* CURRICULUM STUDY CHAPTER moav QUESTIONS

How did the War of What was the aim of Why were the reform How and why did
There are three depth studies for this historical period. Independence of 1857 the Aligarh Movement? movements on the nationalism in India
For each depth study, there are up to three electives affect the position of rise in India between become a cause to
Muslims in India? the seventeenth and fight for?
that focus on a particular society, event, movement or eighteenth centuries?
development. It is expected that ONE elective will be
studied in detail. A depth study will constitute
approximately 30% of the total teaching time for the
year. The content in each depth study elective is
designed to allow detailed study of specific aspects of
this historical period. As part of a teaching and
learning program, depth study content can be
integrated with the overview content and/or other
depth study electives.

Overview 10%
Depth Study 1 30%
Depth Study 2 30%
Depth Study 3 30%
Total 100%

KEY INQUIRY QUESTIONS

• How did the War of Independence of 1857 affect
the position of Muslims in India
• What was the aim of the Aligarh Movement?
• Why were the reform movements on the rise in
India between the seventeenth and eighteenth
centuries.
• How and why did nationalism in India become a
cause to fight for?

DEPTH STUDY 1: THE INDIAN

SUBCONTINENT’
As part of Depth Study 1 ‘The Indian Subcontinent’,
teachers may elect to study Muslim Renaissance in the
Subcontinent

CHAPTER CONTENT
Unit 1 ‘Snapshot’ helps students to understand the major events leading up to the Indian subcontinent
showing British expansion. Unit 2 ‘The Aligarh Movement' investigates The Aligarh Movement,
Muhammadan Educational Conference, The Two-Nation Theory. Unit 3 ’Muslim Revivalist Movements
in the Subcontinent’ explores the significant role of the Indian Muslim scholars such as Mujaddid
Alf-Sani, Shah Waliullah, Syed Ahmad Shaheed Barelvi, Haji Shariatullah. Unit 4 ‘Rise of Muslim and
Hindu Nationalism' looks at the Hindu Revivalist Movements, the Indian National Congress, the
partition of Bengal, Simla Deputation, the All India Muslim League, the Morley-Minto Reforms, and the
annulment of the partition of Bengal.

24 PEARSON history Book3

 fRE-PREPARAT|nM .
SUGGESTIONS FOR INTRODUCING

USLIM RENAISSAN •
•
There are a number of YouTube clips that
introduces the topic.
Have students flip quickly through the pages of
the chapter and identify items that they already
know something about or that they are interested
in learning more about. The results could be used
as part of the KWL exercise suggested below.
• Students spend fifteen minutes on internet
research, using search terms such as videos about
Muslim Renaissance in the Subcontinent. At the
end of the search period, a list of interesting sites
could be compiled and students could view one
another’s findings. This exercise could also feed
into the ‘What I want to know’ part of the KWL.
• Students complete a KWL chart (What 1 know,
What I want to know, What I have learnt)
individually or in groups. The first two sections
should be completed before beginning the

Jniversit
elective, and can be used for class discussion and
to establish goals for learning. The final section
should be completed at the end of the elective to
track how well students met their learning goals.

IN A NUTSHELL
After the 1857 War of Independence, Muslims in
British India faced economic decline, political
marginalization, and social disintegration. Sir Syed
Ahmed Khan's efforts, including founding Aligarh
Muslim University, modernized Muslim education and
promoted political awareness. Educational institutions
like Aligarh, Deoband, and Nadvatul Ulama advanced
both traditional and modem learning. The
Muhammadan Educational Conference aimed to
improve Muslim education and political representation.
In response to being under represented and to
safeguard their interests, the Muslim League was
formed in 1906, highlighting the need for a dedicated
political platform.
Aligarh Muslim
University

KEY TERMS
Objectives-Goals or aims that individuals or groups strive to achieve. In the context of a
movement or organization, objectives refer to the specific outcomes or changes they seek to
accomplish.
Movement— A collective effort by a group of people to achieve a particular goal or bring about
social, political, or economic change. Movements are often organized and sustained over time to
address specific issues or advocate for reforms.
Communities— Groups of people who share common interests, characteristics, or geographic
locations. Communities can be defined by various factors such as culture, religion, ethnicity, or
shared values and goals.
Reforms— Changes or improvements made to systems, policies, or practices to address issues,
correct deficiencies, or advance progress. Reforms are often implemented to improve social,
political, or economic conditions.
* CURRICULUM STUDY

HISTORICAL KNOWLEDGE AND

UNDERSTANDING
A map of the Indian subcontinent showing British
CONTENT DESCRIPTORS expansion between 1805 and 1910, sourced from
• British Expansion in the Indian subcontinent 1912 Cambridge Historical Atlas Map of India

• Features of politics in India

HISTORICAL SKILLS
CHRONOLOGY, TERMS AND CONCEPTS
• Sequence historical events and periods
• Use historical terms and concepts

After the 1857 War of Independence and the

collapse of the Mughal Empire led to the British
blaming Muslims for the revolt, resulting in their
political marginalization and economic displace¬
ment. Many Muslims lost their land and
government positions, and their social status
deteriorated. In response, reform movements
emerged, spearheaded by figures like Sir Syed
Ahmed Khan, who sought to modernize Muslim
education and society. These reforms aimed to
address the socio-economic challenges faced by
Muslims and revitalize their cultural and
educational practices in the face of British
colonialism.

PEARSON hlStoryBook3

KEY TERMS
Bay of Bengal-A large bay in the north-eastern part of the Indian Ocean, bordered by India to
the west, Bangladesh to the north, Myanmar to the east, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands to
the southeast. It is a significant body of water for trade, climate, and geography in the region.
India-A country located in South Asia, known for its diverse culture, history, and geographical
features. It is the seventh-largest country by land area and the second-most populous country in
the world.
Expansion-The process of increasing in size, scope, or range. In historical or geopolitical
contexts, it often refers to the growth of a country's territory, influence, or power.
British-In historical contexts, especially related to colonialism, "British" often refers to the
British Empire and its colonial activities and influence around the world.

