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Steel Code Checking Results for AISC

Q: Describe how shear strength is calculated for a rolled H-shape member and the rationale behind using specific coefficients such as Cv1 and Cv2.

Shear strength for a rolled H-shape member is calculated using the nominal shear capacity formula Vn = 0.6 * Fy * Aw * Cv, where Aw is the shear area, and Cv is determined based on geometric slenderness (h/tw). For the given profiles, Cv1 and Cv2 are calculated to be 1.00 due to the shape’s dimension complying with stability criteria (h/tw < critical value), reflecting a full utilization of shear capacity. These coefficients factor in the likelihood of web buckling, with values reflecting safe defaults or calculated outcomes for stability .

Q: What factors are considered in calculating the lateral-torsional buckling modification factor (Cb), and why is it assumed to be 1.00 in the analysis?

The lateral-torsional buckling modification factor (Cb) adjusts the flexural capacity based on the distribution of moments along the span. Cb can vary depending on the moment gradient and load pattern. In this analysis, Cb is assumed to be 1.00, either because the default conservative value was used or because the moment distribution did not warrant higher Cb values. Assuming Cb as 1.00 simplifies calculations and is typically safe for uniform moment distribution or when a conservative estimate is acceptable .

Q: What are the steps to check the axial tensile strength of a member according to the AISC specifications?

To check the axial tensile strength according to AISC specifications, one must first calculate the slenderness ratio (L/r) to ensure it's less than 300, confirming the member is not susceptible to buckling. Next, calculate the axial tensile strength (phiPn) using the formula phiPn = phi * Area * Fy, where phi is the resistance factor for tension (0.90), and ensure that the axial load Pu divided by phiPn is less than or equal to 1.0. In the document, Pu/phiPn = 0.002 < 1.0, thus, the axial tensile strength is satisfactory .

Q: What does the interaction ratio of combined strength reveal about the structural member's performance under combined load effects?

The interaction ratio of combined strength, calculated using the formula in AISC Specification H1.1(b), indicates the simultaneous utilization of axial and flexural capacities. A result less than 1.0 suggests that the member is able to safely support the prescribed loads without exceeding its capacity. In this document, the interaction ratios demonstrate that the combined utilization of axial loads and bending moments remains within acceptable limits, ensuring safe performance under the specified load combinations .

The document provides the steel code checking results for a project using midas Gen software, specifically following the AISC (15th edition) LRFD 16 standards. It includes detailed information on load combinations, member properties, material properties, and strength evaluations for a beam designated as W14X120. The analysis confirms that the axial and flexural strengths meet the required specifications, ensuring structural integrity.

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Steel Code Checking Results for AISC

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midas Gen Steel Code Checking Result

PROJECT TITLE :
Company Client
Author User File Name [Link]

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
midas Gen - Steel Code Checking[ AISC(15th)-LRFD16 ] Gen 2024
==========================================================================================

+============================================================+
| MIDAS(Modeling, Integrated Design & Analysis Software) |
| midas Gen - Design & checking system for windows |
+============================================================+
| Steel Member Applicable Code Checking |
| Based On Eurocode3:05, Eurocode3, AISC(15th)-LRFD16, |
| AISC(15th)-ASD16, AISC(14th)-LRFD10, |
| AISC(14th)-ASD10, AISC(13th)-LRFD05, |
| AISC(13th)-ASD05, AISC-LRFD2K, AISC-LRFD93, |
| AISC-ASD89, CSA-S16-01, BS5950-90, AIJ-ASD02, |
| GB50017-03, GBJ17-88, IS:800-2007, |
| IS:800-1984, KDS 41 30 : 2022, |
| KDS 41 31 : 2019, KSSC-LSD16, KSSC-LSD09, |
| KSSC-ASD03, AIK-LSD97, KSCE-ASD96, AIK-ASD83, |
| TWN-ASD96, TWN-LSD96, TWN-ASD90, TWN-LSD90, |
| NSCP 2015(LRFD), NSCP 2015(ASD) |
| |
| |
| (c)SINCE 1989 |
+============================================================+
| MIDAS Information Technology Co.,Ltd. (MIDAS IT) |
| MIDAS IT Design Development Team |
+============================================================+
| HomePage : [Link] |
+============================================================+
| Gen 2024 |
+============================================================+

*. DEFINITION OF LOAD COMBINATIONS WITH SCALING UP FACTORS.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LCB C Loadcase Name(Factor) + Loadcase Name(Factor) + Loadcase Name(Factor)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 1 DL( 1.400)
2 1 DL( 1.200) + WLX( 1.000)
3 1 DL( 1.200) + WLY( 1.000)
4 1 DL( 1.200) + WLX(-1.000)
5 1 DL( 1.200) + WLY(-1.000)
6 1 DL( 1.200) + ELX( 1.000)
7 1 DL( 1.200) + ELY( 1.000)
8 1 DL( 1.200) + ELX(-1.000)
9 1 DL( 1.200) + ELY(-1.000)
10 1 DL( 1.200) + RS_M(RS)( 1.000)
11 1 DL( 1.200) + RS_O(RS)( 1.000)
12 1 DL( 1.200) + RS_M(RS)(-1.000)
13 1 DL( 1.200) + RS_O(RS)(-1.000)
14 1 DL( 0.900) + WLX( 1.000)
15 1 DL( 0.900) + WLY( 1.000)
16 1 DL( 0.900) + WLX(-1.000)
17 1 DL( 0.900) + WLY(-1.000)
18 1 DL( 0.900) + ELX( 1.000)
19 1 DL( 0.900) + ELY( 1.000)
20 1 DL( 0.900) + ELX(-1.000)
21 1 DL( 0.900) + ELY(-1.000)
22 1 DL( 0.900) + RS_M(RS)( 1.000)
23 1 DL( 0.900) + RS_O(RS)( 1.000)
24 1 DL( 0.900) + RS_M(RS)(-1.000)

