 38
Telemetry
Amplitude Modulation

21-07-2024 Dept. of EEE, SDMIT, Ujire 39

Telemetry
Frequency Modulation
• The process by which the frequency of carrier
wave is varied in accordance with the modulating
signal is called frequency modulation.
• Here amplitude of the modulating wave is same
as that of the carrier wave.
• Advantages: Better audio quality, Higher
transmission efficiency & noiseless reception.
• Drawbacks: Costlier & complex equipment,
smaller area of reception & wider channel is
needed.
21-07-2024 Dept. of EEE, SDMIT, Ujire 40
Telemetry
Frequency Modulation

21-07-2024 Dept. of EEE, SDMIT, Ujire 41

Telemetry
Pulse Modulation
• Pulse modulation is a technique of modulating
the analog signal & converting it into
corresponding values.
• In pulse modulation, either amplitude or
width or position of the pulse is varied
according to instantaneous voltage of signal.
• Types: Analog- PAM, PTM:PWM&PPM
Digital –Delta modulation & PCM
21-07-2024 Dept. of EEE, SDMIT, Ujire 42
Telemetry
Pulse Modulation

PAM

21-07-2024 Dept. of EEE, SDMIT, Ujire 43

Modems

21-07-2024 Dept. of EEE, SDMIT, Ujire 44

Telemetry
Frequency Modulation Telemetry System
• Output of transducer/signal conditioner
modulates the frequency of a Voltage Controlled
Subcarrier oscillator.
• Mixing of signals takes place in Mixer block.
• Transmission is done using Antenna.
• FM demodulator is employed in receiving station.
• Drawback: Capacity of channels offered is less.

21-07-2024 Dept. of EEE, SDMIT, Ujire 45

Telemetry
Frequency Modulation Telemetry System

21-07-2024 Dept. of EEE, SDMIT, Ujire 46

Telemetry
Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) Telemetry
System
• Using Time Division Multiplexing technique

21-07-2024 Dept. of EEE, SDMIT, Ujire 47

Telemetry
Pulse Code Modulation Telemetry System
(PCM)

21-07-2024 Dept. of EEE, SDMIT, Ujire 48

Telemetry
Measurement of Non-Electrical Quantities
Pressure measurement
Pressure:
• Defined as force per unit area
• Pressure exerted by gases, vapours & liquids.

21-07-2024 Dept. of EEE, SDMIT, Ujire 49

Telemetry
Atmospheric pressure:
• The atmospheric air exerts a normal pressure
upon all surfaces with which it is in contact is
known as atmospheric pressure.
• Atmospheric pressure at sea level is called
standard atmospheric pressure.

21-07-2024 Dept. of EEE, SDMIT, Ujire 50

Telemetry

21-07-2024 Dept. of EEE, SDMIT, Ujire 51

Telemetry
Gauge pressure
• Pressure measured with the help of pressuring
instrument where atmospheric pressure is
taken as a reference.
Absolute pressure
• Pressure measured above the absolute zero of
pressure is termed as absolute pressure.
• Absolute pressure= Atmospheric pressure +
Gauge pressure
21-07-2024 Dept. of EEE, SDMIT, Ujire 52
Telemetry
Vacuum pressure
• Difference between atmospheric pressure and
absolute pressure.

Static Pressure
• Force per unit area acting on the wall by a
fluid at rest.

21-07-2024 Dept. of EEE, SDMIT, Ujire 53

Telemetry
Dynamic Pressure
• Dynamic pressure= V^2
2g

Total pressure
• Sum of static pressure and dynamic pressure

21-07-2024 Dept. of EEE, SDMIT, Ujire 54

Telemetry
Units of pressure:
• SI unit : N/m^2 or Pascal.
• 1 bar = 100 kPa =10^5 N/m^2
Pressure Measuring Instruments
• Low pressure: Manometers & low pressure gauge
• Medium & high pressure: Burdon tube,
diaphragm gauge, bellow pressure gauge etc
• Low & ultra high vacuum: Ionization gauge
• Varying pressure: CRO & Engine indicator
21-07-2024 Dept. of EEE, SDMIT, Ujire 55
Telemetry
Electrical pressure transducers:
• Transform pressure into electrical signal.
List of pressure transducers
1. Resistance type pressure transducers
2. Pressure voltage type
3. Inductive type
4. Capacitive type
5. Carbon pile type
6. Piezoelectric type
[Link] type
[Link] type
21-07-2024 Dept. of EEE, SDMIT, Ujire 56
Telemetry
Electrical pressure transducers:
1. Resistance type pressure transducers
- Two types
- (i) Stain gauge & (ii) Moving contacts