26 PEARSON history Book3

 TEACHING and
I learning strategies
IMPACT OF THE WAR OF
INDEPENDENCE
The failure of the War of Independence in 1857 saw
the end of the Mughal Empire and the succession SKILLS ACTIVITY
HEjHS of the British. A new phase of history began in the
subcontinent, where Muslim society was put in a ANALYSIS AND USE OF SOURCES
weakening state. The British Crown believed that Ml: visual-spatial, verbal-linguistic
primarily, the Muslims had initiated revolt against British
1857 War of Independence
1858 Mughal Empire is deposed of rule. For this reason, they mostly blamed the Indian 1 Students examine Source 1.2 and the rest of the unit
1859 Sir Syed Ahmed Khan's Muslims and removed them from positions of power.
‘Asbab e Baghawat e Hind' to answer the following questions.
is published
SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS OF What change occurred in 1876 regarding the British
1867 Urdu - Hindi controversy
Dar-ul-Uloom Deoband founded
INDIAN MUSLIMS monarchy in India?
The socio-economic conditions of Muslims in India In 1876, Queen Victoria was declared Empress of India,
after the War of 1857 were characterised by economic
displacement, political marginalisation, and efforts to symbolizing the formal establishment of British sovereignty
1875 Aligarh Movement begins preserve religious and cultural identity in the face of over India.
1876 Queen Victoria becomes
the Empress of India
British colonialism. There was unfair treatment with
the Muslim community by the British. Their land and When was the Indian National Congress established,
property were confiscated on a large scale and they were and what was its initial purpose?
treated with suspicion and hostility. Prior to the war,
many Muslim elites held significant landownership and
The Indian National Congress was established in 1885 with
1885 The Indian National Congress
is established positions of power, particularly in the Mughal courts and the initial purpose of providing a platform for Indians to
regional kingdoms. express their political demands and seek reforms from the
Many Muslims in the government services were dismissed British government.
and the Hindus outnumbered them by a ratio of 4:1.
Indian Muslims had, therefore, begun to feel that the What was the impact of the 1905 Partition of Bengal?
British were destroying their economic standing, religion, The 1905 Partition of Bengal divided the province along
social customs and traditional way of life. Their status in religious lines, which was seen by many as an attempt to
HUH! the society was not as strong as it used to be during the
Mughal era. Muslims felt threatened by the British due to weaken nationalist movements by creating a divide between
1905 Partition of Bengal the growing western ideologies and diminishing Islamic Hindus and Muslims. It was later reversed in 1911.
1906 Simla Deputation education, which ultimately led to the growth of Islamic
All India Muslim League is established
1909 Morley-Minto Reforms are introduced revivalist movements. What was the significance of the Simla Deputation in
1911 Partition of Bengal is annulled 1906?
RISE OF REFORM MOVEMENTS The Simla Deputation of 1 906 was a meeting between
Under these circumstances, a new development was Muslim leaders and the British government, which led to the
being witnessed in Indian society - the rise of reform
movements. Reform movements emerge in a society establishment of the All India Muslim League and the
when the people are not satisfied with their existing recognition of Muslim political demands.
condition - either political, social or economic. The desire
to improve the existing conditions caused some people to What were the Morley-Minto Reforms introduced in
join together in a collective struggle. One such struggle 1909?
was started by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan in the nineteenth The Morley-Minto Reforms of 1909 introduced limited
century, which led the way for the reformation and
progress of the Muslims through ‘rebirth of learning self-government reforms, increased representation of
and education’. Indians in legislative councils, and provided separate
Prior to Sir Syed Ahmed Khan's reforms, different Muslim electorates for Muslims, allowing them greater political
scholars and movements had arisen in the subcontinent to representation.
preserve Islamic education amidst challenging times. The
influence of such Muslim scholars, like Shah Waliullah What was the outcome of the 1911 annulment of the
Events of the and others, provided guidance during the period of Partition of Bengal?
Subcontinent Mughal decline.
(1857-1911) The 191 1 annulment of the Partition of Bengal restored the
province to its pre-1 905 boundaries, reversing the previous
division and addressing some of the communal tensions it
had caused.

HELPFUL HINTS
After the 1857 War of Independence, the Mughal Empire was deposed, leading to significant
changes in India. In 1859, Sir Syed Ahmed Khan's "Asbab e Baghawat e Hind" analyzed the
rebellion’s causes and spurred Muslim educational reforms. The Urdu-Hindi controversy in 1867
highlighted cultural tensions. The Dar-ul-Uloom Deoband (1867) and Aligarh Movement (1875)
sought to advance Muslim education and social reform. Queen Victoria became Empress of India
in 1876, formalizing British control. The Indian National Congress was founded in 1885 to
advocate for Indian political rights. The 1905 Partition of Bengal, reversed in 191 1, and the 1906
Simla Deputation, which led to the formation of the All India Muslim League, were crucial in
shaping Indian political dynamics.
 * study
curriculum
HISTORICAL KNOWLEDGE AND
UNDERSTANDING
CONTENT DESCRIPTOR
• The features of the Aligarh Movement
• The significant beliefs, values and practices of
The Aligarh Movement, with a particular SIR SYED AHMED KHAN
emphasis on ONE of the following area: Sir Syed Syed Ahmed Khan
(1817- 1898) was a notable
Ahmed Khan, What was the Aligarh Movement?
Muslim reformer, educator
Muhammad Educational Conference, The Two and philosopher in India
Nation Idea. during the nineteenth century.
He was from Delhi, where his
family had a longstanding
HISTORICAL SKILLS
CHRONOLOGY, TERMS AND CONCEPTS
history of service to the
Mughal Emperors. His father,
Social reformer,
Mir Muttaqi, was a spiritual
• Sequence historical events and periods man who did not seek titles.
• Use historical terms and concepts However, Syed Ahmed Khan’s
mother, Azizunnissa Begum,
Portrait of Sir byed 3^ IrAY
Ahmed Khan from
was determined to educate Ally-;
ANALYSIS AND USE OF SOURCES 1907
him well and instilled strong
• Identify the origin and purpose of primary and principles in him. Under her guidance, Syed Ahmed
secondary sources Khan began his religious education at home. Later,
2 5 NOV 1976
• Locate, select and use information from a range he was taught subjects like Persian, Arabic, and even
some medicine by his tutor, Maulvi Hamidud Din.
of sources as evidence
• Draw conclusions about the usefulness of sources In 1838, at the age of 21, he started working for the
East India Company, beginning his career in the British
Government of India. He worked in the judicial services,
PERSPECTIVES AND INTERPRETATIONS which became a significant part of his life. Because of
• Identify and describe points of view, attitudes and his dedication and skill, he reached a high position called SOURCE] First issue of the periodical Tahzib al-Akhlaq dated
2.2 24 December 1870, re-published by ldara-l Adabiyat,
values in primary and secondary sources ‘Sadr e Amin' in the British judicial service by 1855 - Delhi, 1983
the highest position attainable for an Indian within the
EXPLANATION AND COMMUNICATION service. After retiring, he joined the Imperial Legislative Despite facing challenges, like being transferred to Benares
Council in 1878. The British government honoured his and dealing with language disputes, Sir Syed did not give
• Develop historical texts, particularly descriptions great contributions by knighting him, hence he is known up. During a trip to England, he made plans for building a
and explanations that use evidence from a range by his title of ‘Sir’. During the year 1857, when there was significant educational institution like a Muslim University
of sources an uprising in India, Sir Syed had a different view from of Cambridge. Back home, he started a periodical called
many others. He believed in maintaining good relations Tahzib al-Akhlaq in 1871, which focused on reforms for
• Use a range of communication forms (oral, between Muslims and the British, seeing the British rule Muslims. In 1875, he established a Muslim school in
graphic, written) and digital technologies as a chance for progress. Aligarh. Sir Syed's dedication paid off in 1877, when the
Viceroy laid the foundation stone for the Mohammadan
NEED FOR EDUCATION? Anglo-Oriental College. Despite opposition, the college grew
Sir Syed had a vision for education. He wanted to fast and later became known as Aligarh Muslim University.
introduce modern knowledge and science to the Muslims He played an important role in the founding of institutions
of India, which wasn’t widely accepted back then. such as the Nadwatul Ulama and the Sindh Madrassa
He started schools in places like Muradabad and tul Islam, which later became vital centres for education
Ghazipur. His dream was bigger, though - he founded the and intellectual discourse in the Muslim community.
Scientific Society, a place that published educational texts These institutions were influential in fostering a spirit of
Highlighting Sir Syed Ahmed Khan’s role and a bilingual journal in Urdu and English for everyone, modernisation and enlightenment among Indian Muslims
in promoting The Aligarh Movement. including Hindus and Muslims. during a period of significant social and political change.
The social, political and educational
contributions of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan in
28 PEARSON historygook 3
the political awakening of the Muslims of
the Subcontinent.

key terms

Spiritual-Relating to the soul, spirit, or religious matters. It often pertains to one's inner
life, faith, or connection to a higher power.
Dedication—The quality of being committed to a task, purpose, or cause. It involves
steadfastness and devotion to achieving a goal or upholding a principle.
‘Sadr e Amin’-A title used in British India referring to the chief administrative officer or
chief revenue officer of a district, responsible for overseeing administrative and legal
matters.
Attainable-Capable of being achieved or reached. It describes something that is possible
to accomplish or obtain through effort or action.
Scientific Society-An organization dedicated to the advancement of scientific knowl¬
edge and research. Such societies often promote scientific inquiry, facilitate research, and
disseminate scientific information.
Benares-An ancient city in India, also known as Varanasi. It is a major cultural,
religious, and educational center, especially renowned for its significance in Hinduism.
Periodical-A publication that is released at regular intervals, such as monthly, quarterly,
or annually. Examples include journals, magazines, and newspapers.
Fostering-The act of encouraging or promoting the development or growth of
something. It involves nurturing and supporting progress or improvement in a particular
area.