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25 1 DL( 0.900) + RS_O(RS)(-1.000)

26 2 DL( 1.000)
27 2 DL( 1.000) + WLX( 0.600)
28 2 DL( 1.000) + WLY( 0.600)
29 2 DL( 1.000) + WLX(-0.600)
30 2 DL( 1.000) + WLY(-0.600)
31 2 DL( 1.000) + ELX( 0.700)
32 2 DL( 1.000) + ELY( 0.700)
33 2 DL( 1.000) + ELX(-0.700)
34 2 DL( 1.000) + ELY(-0.700)
35 2 DL( 1.000) + RS_M(RS)( 0.700)
36 2 DL( 1.000) + RS_O(RS)( 0.700)
37 2 DL( 1.000) + RS_M(RS)(-0.700)
38 2 DL( 1.000) + RS_O(RS)(-0.700)
39 2 DL( 1.000) + WLX( 0.450)
40 2 DL( 1.000) + WLY( 0.450)
41 2 DL( 1.000) + WLX(-0.450)
42 2 DL( 1.000) + WLY(-0.450)
43 2 DL( 1.000) + ELX( 0.525)
44 2 DL( 1.000) + ELY( 0.525)
45 2 DL( 1.000) + ELX(-0.525)
46 2 DL( 1.000) + ELY(-0.525)
47 2 DL( 1.000) + RS_M(RS)( 0.525)
48 2 DL( 1.000) + RS_O(RS)( 0.525)
49 2 DL( 1.000) + RS_M(RS)(-0.525)
50 2 DL( 1.000) + RS_O(RS)(-0.525)
51 2 DL( 0.600) + WLX( 0.600)
52 2 DL( 0.600) + WLY( 0.600)
53 2 DL( 0.600) + WLX(-0.600)
54 2 DL( 0.600) + WLY(-0.600)
55 2 DL( 0.600) + ELX( 0.700)
56 2 DL( 0.600) + ELY( 0.700)
57 2 DL( 0.600) + ELX(-0.700)
58 2 DL( 0.600) + ELY(-0.700)
59 2 DL( 0.600) + RS_M(RS)( 0.700)
60 2 DL( 0.600) + RS_O(RS)( 0.700)
61 2 DL( 0.600) + RS_M(RS)(-0.700)
62 2 DL( 0.600) + RS_O(RS)(-0.700)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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*. PROJECT :
*. MEMBER NO = 136, ELEMENT TYPE = Beam
*. LOADCOMB NO = 9, MATERIAL NO = 1, SECTION NO = 1
*. UNIT SYSTEM : kN, m

*. SECTION PROPERTIES : Designation = W14X120

Shape = I - Section. (Rolled)
Depth = 0.368, Top F Width = 0.373, Bot.F Width = 0.373
Web Thick = 0.015, Top F Thick = 0.024, Bot.F Thick = 0.024

Area = 2.27741e-02, Asy = 1.18864e-02, Asz = 5.51934e-03

Ybar = 1.86690e-01, Zbar = 1.84150e-01, Qyb = 1.15289e-01, Qzb = 1.74266e-02
Syy = 3.11354e-03, Szz = 1.10613e-03, Zyy = 3.47406e-03, Zzz = 1.67148e-03
Iyy = 5.74399e-04, Izz = 2.06035e-04, Iyz = 0.00000e+00
ry = 1.58496e-01, rz = 9.49960e-02
J = 3.90009e-06, Cwp = 6.11036e-06

*. DESIGN PARAMETERS FOR STRENGTH EVALUATION :

Ly = 2.08333e+00, Lz = 2.08333e+00, Lu = 2.08333e+00
Ky = 1.00000e+00, Kz = 1.00000e+00

*. MATERIAL PROPERTIES :
Fy = 3.44738e+05, Es = 1.99948e+08, MATERIAL NAME = A992

*. DESCRIPTION OF APPLIED FACTOR FOR CHECKING.

Seismic Load Resisting System : SMF (Special Moment Frames).

======================================================================================
[[[*]]] COMPUTE MOMENT MAGNIFICATION FACTORS AND MAGNIFIED MOMENTS.
======================================================================================

( ). Compute moment magnification factors(B1y,B1z).

-. If tension or bending member.
-. Assumed B1y = 1.00
-. Assumed B1z = 1.00

( ). Magnification factors for sidesway moments(B2y,B2z).

-. B2y = 1.00 (Default value)
-. B2z = 1.00 (Default value)

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( ). Given factored axial forces and moments at <J>.

----------------------------------------------------------------
Load Case Pa My Mz
----------------------------------------------------------------
DL 6.88 -0.57 -41.82
LL 0.00 0.00 0.00
DL+LL 6.88 -0.57 -41.82
OTHER CASES 7.20 -66.98 0.09
----------------------------------------------------------------
TOTAL 14.08 -67.55 -41.73
----------------------------------------------------------------

( ). Compute magnified moments.

-. Muy = B1y*My(DL+LL) + B2y*My(OTHERS) = -67.55 kN-m.
-. Muz = B1z*Mz(DL+LL) + B2z*Mz(OTHERS) = -41.73 kN-m.

======================================================================================
[[[*]]] CHECK AXIAL STRENGTH.
======================================================================================

( ). Check slenderness ratio of axial tension member (L/r).

[ AISC(15th) Specification D1. ]
-. L/r = 21.9 < 300.0 ---> O.K.

( ). Calculate axial tensile strength (phiPn).

[ AISC(15th) Specification D2. ]
-. Resistance factor for tension : phi = 0.90
-. phiPn = phi*Area*Fy = 7066.00 kN.