21-07-2024 Dept. of EEE, SDMIT, Ujire 57

Telemetry

Stain gauge

21-07-2024 Dept. of EEE, SDMIT, Ujire 58

 Telemetry
Moving contacts

21-07-2024 Dept. of EEE, SDMIT, Ujire 59

Telemetry
Electrical pressure transducers:
2. Pressure-voltage type
• Potentiometer is used to convert a pressure
signal into an electrical voltage.
• Servo mechanism

21-07-2024 Dept. of EEE, SDMIT, Ujire 60

 Pressure-voltage type
21-07-2024 Dept. of EEE, SDMIT, Ujire 61
Telemetry
Electrical pressure transducers:
3. Inductance type pressure transducer
• 3 components: Coil, movable magnet core &
elastic deformation element.
• Elastic deformation element attaches to core.
• Pressure variation-changes the core position-
change in inductance.
• LVDT is an another type of pressure transducers.

21-07-2024 Dept. of EEE, SDMIT, Ujire 62

 Inductance type pressure transducer

21-07-2024 Dept. of EEE, SDMIT, Ujire 63

21-07-2024 Dept. of EEE, SDMIT, Ujire 64
Telemetry
Electrical pressure transducers:
4. Capacitive type pressure transducers
• Capacitive pressure transducers consists of
two conductive plates & a dielectric medium.

21-07-2024 Dept. of EEE, SDMIT, Ujire 65

Telemetry
Electrical pressure transducers:
5. Carbon pile pressure measurement
• Pressure changes to resistance changes
• Pressure changes reduces volume of carbon
pile & decreases resistance.

21-07-2024 Dept. of EEE, SDMIT, Ujire 66

21-07-2024 Dept. of EEE, SDMIT, Ujire 67
Telemetry
Electrical pressure transducers:
6. Piezoelectric pressure transducers
-using piezoelectric crystal.

21-07-2024 Dept. of EEE, SDMIT, Ujire 68

Telemetry
Electrical pressure transducers:
7. Photoelectric pressure transducers
– Operates based on change in pressure.
– Change in pressure affects the increase or
decrease in window spacing &affects the light
source and output voltage.

21-07-2024 Dept. of EEE, SDMIT, Ujire 69

Photoelectric pressure transducers

21-07-2024 Dept. of EEE, SDMIT, Ujire 70

Telemetry
Bridgman gauge
• Measurement of high pressure

21-07-2024 Dept. of EEE, SDMIT, Ujire 71

Telemetry
Indirect methods of pressure measurements
• Pirani vacuum gauge
• Thermal conductivity gauge
• Ionization gauge
• Radio active vacuum meters

21-07-2024 Dept. of EEE, SDMIT, Ujire 72

Telemetry
Pirani Vacuum Gauge
• Indirect method of pressure measurement
– Single tungsten filament
– Enclosed in a chamber
– Changes in pressure causes changes in filament
temperature & its resistance.
– Resistance can be measured using bridge balancing
principle.
– Advantages: Inexpensive, rugged, wide range, fast
response etc
– Disadvantages: Need calibration, non linear scale, poor
transient response, power is needed for operation etc.
21-07-2024 Dept. of EEE, SDMIT, Ujire 73
21-07-2024 Dept. of EEE, SDMIT, Ujire 74
Telemetry
Ionization gauge
• Low pressure very measurement
• Similar to ordinary electronic tube
• Ionization principle
• Glass envelop
• Inside-heating element
• Positive & negative plates
• External pressure influences heating element
• Current flows based on pressure & that can be
measured
21-07-2024 Dept. of EEE, SDMIT, Ujire 75
Ionization gauge

21-07-2024 Dept. of EEE, SDMIT, Ujire 76

 Thank you

21-07-2024 Dept. of EEE, SDMIT, Ujire 77