28 PEARSON history Book3

 'X'
TEACHING and
LITERARY WORKS
learning strategies
THAT THE ALIGARH MUSLIM
During his 33 years of service, Sir Syed took keen interest UNIVERSITY WAS THE ALMA
in the history of the British Empire and the Muslims MATER OF SOME HISTORICAL
of subcontinent. His famous book 'Asar al Sanadeed*
( 1847) was a description and evaluation of the historical
FIGURES OF THE COUNTRY? extension activity
monuments of Delhi. Another book 'Silsilat ul Mulk' was
Many of the important people in Pakistan's history are Ml: verbal-linguistic, logical-mathematical
notable alumni of the Aligarh Muslim University, such as
a chronology of the kings, emperors and monarchs of the Liaquat Ali Khan, Khawaja Nazimuddin, Ayub Khan and
subcontinent from ancient times up to Queen Victoria. Students carefully read the information given in the
Saadat Hasan Manto.
He also wrote many essays on religion as a wake up section headed ‘Literary Works’
call for Muslims and emphasised on not wasting time When the British parliament discussed the pamphlet, the
and energy over aimless rituals and superstitions. foreign secretary vehemently opposed it and asked the 1 Students list the literary works of Sir Syed Ahmed
He established a Translation Society to translate scientific government to imprison such a revolutionary writer. Khan.
books written in English into Urdu and Hindi. But the parliament did not support him. On the contrary,
Just after the War of Independence 1857, Syed Ahmed wrote most of the English papers supported the views of Syed Lists should include the following:
a pamphlet, titled 'Asbab e Baghawat e Hind' (Causes of the Ahmed and advised the government to act upon the • Names and details of the books
Indian Revolt). Since he was an eyewitness of this incident, valuable recommendations made by him. In 1873,
on the basis of his observations, he pointed out the the pamphlet was translated into English and appeared as • Names and details of the pamphlets
mistakes and weaknesses of the EIC which had led the ‘Causes of the Indian Revolt’. 2 When the lists are complete, students should each
to the rebellion.
Through his writings, he tried to convince Indian Muslims
choose two works they believe would have been the
for the following steps: most important and be prepared to discuss their
And if we look at these various causes separately and
i To leam the English language and acquire western views with the class. Students’ decisions as to
distinctly, we shall, I think, find that they may be
classified under five heads:
education in order to get jobs and improve their conditions. which works are the most important will vary, but
To adopt the positive features of western culture students should be able to explain their choices.
Ignorance on the part of the people, by which I mean
without leaving their own religion and culture.
misapprehension of the intentions of Government.
To first concentrate on education and get better
The passing of such laws and regulations and forms employment rather than participating in active
of procedure as jarred with the established customs politics, until they catch up with the Hindus who were
and practice of Hindustan, and the introduction of more advanced in education.
such as were in themselves objectionable.
Ignorance on the part of the Government of the WHAT WAS THE ALIGARH
condition of the people, of their modes of thought MOVEMENT?
and of life, and of the grievances through which The Aligarh Movement started in 1875 with the
their hearts were becoming estranged. establishment of the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental
The neglect on the part of our rulers of such points as School at Aligarh. After two years, the status of the
were essential to the good government of Hindustan. school was upgraded to a college and both, oriental and
The bad management and disaffection of the army. western education was provided there.

SOURCEExcerpt from the pamphlet "Asbab e Baghawat e Hind" SOURCE The Muhammadan Educational Conference, at Dhaka
2.3 written by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan in 1859 2.4 (1906), which led to the foundation of the Muslim
League, on 30 December 1906

29
 ^“/answers Later, at the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College,
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan combined a residential system of
university education. It provided scientific learning in
with a common platform. These conferences continued
till 1945, and were well attended by Muslim educationists
and leaders including Liaquat Ali Khan and others.
both English and Urdu along with religious instructions. The Conference aimed for the establishment of Islamic
REMEMBERING AND UNDERSTANDING Studies were supplemented with extra-curricular high schools in almost every town and city across the
1 Asar al-Sanadeed: A historical work by Sir activities, moral training and character-building. subcontinent.
Syed Ahmed Khan, published in 1854, which Independent thinking was encouraged by means of
The conference strived to achieve educational revolution
societies and clubs where students learned the art of among the Muslims of India. Its main objectives were to
provides a comprehensive account of the public speaking and leadership.
teach more scientific knowledge to the Muslims and to
historical and cultural heritage of Muslim
translate Islamic writings in English. European science
rulers in India. The title translates to "The AIMS OF THE ALIGARH MOVEMENT and literature was taught and modem works were taken as
Effects of the Ancient Times" and aims to The main aim of this movement was to improve research topics. Moreover, it sought to introduce religion as
the Muslim-British relations by developing better a subject in English schools.
document the contributions of Muslim rulers understanding between the two. The British and
to Indian history. Muslims were convinced to review their rigid approach While Sir Syed urged the Muslims of India to leam
English in order to compete with Hindus in status and
Asbab e Baghawat e Hind: Written by Sir towards each other and focus on mutual cooperation.
jobs, he was even more devoted to the conservation
Syed Ahmed Khan and published in 1859, This movement encouraged Muslims to pursue Western
and progress of Urdu. He fully supported the activities
education in order to understand their social and political
this work translates to "The Causes of the rights and face challenges to their economic standing as
of Anjuman-e-Taraqqi-e-Urdu, an association set up by
Indian Rebellion." It analyzes the reasons Maulvi Abdul Haq, who was also known as Baba-e-Urdu.
compared to Hindus.
behind the 1857 War of Independence, Sir Syed’s mission was to enable the Muslims to stand THE TWO-NATION IDEA
offering insights into the socio-political on their feet again and to pursue the path of social
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was the first person who brought
factors that led to the uprising and development. For this purpose, he chose the path of
the idea of ‘two different nations - Muslims and Hindus
modernisation rather than revival - this made his reform
advocating for reforms to address the issues living together in the subcontinent. He developed this
movement stand out from the rest. To him, the main cause
idea for some valid reasons. In 1867, there arose an
faced by Muslims. of decline of the Muslims was their inability to grasp and
Urdu- Hindi controversy. Hindus insisted on replacing
Silsilat ul Mulk: A historical work by Sir Syed utilise modem knowledge which had led the Western
Urdu with Hindi as the language of the courts and
countries to climb new heights of development. Even
Ahmed Khan, translated as "The Series of today, his contributions to the education of Indian Muslims
administration. This reaction of the Hindus towards Urdu
Rulers," detailing the history and shocked Sir Syed. Secondly, when Congress came into
continue to be celebrated, and Aligarh Muslim University
being in 1885, Sir Syed recognised that this party would
administration of various Muslim dynasties in remains a significant educational institution in India.
favour parliamentary government through elections.
India. It focuses on the governance and Hindus being in majority, would benefit at the expense of
MUHAMMADAN EDUCATIONAL the Muslim minority. He understood that the Hindus and
contributions of Muslim rulers over time.
CONFERENCE Muslims having different religions and way of life, would
Urdu-Hindi Controversy: A linguistic and always take different paths and could not come together.
In 1886, Sir Syed organised the All-India Muhammadan
cultural dispute in British India during the Educational Conference, which met annually at different For this reason and his contributions, Sir Syed Ahmed
late 19th and early 20th centuries. The places to promote education and to provide the Muslims Khan was titled as the ‘Father of the Pakistan Movement’.
controversy centered on whether Urdu or
Hindi should be the official language of the Remembering and understanding
North Indian region. Urdu, written in Persian 1 Define the terms below. b. How has the education
AC||V|TfEs
script and associated with Muslims, was • Asar al Sanadeed • Asbab e Baghawat e Hind in Pakistan changed now since the
contested by Hindi, written in Devanagari • Silsilat ul Mulk • Urdu-Hindi controversy time of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan?
script and linked to the Hindu community. 2 What did Sir Syed Ahmed Khan believe would help Read Source 2.3.
The debate reflected broader cultural and the Muslims of the subcontinent to rise above others a. Do you agree with Sir Syed Ahmed Khan on the
political tensions between different and what did he do for it? reasons why the War of Independence occurred?
Explain your answer.
communities. Analysing and applying
3 Reread the Section 'Need for education?' and b. Why do you think it was necessary for the pamphlet
2 Sir Syed Ahmed Khan believed that modern to be translated in English?
answer the following:
education and socio-economic reform were
a. How were Sir Syed's contribution to the Evaluating
crucial for the advancement of Muslims in the education of Muslims in the subcontinent an .... ... .. . , , .....
t-
o Why did the T
subcontinent. To achieve this, he founded the important step towards the Aligarh
» Movement? .become the
.. .basis. .for Pakistan
Two-Nation idea develop? How did it
n i • . Movement?
m