( ). Check ratio of axial strength (Pu/phiPn).

Pu 14.08
-. ------- = --------------- = 0.002 < 1.000 ---> O.K.
phiPn 7066.00

======================================================================================
[[[*]]] CHECK FLEXURAL STRENGTH ABOUT MAJOR AXIS.
======================================================================================

( ). Elastic section modulus refered to tension and compression flanges.

-. Syc = 0.0031 m^3.
-. Syt = 0.0031 m^3.

( ). Calculate limiting width-thickness ratio of flange for flexure.

[ AISC(15th) Specification B4. <Table B4.1b> ]
-. Lambda_p = 0.38*SQRT[Es/Fy] = 9.15
-. Lambda_r = 1.00*SQRT[Es/Fy] = 24.08

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( ). Calculate limiting width-thickness ratio of web for flexure.

[ AISC(15th) Specification B4. <Table B4.1b> ]
-. Lambda_p = 3.76*SQRT[Es/Fy] = 90.55
-. Lambda_r = 5.70*SQRT[Es/Fy] = 137.27

( ). Calculate limiting width-thickness ratio of flange for compression in seismic provisions.

[ AISC(15th) Specification for Seismic provisions D1.1b. <Table D1.1> ]
-. Lambda_ps = 0.32*SQRT[Es/Fy] = 7.35

( ). Calculate limiting width-thickness ratio of web for flexural compression

in seismic provisions.
[ AISC(15th) Specification for Seismic provisions D1.1b. <Table D1.1> ]
Pu Pu
-. Ca = --------- = --------------- = 0.002
phic*Py phic*Ry*Fy*Ag
-. Lambda_ps = 2.57*SQRT[Es/(Ry*Fy)]*(1-1.04*Ca) = 61.78 (Ca < 0.114)

( ). Check width-thickness ratio of flange (BTR).

[ AISC(15th) Specification B4. <Table B4.1b> ]
-. BTR = 7.82 < Lambda_r = 24.08 ---> NON COMPACT.

( ). Check width-thickness ratio of web (DTR).

[ AISC(15th) Specification B4. <Table B4.1b> ]
-. DTR = 19.36 < Lambda_p = 61.78 ---> COMPACT.

( ). Calculate lateral-torsional buckling modification factor (Cb).

[ AISC(15th) Specification F1.(2) (F1-1) ]
-. Cb = 1.000 (User defined or default value)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------
[*] Check Flange Local Buckling (FLB).
--------------------------------------------------------------------------

( ). Calculate limiting width-thickness ratios for FLB.

[ AISC(15th) Specification for Seismic provisions D1.1b. <Table D1.1> ]
-. Lambda = b/t = 7.82
-. Lambda_pf = 7.35 (Seismically compact)
-. Lambda_rf = 24.08

( ). Calculate nominal flexural strength for Flange local buckling (FLB).

[ AISC(15th) Specification F3.2 (F3-1) ]
Lambda -Lambda_pf
-. [Link] = Mp - (Mp-0.7*Fy*Syy)*------------------- = 1185.07 kN-m.
Lambda_rf-Lambda_pf

--------------------------------------------------------------------------
[*] Check Lateral-Torsional Buckling (LTB).
--------------------------------------------------------------------------

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( ). Compute limiting laterally unbraced length for the limit state of yielding (Lp).
[ AISC(15th) Specification F2.2 (F2-5) ]
-. Lp = 1.76*rz*SQRT[Es/Fy] = 4.03 m.

( ). Calculate nominal flexural strength for Lateral-torsional buckling (LTB).

-. Lb < Lp ---> Lateral-torsional buckling is not applied.

( ). Compute flexural strength about major axis (phiMny).

-. Mny = [Link] = 1185.07 kN-m.
-. Resistance factor for flexure : phi = 0.90
-. phiMny = phi*Mny = 1066.57 kN-m.

( ). Check ratio of flexural strength (Muy/phiMny).

Muy 67.55
-. -------- = --------------- = 0.063 < 1.000 ---> O.K.
phiMny 1066.57

======================================================================================
[[[*]]] CHECK FLEXURAL STRENGTH ABOUT MINOR AXIS.
======================================================================================

( ). Elastic section modulus refered to tension and compression flanges.

-. Syc = 0.0031 m^3.
-. Syt = 0.0031 m^3.

( ). Calculate limiting width-thickness ratio of flange for flexure.

[ AISC(15th) Specification B4. <Table B4.1b> ]
-. Lambda_p = 0.38*SQRT[Es/Fy] = 9.15
-. Lambda_r = 1.00*SQRT[Es/Fy] = 24.08

( ). Calculate limiting width-thickness ratio of flange for compression in seismic provisions.

[ AISC(15th) Specification for Seismic provisions D1.1b. <Table D1.1> ]
-. Lambda_ps = 0.32*SQRT[Es/Fy] = 7.35

( ). Check width-thickness ratio of flange (BTR).

[ AISC(15th) Specification B4. <Table B4.1b> ]
-. BTR = 7.82 < Lambda_r = 24.08 ---> NON COMPACT.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------
[*] Check Yielding (Y).
--------------------------------------------------------------------------

( ). Calculate nominal flexural strength for Yielding (Y).

[ AISC(15th) Specification F6.1 (F6-1) ]
-. Mn.Y = Mp = MIN[ Fy*Zzz, 1.6*Fy*Szz ] = 576.22 kN-m.

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--------------------------------------------------------------------------
[*] Check Flange Local Buckling (FLB).
--------------------------------------------------------------------------

( ). Calculate limiting width-thickness ratios for FLB.

[ AISC(15th) Specification B4. <Table B4.1b> ]
-. Lambda = b/t = 7.82
-. Lambda_pf = 7.35
-. Lambda_rf = 24.08

( ). Calculate nominal flexural strength for Flange local buckling (FLB).