Aligarh Movement and established the

Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College (now 30 PEARSON hist : I /Book 3
Aligarh Muslim University), promoted scientific
learning through the Scientific Society of
Aligarh, wrote influential works like Asar
al-Sanadeed and Asbab e Baghawat e Hind, and
advocated for Muslim political representation by Ongoing reforms aim to improve quality and inclusivity.
supporting the creation of the All India Muslim a Yes, Sir Syed Ahmed Khan's classification of the causes of the War of Independence into
League. five categories is insightful. Here's an explanation of each point and why they are
ANALYSING AND APPLYING relevant:
3 a Sir Syed Ahmed Khan's contributions were Ignorance of the People's Intentions: Misunderstanding the Indian population's
pivotal to the Aligarh Movement. He founded response and intentions contributed to tensions. The British often failed to grasp the
the Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College cultural and religious sensitivities of the people, leading to friction.
(later Aligarh Muslim University), promoted Objectionable Laws and Regulations: British laws and regulations often clashed with
modern education through the Scientific established customs and practices in India, creating resentment and resistance. This
Society and Tahzib al-Akhlaq, and supported included legal changes and administrative practices that disrupted traditional ways of
various educational institutions. His efforts life.
modernized Muslim education and reform, Ignorance of People's Conditions: The British government was frequently unaware of
setting the stage for the Aligarh Movement's the actual conditions and grievances of the Indian people, leading to policies that
emphasis on combining Western knowledge exacerbated discontent.
with Islamic values. Neglect of Good Governance: There was a lack of attention to crucial aspects of
b Since Sir Syed Ahmed Khan's time, education effective governance, such as understanding local needs and integrating
in Pakistan has expanded significantly with administrative practices with Indian realities.
more institutions and accessible education. Bad Management of the Army: Mismanagement and dissatisfaction within the
The curriculum now includes modern British-Indian army, including issues related to pay and conditions, were significant
subjects, higher education and research have factors in the rebellion.
grown, co-education is common, and Sir Syed Ahmed Khan's analysis reflects a comprehensive understanding of the complex
technology is integrated into learning factors that led to the War of Independence. His points underscore the deep disconnect

30 PEARSON history Book3

 CURRICULUM STUDY
HISTORICAL KNOWLEDGE
CONTENT DESCRIPTOR
MUSLIM REVIVALIST MOVEMENTS • Key role of the Muslim scholars in the awakening
dll lIil a 4ZI of the Indian Muslims.
• The significant beliefs, values and practices of
Prior to Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, many Muslim scholars
with a particular emphasis on ONE of the
SHAH WALIULLAH following area: Mujaddid Alf-Sani, Shah
had played a significant role in the awakening of the
Shah Waliullah (1703- 1762) initiated a movement
Indian Muslims. Their influence started to appear in Waliullah, Syed Ahmad Shaheed Barelvi, Jihad
India, between the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries. in the eighteenth century to counter the political and
moral decline of Muslims following the death of Mughal Movement, Haji Shahriatullah, Dar-ul-uloom
Some of those scholars were Mujaddid Alf-Sani,
Shah Waliullah, Syed Ahmad Shaheed Barelvi and
Emperor Aurangzeb. His aim was to encourage Muslims Deoband, Sindh Madrassa Tul Islam, Nadvat ul
Haji Shariatullah. They were recognised for their extreme to embrace Islamic morals and spiritual principles in Ulma.
efforts of regenerating Islamic society in India. their social, economic, and political lives. He authored
over fifty books in Persian and Arabic to foster unity
among different Muslim sects, urging them to unite HISTORICAL SKILLS
MUJADDID ALF-SANI based on the teachings of the Holy Quran to confront
Mujaddid Alf-Sani’s (1564-1624) real name was Sheikh common adversaries. Shah Waliullah’s ideas provided CHRONOLOGY, TERMS AND CONCEPTS
inspiration during challenging times. He translated the
Ahmad Sirhindi. The title “Mujaddid Alf-Sani" is often
used to refer to Holy Quran into Persian, making it accessible to a wider
• Identify and locate relevant sources, using ICT
him, and it means audience. Subsequently, his sons translated it into Urdu, and other methods
“Renewer of the simplifying and purifying Islamic practices for the people
Second Millennium.” of the subcontinent. His notable work, “Hujjat-ullah-al- ANALYSIS AND USE OF SOURCES
This title is based on Balighha”, put emphasis on these principles. • Identify the origin and purpose of primary and
his significant role secondary sources
as a reformer and his SYED AHMAD SHAHEED BARELVI
efforts to revitalise • Locate, select and use information from a range
Syed Ahmad (1786- 1831) was bom in Rai Bareilly, India. of sources as evidence
Islamic thought and
He belonged to a family of scholars and received his early
practice during a
period of decline. education in traditional Islamic sciences. He later studied • Draw conclusions about the usefulness of sources
Mujaddid Alf-Sani under prominent scholars in Delhi and Makkah.
EXPLANATION AND COMMUNICATION
was a prominent Syed Ahmad Shaheed, deeply influenced by the teachings
Islamic scholar and of Shah Waliullah and his family's background, was • Use a range of communication forms (oral,
reformer whose source] Painting of Mujaddid Alf- raised with a strong commitment to the idea of Jihad. graphic, written) and digital technologies
3.1 Sani (left), c. 16th or 17th
contributions left a century
lasting impact on JIHAD MOVEMENT
the Indian subcontinent. Born in 1564 in what is now In 1826, Syed Ahmad Shaheed launched a movement
Afghanistan, he dedicated his life to preserving Islam in known as the 'Jihad Movement' in Peshawar. This
the Indian society. Mujaddid Alf-Sani is best known for movement was launched against the non-Muslim regime
his extensive writings and efforts to promote religion and and was a religious struggle for Muslims’ freedom. He
morality. He emphasised the importance of individual invited Afghanistan, Sindh, Rajasthan and Balochistan
piety, social justice, and ethical conduct, calling on to join his army of 'Mujahideen' or Muslim freedom Before Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, several influential
Muslims to adhere to the true teachings of Islam. fighters, but only Afghanistan accepted the call. Muslim scholars, including Mujaddid Alf-Sani,
His works covered various aspects of theology,
jurisprudence, and spirituality, and he played a crucial His movement was directed against the Sikh regime Shah Waliullah, Syed Ahmad Shaheed Barelvi,
role in reconciling differences among Islamic sects. at Akora, and he later successfully captured Peshawar. and Haji Shariatullah, played crucial roles in
Mujaddid Alf-Sani’s influence extended beyond religious However, the path to liberation was not without obstacles.
Syed Ahmad encountered numerous difficulties, including revitalizing and awakening Islamic society in
circles, as his teachings contributed to the cultural and
intellectual enrichment of the subcontinent during a opposition from local rulers, tribes, and external powers. India between the seventeenth and nineteenth
period of significant historical change. His legacy as Betrayal from Yar Muhammad Khan, a chief of the centuries.
Mujahideen, and one of the soldiers who tried to poison
a spiritual guide and reformer continues to inspire
him, complicated his mission. The Movement came to an
Their efforts were foundational in the religious
generations in the region. and social regeneration of the Muslim community.
end after the Battle of Balakot in 1831, when the Sikhs