[ AISC(15th) Specification F6.2. (F6-2) ]
Lambda -Lambda_pf
-. [Link] = Mp - (Mp-0.7*Fy*Szz) * ------------------- = 567.51 kN-m.
Lambda_rf-Lambda_pf

( ). Compute flexural strength about minor axis (phiMnz).

-. Mnz = MIN[ Mn.Y, [Link] ] = 567.51 kN-m.
-. Resistance factor for flexure : phi = 0.90
-. phiMnz = phi*Mnz = 510.76 kN-m.

( ). Check ratio of flexural strength (Muz/phiMnz).

Muz 41.73
-. -------- = --------------- = 0.082 < 1.000 ---> O.K.
phiMnz 510.76

======================================================================================
[[[*]]] CHECK INTERACTION OF COMBINED STRENGTH.
======================================================================================

( ). Check interaction ratio of combined strength.

[ AISC(15th) Specification H1.1(b) ]
-. Pr/Pc < 0.20 ---> Formula(H1-1b)
Pr [ Mry Mrz ]
-. ComRat = ------ + [ ----- + ----- ]
2*Pc [ Mcy Mcz ]
=9.964e-04 + [ 0.063 + 0.082 ]
= 0.146 < 1.000 ---> O.K.

======================================================================================
[[[*]]] CHECK SHEAR STRENGTH.
======================================================================================

( ). Calculate the web shear buckling coefficient (Cv2).

[ AISC(15th) Specification G2.2 (G2-9) ]

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-. for webs of all other doubly/singly symmetric shapes and channels.

-. kv (web plate buckling coefficient) = 1.20
-. h/tw = 7.819< 1.10*SQRT[kv*Es/Fy] = 29.020
-. Cv2 = 1.00

( ). Calculate shear strength in local-y direction (phiVny).

-. Aw = 0.02 m^2.
-. Vn = 0.6*Fy*Aw*Cv2 = 3687.9327 kN.
-. Resistance factor for shear : phi = 0.90
-. phiVny = phi*Vn = 3319.14 kN.

( ). Check ratio of shear strength (Vu/phiVn).

( LCB = 8, POS = J )
-. Applied shear force : Vuy = 43.98 kN.
Vuy 43.98
-. -------- = --------------- = 0.013 < 1.000 ---> O.K.
phiVny 3319.14

( ). Calculate shear strength coefficient (Cv1).

[ AISC(15th) Specification G2.1 (G2-2) ]
-. for Rolled H-Shape members.
-. h/tw = 19.356 < 2.24*SQRT[Es/Fy] = 53.946
-. Cv1 = 1.00

( ). Calculate shear strength in local-z direction (phiVnz).

-. Aw = 5.52e-03 m^2.
-. Vn = 0.6*Fy*Aw*Cv1 = 1141.6364 kN.
-. for webs of rolled H-shape members with h/tw < 2.24*SQRT[Es/Fy].
-. Resistance factor for shear : phi = 1.00
-. phiVnz = phi*Vn = 1141.64 kN.

( ). Check ratio of shear strength (Vu/phiVn).

( LCB = 9, POS = J )
-. Applied shear force : Vuz = 41.02 kN.
Vuz 41.02
-. -------- = --------------- = 0.036 < 1.000 ---> O.K.
phiVnz 1141.64

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======================================================================================
[[[*]]] CHECK DEFLECTION.
======================================================================================

( ). Compute Maximum Deflection.

-. LCB = 36
-. DAF = 1.000 (Deflection Amplification Factor).
-. Def = 0.024 * DAF = 0.024m (Global Y)
-. Def_Lim = 0.010m
Def > Def_Lim ---> Not Acceptable !!!

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*. PROJECT :
*. MEMBER NO = 391, ELEMENT TYPE = Beam
*. LOADCOMB NO = 7, MATERIAL NO = 1, SECTION NO = 2
*. UNIT SYSTEM : kN, m

*. SECTION PROPERTIES : Designation = W18X71

Shape = I - Section. (Rolled)
Depth = 0.470, Top F Width = 0.194, Bot.F Width = 0.194
Web Thick = 0.013, Top F Thick = 0.021, Bot.F Thick = 0.021

Area = 1.34838e-02, Asy = 5.32334e-03, Asz = 5.90805e-03

Ybar = 9.70280e-02, Zbar = 2.34950e-01, Qyb = 9.43194e-02, Qzb = 4.70722e-03
Syy = 2.08116e-03, Szz = 2.58916e-04, Zyy = 2.39251e-03, Zzz = 4.04760e-04
Iyy = 4.86991e-04, Izz = 2.50988e-05, Iyz = 0.00000e+00
ry = 1.90500e-01, rz = 4.31800e-02
J = 1.45265e-06, Cwp = 1.26682e-06

*. DESIGN PARAMETERS FOR STRENGTH EVALUATION :

Ly = 3.00000e-01, Lz = 3.00000e-01, Lu = 0.00000e+00
Ky = 1.00000e+00, Kz = 1.00000e+00

*. MATERIAL PROPERTIES :
Fy = 3.44738e+05, Es = 1.99948e+08, MATERIAL NAME = A992

*. DESCRIPTION OF APPLIED FACTOR FOR CHECKING.

Seismic Load Resisting System : SMF (Special Moment Frames).

( ). Compute moment magnification factors(B1y,B1z).

-. If tension or bending member.
-. Assumed B1y = 1.00
-. Assumed B1z = 1.00

( ). Magnification factors for sidesway moments(B2y,B2z).

-. B2y = 1.00 (Default value)
-. B2z = 1.00 (Default value)

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( ). Given factored axial forces and moments at <J>.

----------------------------------------------------------------
Load Case Pa My Mz
----------------------------------------------------------------
DL 0.00 62.12 -0.67
LL 0.00 0.00 0.00
DL+LL 0.00 62.12 -0.67
OTHER CASES 0.00 6.27 30.15
----------------------------------------------------------------
TOTAL 0.00 68.39 29.49
----------------------------------------------------------------

( ). Compute magnified moments.

-. Muy = B1y*My(DL+LL) + B2y*My(OTHERS) = 68.39 kN-m.
-. Muz = B1z*Mz(DL+LL) + B2z*Mz(OTHERS) = 29.49 kN-m.

( ). Check slenderness ratio of axial tension member (L/r).

[ AISC(15th) Specification D1. ]
-. L/r = 6.9 < 300.0 ---> O.K.

( ). Elastic section modulus refered to tension and compression flanges.

-. Syc = 0.0021 m^3.
-. Syt = 0.0021 m^3.

( ). Calculate limiting width-thickness ratio of flange for flexure.

[ AISC(15th) Specification B4. <Table B4.1b> ]
-. Lambda_p = 0.38*SQRT[Es/Fy] = 9.15
-. Lambda_r = 1.00*SQRT[Es/Fy] = 24.08

( ). Calculate limiting width-thickness ratio of web for flexure.

[ AISC(15th) Specification B4. <Table B4.1b> ]
-. Lambda_p = 3.76*SQRT[Es/Fy] = 90.55
-. Lambda_r = 5.70*SQRT[Es/Fy] = 137.27

( ). Calculate limiting width-thickness ratio of flange for compression in seismic provisions.

[ AISC(15th) Specification for Seismic provisions D1.1b. <Table D1.1> ]
-. Lambda_ps = 0.32*SQRT[Es/Fy] = 7.35

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( ). Calculate limiting width-thickness ratio of web for flexural compression

in seismic provisions.
[ AISC(15th) Specification for Seismic provisions D1.1b. <Table D1.1> ]
Pu Pu
-. Ca = --------- = --------------- = 0.000
phic*Py phic*Ry*Fy*Ag
-. Lambda_ps = 2.57*SQRT[Es/(Ry*Fy)]*(1-1.04*Ca) = 61.89 (Ca < 0.114)

( ). Check width-thickness ratio of flange (BTR).

[ AISC(15th) Specification B4. <Table B4.1b> ]
-. BTR = 4.72 < Lambda_p = 7.35 ---> COMPACT.

( ). Check width-thickness ratio of web (DTR).

[ AISC(15th) Specification B4. <Table B4.1b> ]
-. DTR = 32.48 < Lambda_p = 61.89 ---> COMPACT.

( ). Calculate lateral-torsional buckling modification factor (Cb).

[ AISC(15th) Specification F1.(2) (F1-1) ]
-. Cb = 1.000 (User defined or default value)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------
[*] Check Yielding (Y).
--------------------------------------------------------------------------

( ). Calculate nominal flexural strength for Yielding (Y).

[ AISC(15th) Specification F2.1 (F2-1) ]
-. Mn.Y = Mp = Fy*Zyy = 824.79 kN-m.

( ). Compute flexural strength about major axis (phiMny).

-. Mny = Mn.Y = 824.79 kN-m.
-. Resistance factor for flexure : phi = 0.90
-. phiMny = phi*Mny = 742.31 kN-m.

( ). Check ratio of flexural strength (Muy/phiMny).

Muy 68.39
-. -------- = --------------- = 0.092 < 1.000 ---> O.K.
phiMny 742.31

( ). Elastic section modulus refered to tension and compression flanges.

-. Syc = 0.0021 m^3.
-. Syt = 0.0021 m^3.

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( ). Calculate limiting width-thickness ratio of flange for flexure.

[ AISC(15th) Specification B4. <Table B4.1b> ]
-. Lambda_p = 0.38*SQRT[Es/Fy] = 9.15
-. Lambda_r = 1.00*SQRT[Es/Fy] = 24.08

( ). Calculate limiting width-thickness ratio of flange for compression in seismic provisions.

[ AISC(15th) Specification for Seismic provisions D1.1b. <Table D1.1> ]
-. Lambda_ps = 0.32*SQRT[Es/Fy] = 7.35

( ). Check width-thickness ratio of flange (BTR).

[ AISC(15th) Specification B4. <Table B4.1b> ]
-. BTR = 4.72 < Lambda_p = 7.35 ---> COMPACT.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------
[*] Check Yielding (Y).
--------------------------------------------------------------------------

( ). Calculate nominal flexural strength for Yielding (Y).

[ AISC(15th) Specification F6.1 (F6-1) ]
-. Mn.Y = Mp = MIN[ Fy*Zzz, 1.6*Fy*Szz ] = 139.54 kN-m.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------
[*] Check Flange Local Buckling (FLB).
--------------------------------------------------------------------------

( ). Calculate nominal flexural strength for Flange local buckling (FLB).

-. COMPACT flange ---> the limit state of flange local buckling is not applied.

( ). Compute flexural strength about minor axis (phiMnz).

-. Mnz = Mn.Y = 139.54 kN-m.
-. Resistance factor for flexure : phi = 0.90
-. phiMnz = phi*Mnz = 125.58 kN-m.

( ). Check ratio of flexural strength (Muz/phiMnz).

Muz 29.49
-. -------- = --------------- = 0.235 < 1.000 ---> O.K.
phiMnz 125.58

( ). Check interaction ratio of combined strength.

[ AISC(15th) Specification H1.1(b) ]
-. Pr/Pc < 0.20 ---> Formula(H1-1b)

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Pr [ Mry Mrz ]
-. ComRat = ------ + [ ----- + ----- ]
2*Pc [ Mcy Mcz ]
= 0.000 + [ 0.092 + 0.235 ]
= 0.327 < 1.000 ---> O.K.