31

between British rulers and Indian society, which was a key factor in the uprising. Revivalist: A person or movement that seeks to bring
b Translating the pamphlet into English was essential to reach a broader audience, including back or renew interest in a particular religious or
British officials and policymakers, influence British opinion, bridge communication gaps cultural practice or belief.
within India, and document Muslim grievances on a global stage. It also facilitated Prior: Existing or coming before in time or order.
engagement with English-speaking scholars and reformers. Scholars: Individuals who have extensive knowledge
EVALUATING and expertise in a particular academic field, often
5 The Two-Nation idea developed due to: through study and research.
1 Religious and Cultural Differences: Muslims and Hindus in the subcontinent had distinct
Regenerating: The process of restoring or renewing
religious, cultural, and social practices, leading to increasing demands for separate
something, often to a better or more original state.
representation and protection of their identities.
2 Political and Economic Discontent: Muslims felt politically marginalized and economically Embrace: To accept or support something willingly or
disadvantaged under British and Hindu-majority rule, which heightened their desire for a enthusiastically; can also mean to take something up
separate identity. or adopt it.
3 Historical Precedents: Historical experiences and grievances, including the impact of Sects: Groups or divisions within a larger religious or
British policies and the failure of joint political efforts, reinforced the notion of distinct ideological tradition, often with distinct beliefs or
national identities. practices.
The Two-Nation idea became the basis for the Pakistan Movement by advocating that
Muslims of the subcontinent were a separate nation with their own distinct cultural and
religious identity. This idea led to the demand for an independent Muslim state, which
ultimately resulted in the creation of Pakistan in 1947.

31
 IWaC^^ANSWERS renowned and influential Islamic seminaries in the
subcontinent. It was established by a group of prominent
Islamic scholars, including Maulana Muhammad Qasim
Nanautavi and Maulana Rashid Ahmad Gangohi, with
REMEMBERING AND UNDERSTANDING the aim of preserving and promoting traditional Islamic
1 Faraiz: Refers to the obligatory acts or duties education and values. Dar-ul-Uloom Deoband follows
prescribed in Islam that must be performed by the Sunni Hanafi school of thought and has played a
significant role in shaping Islamic scholarship in
Muslims, such as the five daily prayers, fasting South Asia. The institution emphasises the study of the
launched a surprise attack that caused Syed Ahmad’s
during Ramadan, and giving to charity. martyrdom and the defeat of the Mujahideen. Holy Quran, Hadith (sayings and actions of The Last
Hadith: The recorded sayings, actions, and Holy Rasool Hazrat Muhammad ^54^^54^ ),
Despite these adversities, many historians regard the Islamic jurisprudence and theology. It has produced
approvals of the Prophet Muhammad, which Jihad Movement as a vital force that contributed to numerous scholars who have made significant
serve as a source of Islamic law and guidance the larger Pakistan Movement in the subcontinent. contributions to Islamic theology and jurisprudence.
alongside the Quran. It represented a strong desire for Muslims to free Dar-ul-Uloom Deoband continues to be a centre for
themselves from non-Muslim rule and foreign Islamic learning. It is highly respected for its rigorous
Jihad: In Islamic context, it refers to the struggle domination through armed struggle. academic curriculum and commitment to the principles of
or effort to uphold and spread the faith, which orthodox Sunni Islam.
can include personal spiritual striving (greater HAJI SHARIATULLAH
jihad) and, in some cases, physical struggle or SINDH MADRASSA TUL ISLAM, 1885
Haji Shariatullah (1781 - 1840) was a prominent Islamic
Inspired by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan’s educational services,
warfare (lesser jihad) to defend Islam. reformer and leader who played a crucial role in Bengal,
Hassan Ali Effendi, a lawyer of Sindh, decided to
India, during the early 19th century. He founded the
Jihad Movement: Refers to various historical implement the same strategy of the Muhammadan
Faraizi Movement in Bengal and placed a strong
movements or efforts in which Muslims have Anglo Oriental College in Sindh. He himself went
emphasis on a peaceful revival of Islamic values and
there to see how the college functioned. He set up an
sought to defend or spread Islam, often through practices. Haji Shariatullah aimed to guide Muslims back
institution in Karachi in 1885, which was called the
armed struggle or reform, depending on the to their true roots through the proper observance of
Sindh Madrassa-tul-Islam. This institute’s establishment
Islamic duties known as 'Faraiz'. His movement sought
context. was supported by Sir Syed and it became a popular school
to rejuvenate the Islamic pillars of faith within Indian
Mujaddid Alf-Sani: Also known as Sheikh Ahmad for many Muslims of Sindh and Balochistan.
Muslim society and purify the religion by eliminating
Sirhindi, he was a prominent Islamic scholar and Hindu influences and addressing social misconducts NADVATULULAMA, 1898
among Muslims.
reformer in the 16th and early 17th centuries Nadvat ul Ulama was a council of Muslim scholars who
who is known for his efforts to revive Sunni Under the leadership of Haji’s son, Dudu Mian, the established an Islamic seminary in Lucknow, India, in 1 894.
movement retained its commitment to peaceful means. The institute taught Islamic sciences, modem sciences,
orthodoxy and reform the practice of Islam in Dudu Mian, like his father, worked tirelessly to improve mathematics and English at the primary level. It produced
India. the conditions of Muslims in East Bengal by introducing notable alumni who were Islamic scholars and key figures
Mujahideen: Refers to Islamic fighters or various essential economic measures and fostering a in the Indian Muslim society and played important roles in
sense of Islamic identity and adherence to religious the spread of Islamic influence in India and the world. Even
warriors engaged in jihad, particularly in the obligations among the community. today, the institution draws in a large number of Muslim
context of armed struggle or resistance, often students from all over the world.
against foreign occupation or oppressive regimes. DAR-UL-ULOOM DEOBAND, 1867
2 Mujaddid Alf-Sani, or Sheikh Ahmad SirHindi, Dar-ul-Uloom Deoband, founded in 1867 in the town
of Deoband in Uttar Pradesh, India, is one of the most
revived Islam in the subcontinent by:
Restoring Sunni Orthodoxy: Reinforcing
traditional Sunni beliefs and practices.
Remembering and understanding
Reforming Practices: Emphasizing strict 1 Define the terms below. Ahmad Shaheed was inspired by Shah Waliullah.
adherence to Islamic law and the Sunnah. • Faraiz • Hadith
Opposing Syncretism: Rejecting the blending of Analysing and applying
• Jihad • Jihad Movement 5 Why was Faraizi Movement a much needed
Hindu and Islamic practices. • Mujaddid Alf-Sani • Mujahideen development for the Muslims of the subcontinent?
Enhancing Scholarship: Producing theological 2 What were the contributions of Mujaddid Alf-Sani in
6 Conduct a research on Dar-ul-Uloom Deoband and
reviving Islam in the subcontinent?
works that clarified Islamic teachings. Nadvat ul Ulama, and make a PowerPoint presentation
Advocating for Islamic Governance: Supporting 3 How did Shah Waliullah contribute to the revival of on their cause and significance in the subcontinent then
Islam in the subcontinent? and now.
the revival of Islamic administrative principles.
His efforts laid the foundation for later Islamic 32 PEARSON historyBobk3