( ). Calculate the web shear buckling coefficient (Cv2).

[ AISC(15th) Specification G2.2 (G2-9) ]
-. for webs of all other doubly/singly symmetric shapes and channels.
-. kv (web plate buckling coefficient) = 1.20
-. h/tw = 4.716< 1.10*SQRT[kv*Es/Fy] = 29.020
-. Cv2 = 1.00

( ). Calculate shear strength in local-y direction (phiVny).

-. Aw = 7.99e-03 m^2.
-. Vn = 0.6*Fy*Aw*Cv2 = 1651.6430 kN.
-. Resistance factor for shear : phi = 0.90
-. phiVny = phi*Vn = 1486.48 kN.

( ). Check ratio of shear strength (Vu/phiVn).

( LCB = 9, POS = J )
-. Applied shear force : Vuy = 105.86 kN.
Vuy 105.86
-. -------- = --------------- = 0.071 < 1.000 ---> O.K.
phiVny 1486.48

( ). Calculate shear strength coefficient (Cv1).

[ AISC(15th) Specification G2.1 (G2-2) ]
-. for Rolled H-Shape members.
-. h/tw = 32.485 < 2.24*SQRT[Es/Fy] = 53.946
-. Cv1 = 1.00

( ). Calculate shear strength in local-z direction (phiVnz).

-. Aw = 5.91e-03 m^2.
-. Vn = 0.6*Fy*Aw*Cv1 = 1222.0381 kN.
-. for webs of rolled H-shape members with h/tw < 2.24*SQRT[Es/Fy].
-. Resistance factor for shear : phi = 1.00
-. phiVnz = phi*Vn = 1222.04 kN.

( ). Check ratio of shear strength (Vu/phiVn).

( LCB = 9, POS = I )
-. Applied shear force : Vuz = 45.53 kN.
Vuz 45.53
-. -------- = --------------- = 0.037 < 1.000 ---> O.K.
phiVnz 1222.04

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======================================================================================
[[[*]]] CHECK DEFLECTION.
======================================================================================

( ). Compute Maximum Deflection.

-. LCB = 37
-. DAF = 1.000 (Deflection Amplification Factor).
-. Position = 1.500m From i-end(Node 61).
-. Def = 4.254e-04 * DAF =4.254e-04m (Global Z)
-. Def_Lim = 0.008m
Def < Def_Lim ---> O.K !

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*. PROJECT :
*. MEMBER NO = 385, ELEMENT TYPE = Beam
*. LOADCOMB NO = 9, MATERIAL NO = 1, SECTION NO = 3
*. UNIT SYSTEM : kN, m

*. SECTION PROPERTIES : Designation = W14X61

Shape = I - Section. (Rolled)
Depth = 0.353, Top F Width = 0.254, Bot.F Width = 0.254
Web Thick = 0.010, Top F Thick = 0.016, Bot.F Thick = 0.016

Area = 1.15484e-02, Asy = 5.54838e-03, Asz = 3.36290e-03

Ybar = 1.27000e-01, Zbar = 1.76530e-01, Qyb = 8.63672e-02, Qzb = 8.06450e-03
Syy = 1.50925e-03, Szz = 3.52322e-04, Zyy = 1.67148e-03, Zzz = 5.37496e-04
Iyy = 2.66388e-04, Izz = 4.45368e-05, Iyz = 0.00000e+00
ry = 1.51892e-01, rz = 6.22300e-02
J = 9.11547e-07, Cwp = 1.26208e-06

*. DESIGN PARAMETERS FOR STRENGTH EVALUATION :

Ly = 5.10735e+00, Lz = 5.10735e+00, Lu = 5.10735e+00
Ky = 1.00000e+00, Kz = 1.00000e+00

*. MATERIAL PROPERTIES :
Fy = 3.44738e+05, Es = 1.99948e+08, MATERIAL NAME = A992

*. DESCRIPTION OF APPLIED FACTOR FOR CHECKING.

Seismic Load Resisting System : SMF (Special Moment Frames).

( ). Factored force/moments caused by unit load case.

*.Load combination ID = 9
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Load Case Pr Myi Myj Mzi Mzj
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DL -4.48 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
LL 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
DL+LL -4.48 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
OTHER CASES -380.95 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TOTAL -385.43 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
*.Member end moments caused by gravity load(DL+LL).
My1G = 0.00, My2G = 0.00
Mz1G = 0.00, Mz2G = 0.00

( ). Compute coefficient assuming no lateral translation of the frame (Cmy, Cmz)

[ AISC(15th) Specification C2.1.1b. (C2-4) ]
-. Cmy = 1.000 (User defined or default value)

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-. Cmz = 1.000 (User defined or default value)

( ). Compute moment magnification factors(B1y,B1z).

-. Pu = Pu(DL+LL) + Pu(WL(EL)) = 385.43 kN.
-. About major(Local-y) axis.
SLENy = Ky*Ly/ry = 33.62
Lambda = (SLENy/pi)*SQRT(Fy/Es) = 0.4444
Pey = (Area*Fy)/Lambda^2 = 20156.50 kN.
B1y = Cmy / (1-Pu/Pey) = 1.02
-. About minor(Local-z) axis.
SLENz = Kz*Lz/rz = 82.07
Lambda = (SLENz/pi)*SQRT(Fy/Es) = 1.0848
Pez = (Area*Fy)/Lambda^2 = 3383.33 kN.
B1z = Cmz / (1-Pu/Pez) = 1.13

( ). Magnification factors for sidesway moments(B2y,B2z).

-. B2y = 1.00 (Default value)
-. B2z = 1.00 (Default value)

( ). Given factored axial forces and moments at <1/2>.