reform movements in the subcontinent and had

a lasting impact on the religious landscape of the
region.
3 Shah Waliullah made significant contributions to -n
the revival of Islam in the subcontinent through: 4 Syed Ahmad Shaheed Barelvi was significantly inspired by Shah Waliullah in several ways:
Restoring Islamic Teachings: He emphasized a Revivalist Mission:
return to the fundamental principles of Islam and Advocacy for Islamic Unity.
sought to purify Islamic practices from Educational and Religious Reform.
deviations and innovations. Jihad for Islamic Reform.
Promoting Islamic Unity: Shah Waliullah worked Rejection of Syncretism.
to unite various Muslim sects and communities, In essence, Syed Ahmad Shaheed's revivalist efforts were deeply rooted in the principles and
advocating for a cohesive and orthodox Islamic reforms advocated by Shah Waliullah, reflecting a shared vision for a purified and unified Islamic
identity. society.
Educational Reforms: He established institutions ANALYSING AND APPLYING
for religious education and encouraged the study 5 The Faraizi Movement was much needed for the Muslims of the subcontinent because it:
of the Quran and Hadith, fostering a new Revived Core Islamic Duties: Emphasized essential religious practices, reinforcing adherence to
generation of Islamic scholars. fundamental Islamic obligations.
Social and Political Reform: He advocated for Reformed Social Practices: Addressed and corrected deviations and superstitions that had
social justice and the application of Islamic infiltrated Muslim communities.
principles in governance, aiming to address the Strengthened Muslim Identity: Reinforced Islamic identity and unity amidst socio-political
socio-political issues of his time. changes and colonial influence.
Translation and Commentary: Shah Waliullah Provided Resistance: Offered a framework for resisting British colonial impact and promoting
translated the Quran into Persian and wrote self-reliance.
commentaries to make Islamic teachings more 6 Answers will vary
accessible and understandable to a broader
audience. '""f j

32 PEARSON history Book3

 CURRICULUM STUDY
HISTORICAL KNOWLEDGE
AND UNDERSTANDING
RISE OF MUSLIM AND HINDU CONTENT DESCRIPTOR
• Key features of Rise of Muslim and Hindu
Nationalism.
HINDU REVIVALIST MOVEMENTS education among Hindus. The society also participated
in healthcare and famine relief efforts to address the • The significant beliefs, values and practices of the
BRAHMO SAMAJ MOVEMENT pressing needs of society. However, as Arya Samaj placed Muslim and Hindu nationalism, with a particular
Raja Ram Mohan Roy was heavy emphasis on Hindu religious revival, it gradually emphasis on ONE of the following area: Hindu
the first major Hindu social took on a more militant form, leading to tensions with
Muslims and Christians in the region. Revivalist Movements, the Indian National
reformer in India, who laid
the foundations of ‘Brahmo Congress, the Partition of Bengal, Simla
Samaj Movement’ in 1828. BECOMING A NATIONALIST Deputation, The All-India Muslim League, the
This movement successfully Morely-Minto Reforms, and annulment of the
Nationalism is the idea of state ownership, where each
worked for many social and
educational reforms in India.
nation governs itself independently and is free from Partition of Bengal.
external interference. Nationalism fosters national unity
It called for simplification of
among people who share the same culture, customs,
Hindu religion and society
history, and language. During the second half of the HISTORICAL SKILLS
by abandoning idol worship
nineteenth century, nationalism and political awareness
and caste system. It also CHRONOLOGY, TERMS AND CONCEPTS
began to flourish in the Indian subcontinent. The British’s
struggled for the abolition
of the brutal Sati practice Raja Ram Mohan Roy condescending attitude toward the Indians contributed to
this growth in the region.
• Sequence historical events and periods
among the Hindus. • Use historical terms and concepts
As you have previously learned, Muslim reformers
In 1817, Ram Mohan Roy established the first modern
educational institution in Calcutta known as Hindu
worked diligently to uplift the Muslim community in the HISTORICAL QUESTIONS AND RESEARCH
subcontinent. Similarly, Hindu reformers pursued similar
College. He also tried to bring together the modem scientific
goals for the Hindu community. Indians realised that they • Identify a range of questions about the past to
knowledge and Hindu religion by establishing the inform a historical inquiry
could not liberate themselves from British rule through
Anglo-Vedic School in 1822 and the Vedanta College
military means. Therefore, in 1885, they established the
in 1826.
Indian National Congress to safeguard their rights. This
marked the beginning of a significant transformation.
ARYA SAMAJ
The Arya Samaj was a significant social and religious
movement founded in 1875 by Dayananda Sarasvati, a THE INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS
prominent reformer. The primary objective of this society A retired British civil servant, A.O. Hume, outlined his idea
was to rekindle the teachings of the ancient sacred for the Indian National Congress, serving as its founder
Hindu texts known as the Vedas. Arya Samaj vehemently and organiser from 1885 to 1892. The Congress had The rise of nationalism in the Indian subcontinent
opposed various practices within Hinduism, including several main objectives, which included fostering and during the late 19th century, driven by both Hindu and
idol worship, animal sacrifice, the caste system based strengthening national unity among all Indians, regardless
on birth, untouchability, child marriage and temple of caste, religion, or province. It aimed to formulate Muslim reformers who sought to improve their
offerings. One of its fundamental principles was the belief and present popular demands to the British government communities and challenge British colonial rule. The
in monotheism, emphasising the worship of a single, and bring together leaders from different regions of the establishment of the Indian National Congress in 1885
formless God. Dayananda Sarasvati’s book, 'Satya rth country. Additionally, the Congress sought to educate
Prakash' or ‘The Light of Truth,’ helped in propagating and mobilise public opinion throughout the nation. This marked a significant step in fostering national unity
these ideas. was part of the broader effort to create a unified platform among Indians and organizing a collective effort to
Arya Samajists actively engaged in several social for Indians to voice their concerns and work towards demand political rights and independence from British
reform initiatives. They advocated for female education, common goals during the struggle for independence.
control.
promoted inter-caste marriages to break down caste The establishment of the Congress marked a turning point
barriers, and established orphanages and homes for in formalising opposition to British rule. Initially, the
widows to provide support to marginalised individuals. British government paid little attention to the Congress,
Additionally, they created a network of educational
institutions, including schools and colleges, to modernise
which represented only a small group of educated
Indians. However, the Congress persevered, and in the
I TEACHING AND
I LEARNING STRATEGIES
EXTENSION ACTIVITY
KEY TERMS Ml: verbal-linguistic, logical-mathematical,
interpersonal

Revivalist— A person who seeks to bring back or renew interest in a particular tradition, Students carefully read the information given in The
practice, or movement. In historical contexts, revivalists often aim to restore cultural or section headed ‘The Indian National Congress’. They
should note the important points about the Indian
religious practices that have diminished over time.
Congress and chart them on a PMI table. Students’
Abolition—The act of formally ending or eliminating a practice, system, or institution. It is answers will vary.
often associated with the movement to end slavery, but it can apply to any practice or law
that is being abolished.
Nationalism-A political ideology and movement that emphasizes the interests, culture,
and identity of a nation or group of people, advocating for self-governance and independ¬
ence. Nationalism often seeks to unite people with a shared identity and promote their
interests against external influence.
Marginalised-Describes groups or individuals who are pushed to the edges of society,
often excluded from mainstream economic, social, or political participation. Marginalisa¬
tion typically results in reduced access to resources and opportunities.
Sati (or Suttee)-An ancient Hindu practice where a widow would self-immolate or be
forced to self-immolate on her husband's funeral pyre. It was intended as a demonstration
of devotion but was outlawed in British India in the 19th century due to its brutal nature.

33
’ TEACHING AND
LEARNING STRATEGIES first half of the twentieth century, it emerged as the most SIMLA DEPUTATION, 1906
influential voice of Indian nationalism.
Congress’s protest raised concerns among the Muslims
LEGACIES AND CONNECTIONS Initially, Indian Muslims joined the Congress and
collaborated with Hindus. However, they later realised
in the subcontinent, leading them to consider the
necessity of having their own political party. In October
that the Congress was not impartial. The discrimination 1906, a delegation comprising 35 Muslim leaders, led
THE PARTITION OF BENGAL,1905 displayed by the Congress after the partition of Bengal by the Agha Khan HI, met with the Viceroy, Lord Minto
Ml: verbal-linguistic in 1905 opened the eyes of the Muslim community and in Simla. During this meeting, they requested separate
eventually resulted in the formation of an exclusive representation for Muslims at various levels, including
Students read ‘The Partition of Bengal’ carefully and Muslim political party in 1906. district boards, municipalities, and legislative councils.
then complete the following tasks. The Viceroy responded positively to their demands,
1 What were the two new provinces created after the THE PARTITION OF BENGAL, 1905 marking a significant moment in the subcontinent’s
history. This event indirectly led to the establishment of
partition of Bengal in 1905? Bengal was the largest province of the subcontinent
the first political party for the Muslim community, known
and was proving difficult to be administered effectively.
The two new provinces were East Bengal and Assam, Therefore in 1905, Bengal was partitioned by the Viceroy,
as the All India Muslim League, in the same year.
with its capital at Dacca, and l/l/est Bengal, Bihar, and Lord Curzon. Two new provinces were created namely:
Orissa, with its capital at Calcutta. East Bengal and Assam with its capital at Dacca.
2 Why did the Congress protest against the partition West Bengal, Bihar and Orissa with its capital at Calcutta.
of Bengal? The Muslims residing in the newly created province
The Congress protested because the partition disadvan¬ found themselves in a favourable position since they
were now the majority in East Bengal, ensuring freedom
taged Hindu landlords and businessmen in 14/est Bengal from Hindu economic dominance. This change offered
and was seen as a divide-and-rule tactic by the British. them improved opportunities for employment and
advancements in agriculture. Conversely, Hindu landlords
and businessmen in West Bengal faced hardships.
In response to this situation, the Congress initiated
a vigorous protest against the partition of Bengal,
gamering support from the Hindu population of
West Bengal. This sustained protest eventually led to the
reversal of the partition decision in 1911.

SOURCE
4.2 Students direct look at Source 4.2 and answer the
questions.
1 Where and when was the first session of the Indian
National Congress held?
The first session of the Indian National Congress
was held in Bombay in 1 885.
2 Who played a key role in organizing the first
session of the Indian National Congress?
A.O. Hume, a retired British civil servant, played a
key role in organizing the first session of the Indian
National Congress.

34 PEARSON hiStoryBook3

34 PEARSON history Book3

THE ALL INDIA MUSLIM LEAGUE
’I TEACHING AND
LEARNING STRATEGIES
The All India Muslim League held its inaugural session in
December 1906 in Dacca, and the subsequent session took
place in Karachi in 1907. This marked the beginning of Ml: visual-spatial, verbal-linguistic,
Map showing Bengal
Muslims' active involvement in the political arena, rallying before partition in 1904 logical-mathematical, interpersonal
under the banner of a single Muslim party. The primary
objectives of the All India Muslim League were to promote This task extends the information about The All India
loyalty to the British government, dispel misconceptions, Muslim League and allows students to follow some of
represent the interests of Indian Muslims, and serve as their own interests.
a bridge between Muslims and other communities in
the subcontinent. Over time, the party’s strategy shifted The starting point for the task is the information given
from loyalty to the British government to advocating for in the chapter on ideas brought back from the Indian
the nationalism of Indian Muslims, eventually playing
a crucial role in the campaign for and achievement of subcontinent
Pakistan's independence forty-one years later. Either individually or in pairs, students choose a topic
from the ideas mentioned in the chapter and use the
THE MORLEY-MINTO REFORMS, 1909 internet to research it further. Topics could be
The Morley-Minto Reforms, introduced in 1909, marked
a significant development in response to the protests and broadened, according to student interests, to include
unrest that had occurred during 1905-1906. Following nationalism of Indian Muslims, eventually playing a
Lord Curzon’s resignation, the newly appointed Viceroy, crucial role in the campaign for the achievement of
Lord Minto, held discussions with Lord Morley, the
Secretary of State. Both leaders recognised that the unrest
Pakistan’s independence.
was partially attributed to the lack of consultation with Students report on:
educated Indians. As a result, the Indian Councils Act of
1909, commonly known as the Morley-Minto Reforms, was • what their chosen idea is
enacted. These reforms brought about a limited expansion of • what was done/known about it in subcontinent
Indian involvement in the governance of British India. before Pakistan
• where the idea originated (if known).
The findings could be made the subject of a brief
report to the class and should be illustrated with
photos where possible.

1 The picture likely highlights the Tata Steel

industry's growth and success, possibly
showing its scale, modern facilities, or
significant achievements in steel production,
indicating its prominence in the industry.
2 Boycotting foreign products or businesses can
potentially boost the local economy by
Map showing Bengal after
partition encouraging domestic production and
reducing reliance on imports. However, it may
also lead to trade tensions and higher prices if
domestic industries are not yet competitive or
efficient.