----------------------------------------------------------------
Load Case Pa My Mz
----------------------------------------------------------------
DL -4.48 -3.41 0.00
LL 0.00 0.00 0.00
DL+LL -4.48 -3.41 0.00
OTHER CASES -380.95 0.00 0.00
----------------------------------------------------------------
TOTAL -385.43 -3.41 0.00
----------------------------------------------------------------

( ). Compute magnified moments.

-. Muy = B1y*My(DL+LL) + B2y*My(OTHERS) = -3.48 kN-m.
-. Muz = B1z*Mz(DL+LL) + B2z*Mz(OTHERS) = 0.00 kN-m.

( ). Check slenderness ratio of axial compression member (KL/r).

[ AISC(15th) Specification E2. ]
-. KL/r = 82.1 < 200.0 ---> O.K.

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( ). Check width-thickness ratio of flange (BTR).

[ AISC(15th) Specification B4. <Table B4.1a> ]
-. Lambda_r = 0.56*SQRT[Es/Fy] = 13.49
-. BTR = bf/2tf = 7.75 < Lambda_r ---> NON-SLENDER SECTION !

( ). Check depth-thickness ratio of web (DTR).

[ AISC(15th) Specification B4. <Table B4.1a> ]
-. Lambda_r = 1.49*SQRT[Es/Fy] = 35.88
-. Dweb = H-tf1-tf2 = 0.29 m.
-. DTR = Dweb/tw = 30.45 < Lambda_r ---> NON-SLENDER SECTION !

( ). Calculate Flexural Buckling Stress (Fcr1).

[ AISC(15th) Specification E3 ]
pi^2 * E
-. Fe = ----------- = 292970.8871 KPa.
(Lc/r)^2
-. Lc/r = 82.072
-. 4.71 * SQRT[Es/Fy] = 113.432
-. Fy/Fe = 1.1767
-. When Lc/r < 4.71 * SQRT[Es/Fy]
-. Fcr1 = (0.658)^(Fy/Fe) * Fy = 210666.7871 KPa.

( ). Calculate axial compressive strength (phiPn).

[ AISC(15th) Specification E1. ]
-. Fcr = 210666.7871 KPa.
-. Resistance factor for compression : phi = 0.90
-. phiPn = phi*Area*Fcr = 2189.57 kN.

( ). Check ratio of axial strength (Pu/phiPn).

Pu 385.43
-. ------- = --------------- = 0.176 < 1.000 ---> O.K.
phiPn 2189.57

( ). Elastic section modulus refered to tension and compression flanges.

-. Syc = 0.0015 m^3.
-. Syt = 0.0015 m^3.

( ). Calculate limiting width-thickness ratio of flange for flexure.

[ AISC(15th) Specification B4. <Table B4.1b> ]
-. Lambda_p = 0.38*SQRT[Es/Fy] = 9.15
-. Lambda_r = 1.00*SQRT[Es/Fy] = 24.08

( ). Calculate limiting width-thickness ratio of web for flexure.

[ AISC(15th) Specification B4. <Table B4.1b> ]
-. Lambda_p = 3.76*SQRT[Es/Fy] = 90.55
-. Lambda_r = 5.70*SQRT[Es/Fy] = 137.27

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( ). Calculate limiting width-thickness ratio of flange for compression in seismic provisions.

[ AISC(15th) Specification for Seismic provisions D1.1b. <Table D1.1> ]
-. Lambda_ps = 0.32*SQRT[Es/Fy] = 7.35

( ). Calculate limiting width-thickness ratio of web for flexural compression

in seismic provisions.
[ AISC(15th) Specification for Seismic provisions D1.1b. <Table D1.1> ]
Pu Pu
-. Ca = --------- = --------------- = 0.098
phic*Py phic*Ry*Fy*Ag
-. Lambda_ps = 2.57*SQRT[Es/(Ry*Fy)]*(1-1.04*Ca) = 55.60 (Ca < 0.114)

( ). Check width-thickness ratio of flange (BTR).

[ AISC(15th) Specification B4. <Table B4.1b> ]
-. BTR = 7.75 < Lambda_r = 24.08 ---> NON COMPACT.

( ). Check width-thickness ratio of web (DTR).

[ AISC(15th) Specification B4. <Table B4.1b> ]
-. DTR = 30.45 < Lambda_p = 55.60 ---> COMPACT.

( ). Calculate lateral-torsional buckling modification factor (Cb).

[ AISC(15th) Specification F1.(2) (F1-1) ]
-. Cb = 1.000 (User defined or default value)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------
[*] Check Flange Local Buckling (FLB).
--------------------------------------------------------------------------

( ). Calculate limiting width-thickness ratios for FLB.

[ AISC(15th) Specification for Seismic provisions D1.1b. <Table D1.1> ]
-. Lambda = b/t = 7.75
-. Lambda_pf = 7.35 (Seismically compact)
-. Lambda_rf = 24.08

( ). Calculate nominal flexural strength for Flange local buckling (FLB).

[ AISC(15th) Specification F3.2 (F3-1) ]
Lambda -Lambda_pf
-. [Link] = Mp - (Mp-0.7*Fy*Syy)*------------------- = 571.11 kN-m.
Lambda_rf-Lambda_pf

--------------------------------------------------------------------------
[*] Check Lateral-Torsional Buckling (LTB).
--------------------------------------------------------------------------

( ). Compute limiting laterally unbraced length for the limit state of yielding (Lp).
[ AISC(15th) Specification F2.2 (F2-5) ]
-. Lp = 1.76*rz*SQRT[Es/Fy] = 2.64 m.