35
 learning ANNULMENT OF THE
activities PARTITION OF BENGAL, 191 1
In 1911, the British government took
REMEMBERING AND UNDERSTANDING another step to address the Hindu
1 Annulment: The formal declaration that protests by annulling the partition of
Bengal. While this move was seen as a
something is invalid or void. significant victory for the Congress, it
In legal contexts, it often refers to the posed a setback for the Muslim League.
cancellation of a marriage, contract, or other The annulment raised suspicions
among Muslims about the British
agreements, rendering them null and void. z- rulers’ intentions and led to a break in
Marginalised: Refers to individuals or groups cooperation with them.
who are pushed to the edges of society, often The annulment of the partition of Bengal
excluded from mainstream social, economic, or also heightened tensions between
political participation, resulting in reduced Muslims and Hindus. Reunification of
Bengal upset Muslim leaders, while
access to resources and opportunities. / the introduction of separate voting for
Satyarth Prakash: A seminal work written by Tata Steel Jamshedpur plant in present-day India Muslims frustrated Hindu leaders.
Swami Dayananda Saraswati in 1875, In some local communities, these
which translates to "The Light of Truth." It is a tensions occasionally escalated into
1 What does this picture tell you about the success of the Tata Steel violence. During this period, Muslims
key text in the Arya Samaj movement, industry?
began to perceive not only the British
advocating for social reform and the return to 2 Do you think that boycotting foreign products or business can help but also the Hindu power as a growing
your country's economy? threat to Muslim nationalism.
Vedic principles.
Swadeshi: A term meaning "of one's own Under the Morley-Minto Reforms, the Imperial Legislative
country," used to describe a movement or policy । Council was enlarged to 60 members from 16, with THAT INDIAS BIGGEST
promoting the use of domestic goods and appointed Indian officials. In the bigger states, the Provincial BUSINESS DEVELOPED DUE
Councils were enlarged to include 50 members, while those TO A PROTEST?
industries over foreign imports, often to foster in the smaller states could now include up to 30 members. During the protest against the partition of Bengal, Hindus
national self-reliance and economic In the Provincial Councils, the number of elected members boycotted British-made goods. 'Swadeshi' they shouted,
independence. surpassed officials nominated by the British government. meaning 'our own country’ and thus launched the Swadeshi
The Brahmo Samaj, founded by Ram Mohan Roy, Moreover, separate electorates for Muslims and other Movement. One result of the boycott was that Jamshed N. Tata
2
minorities were included. The major purpose of the reforms started his Iron and Steel Company in West Bengal in 1907.
promoted monotheism, social equality, and the was to ensure that Indian legislators were given the chance The Tata family built up one of India's biggest businesses and
abolition of practices like Sati. The Arya Samaj, to express their opinions. However, the decision-making gave generous financial support to the Congress.
established by Swami Dayananda Saraswati, power still rested in the hands of the British.
focused on returning to Vedic principles,
promoting social reforms, and opposing caste
discrimination and child marriage. Remembering and understanding Analysing and
1 Define the terms below. applying
3 Nationalism was rising in the subcontinent due ।
• annulment • marginalised 6 Why do you think that Muslims were in favour of
to growing political awareness and discontent partition of Bengal? Read Section 'Partition of Bengal
• Satyarth Prakash • Swadeshi
with British colonial rule, which fostered a desire ' 1905' and conduct your own research to write about
2 What were the reforms of the Brahmo Samaj and
for self-governance and unity among diverse Arya Samaj movements?
how Muslims of India benefited from this partition.
Indian communities. 3 Why was nationalism on the rise in the
7 Why do you think that there was opposition to the
partition of Bengal? Use Sources 4.5 and 4.6 to plan out
4 The Indian National Congress was founded in subcontinent?
your answer.
1885 by A.O. Hume to promote national unity 4 Describe how was the Indian National Congress
8 Explain the significance of the Morley-Minto Reforms of
and represent Indian interests to the British formed and how did it ultimately lead to the
1909 in the history of India.
formation of the All India Muslim League.
government. As the Congress increasingly 9 Why did the annulment of partition of Bengal spark a
5 What was the aim of Simla Deputation?
advocated for Indian rights, it began to be seen « controversy between the Congress and the League?
as predominantly Hindu in its approach. This
perception led to the formation of the All India । 36 PEARSON hi StOryBook 3

Muslim League in 1906, as Muslims sought a

separate platform to address their concerns and
interests independently from the Congress.
5 The aim of the Simla Deputation, which met with [
the British Viceroy in 1906, was to request ] z 8 The Morley-Minto Reforms of 1909 were significant because they introduced limited
separate electorates for Muslims in legislative [ / self-governance by expanding legislative councils and granting separate electorates for Muslims,
bodies, ensuring their political representation which allowed them to elect their own representatives. This marked a step towards political
' \
inclusivity but also deepened communal divisions by formalizing separate political representation
and safeguarding their interests in a 1

predominantly Hindu-majority country. based on religion.

6 Answers will vary । 9 The annulment of the partition of Bengal in 1911 sparked controversy because the Indian
7 Answers will vary National Congress saw it as a victory for their nationalist movement, while the All India Muslim
League felt it undermined their political gains and the benefits they had received from the
partition. The decision intensified communal tensions and disagreements over how to address the
political representation and interests of different communities.

36 PEARSON history Book3

 BWW TASK "
INQUIRY •;
TASKc I
SUGGESTED STRATEGIES
• Implement all the inquiry tasks as projects
at the end of the study of Muslim
Renaissance in the Subcontinent or as

#1 Leadership Panel
Discussion #3 Dear Diary
Imagine yourself as a citizen of East Bengal in
projects at the end of a particular unit,
-After Unit 2: assign Task 2 ‘Comparative
In a group of five, prepare for a panel 1910. You're living happily and working for a Cultural Representation’,
discussion on the topic, 'Muslim revivalists in daily wage. A year later, you find out that the
the subcontinent'. Each member of the panel partition is being reversed! How is the reversal - After Unit 3: assign Task 1 ‘Leadership
will discuss on behalf of one of the following: going to affect you and your community? Is it panel Discussion’
Mujaddid Alf Sani, Shah Waliullah, Syed Ahmad beneficial or not? Do some research on how the
Shaheed, Haji Shariatullah and Sir Syed Ahmed reversal of the partition of Bengal affected the -After Unit 4: assign Task 3 ‘Dear Diary’.
Khan. Group members should begin by reviewing people living there and write it down as a • Take into account the degree of difficulty,
the information in this chapter; further research diary entry. complexity and time required before
will also be required. Group members should assigning inquiry tasks to students.
consider the lasting legacy of these leaders in the
subcontinent. Examine how their teachings and Additional support may be needed for some
movements have continued to shape religious tasks. Further information is provided in
thoughts, cultural practices, and societal norms in relation to each individual inquiry task.
present times.
#4
*■
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan’s
Literary Endeavours
• Provide rubric evaluation criteria to students
at the start of the research process.
Read Sir Syed Ahmed Khan's written works,

#2
including his religious essays, historical writings
Comparative Cultural like "Asar-al-Sanadeed," and social and political

"" Representation commentaries. Explore how these writings were

connected with his efforts to improve education
During the leadership of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan,
there was a significant movement in art known
and society. Investigate the ways in which his
works aimed to bridge the gap between Eastern
* TEACHER NOTES
as the Orientalist art movement in Europe. This and Western cultures. Examine the central
movement involved European artists travelling themes, ideologies, and societal messages
to and depicting scenes from the Middle East, embedded in his writings and their influence on Leadership Panel
Asia, and North Africa, inspired by the rarity the intellectual discussions of that time. Analyse Discussion
of these regions. Explore how this movement how his contemporaries received and reacted
influenced or paralleled Sir Syed Ahmed Khan's to his writings, considering their impact on This is a complex task, well suited to
efforts in bridging cultures through education shaping opinions and guiding societal changes. students who enjoy creative writing. There
and how his contemporaries might have Additionally, explore the enduring legacy of is also a drawing component.
perceived or engaged with such western his works and their ongoing significance in
depictions of their regions. contemporary discussions in the subcontinent. It could be tackled as a small group project.
Students would need to be very familiar
with Unit 3 ’Muslim Revivalist Movements
in the Subcontinent’ to undertake the task,
but need to do little further research.
Given the many steps in this project,
students may need help to remain on track.

Comparative Cultural Sir Syed Ahmed Khan’s Literary

Dear Diary Endeavours
Representation
The task is straightforward, requiring The task is straightforward, involving
A straightforward task involving some
analysis and persuasive writing. only a little research to add depth to research, analysis and creativity in
the chapter information, and with some presentation.
This task involves a small amount of
writing and illustrating. Presentation is in poster form or in virtual
research as well as a thorough reading of
It provides good scope for visual- display form.
the Unit 2 section headed ’What was the
Aligarh movement?’. spatial learners. Some helpful information as a starting point
Students should closely read the can be found in Unit 2 in the section
The task would be suitable for individual or
sections in Unit 4 under the heading Literary Works.
group work.
’Partition of Bengal 1905’. The task could be completed individually or
The activity lends itself well to group or in pairs.
individual work. Evaluation could in part be based on peer
Evaluation could in part be based on review after students present their poster or
peer-review after students present their virtual display to the class.
manual to the class