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( ). Compute laterally unbraced length for the limit state of inelastic lateral-
torsional buckling (Lr).
[ AISC(15th) Specification F2.2 (F2-6) ]
[ SQRT[Rzz*Cw] ]
-. rts = SQRT[ ------------ ] = 0.07 m.
[ Syy ]
-. c = 1.00 (for a doubly symmetry H-Shape)
-. h0 = H - 0.5*(tf1+tf2) = 0.34 m. (distance between the flange centroid)
Es
-. X1 = ------ = 35.09
0.7Fy
J*c
-. X2 = ------ = 4.06
Syy*h0
-. Lr = 1.95*rts*X1 * SQRT[ X2 +SQRT[ X2^2 + 6.76*(1/X1)^2 ] ] = 8.37 m.

( ). Calculate nominal flexural strength for Lateral-torsional buckling (LTB).

[ AISC(15th) Specification F2.2 (F2-2) ]
-. Lp < Lb < Lr.
[ Lb-Lp ]
-. Mn = Cb *[ Mp - (Mp-0.7*Fy*Syy) * ------- ] = 484.96 kN-m.
[ Lr-Lp ]
-. [Link] = MIN [ Mn, Mp ] = 484.96 kN-m.

( ). Compute flexural strength about major axis (phiMny).

-. Mny = MIN[ [Link], [Link] ] = 484.96 kN-m.
-. Resistance factor for flexure : phi = 0.90
-. phiMny = phi*Mny = 436.46 kN-m.

( ). Check ratio of flexural strength (Muy/phiMny).

Muy 3.48
-. -------- = --------------- = 0.008 < 1.000 ---> O.K.
phiMny 436.46

( ). Elastic section modulus refered to tension and compression flanges.

-. Syc = 0.0015 m^3.
-. Syt = 0.0015 m^3.

( ). Calculate limiting width-thickness ratio of flange for flexure.

[ AISC(15th) Specification B4. <Table B4.1b> ]
-. Lambda_p = 0.38*SQRT[Es/Fy] = 9.15
-. Lambda_r = 1.00*SQRT[Es/Fy] = 24.08

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( ). Calculate limiting width-thickness ratio of flange for compression in seismic provisions.

[ AISC(15th) Specification for Seismic provisions D1.1b. <Table D1.1> ]
-. Lambda_ps = 0.32*SQRT[Es/Fy] = 7.35

( ). Check width-thickness ratio of flange (BTR).

[ AISC(15th) Specification B4. <Table B4.1b> ]
-. BTR = 7.75 < Lambda_r = 24.08 ---> NON COMPACT.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------
[*] Check Yielding (Y).
--------------------------------------------------------------------------

( ). Calculate nominal flexural strength for Yielding (Y).

[ AISC(15th) Specification F6.1 (F6-1) ]
-. Mn.Y = Mp = MIN[ Fy*Zzz, 1.6*Fy*Szz ] = 185.30 kN-m.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------
[*] Check Flange Local Buckling (FLB).
--------------------------------------------------------------------------

( ). Calculate limiting width-thickness ratios for FLB.

[ AISC(15th) Specification B4. <Table B4.1b> ]
-. Lambda = b/t = 7.75
-. Lambda_pf = 7.35
-. Lambda_rf = 24.08

( ). Calculate nominal flexural strength for Flange local buckling (FLB).

[ AISC(15th) Specification F6.2. (F6-2) ]
Lambda -Lambda_pf
-. [Link] = Mp - (Mp-0.7*Fy*Szz) * ------------------- = 182.87 kN-m.
Lambda_rf-Lambda_pf

( ). Compute flexural strength about minor axis (phiMnz).

-. Mnz = MIN[ Mn.Y, [Link] ] = 182.87 kN-m.
-. Resistance factor for flexure : phi = 0.90
-. phiMnz = phi*Mnz = 164.59 kN-m.

( ). Check ratio of flexural strength (Muz/phiMnz).

Muz 0.00
-. -------- = --------------- = 0.000 < 1.000 ---> O.K.
phiMnz 164.59

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( ). Check interaction ratio of combined strength.

[ AISC(15th) Specification H1.1(b) ]
-. Pr/Pc < 0.20 ---> Formula(H1-1b)
Pr [ Mry Mrz ]
-. ComRat = ------ + [ ----- + ----- ]
2*Pc [ Mcy Mcz ]
= 0.088 + [ 0.008 + 0.000 ]
= 0.096 < 1.000 ---> O.K.

( ). Calculate the web shear buckling coefficient (Cv2).

[ AISC(15th) Specification G2.2 (G2-9) ]
-. for webs of all other doubly/singly symmetric shapes and channels.
-. kv (web plate buckling coefficient) = 1.20
-. h/tw = 7.752< 1.10*SQRT[kv*Es/Fy] = 29.020
-. Cv2 = 1.00

( ). Calculate shear strength in local-y direction (phiVny).

-. Aw = 8.32e-03 m^2.
-. Vn = 0.6*Fy*Aw*Cv2 = 1721.4623 kN.
-. Resistance factor for shear : phi = 0.90
-. phiVny = phi*Vn = 1549.32 kN.

( ). Check ratio of shear strength (Vu/phiVn).

( LCB = 25, POS = J )
-. Applied shear force : Vuy = 0.00 kN.
Vuy 0.00
-. -------- = --------------- = 0.000 < 1.000 ---> O.K.
phiVny 1549.32

( ). Calculate shear strength coefficient (Cv1).

[ AISC(15th) Specification G2.1 (G2-2) ]
-. for Rolled H-Shape members.
-. h/tw = 30.453 < 2.24*SQRT[Es/Fy] = 53.946
-. Cv1 = 1.00

( ). Calculate shear strength in local-z direction (phiVnz).

-. Aw = 3.36e-03 m^2.
-. Vn = 0.6*Fy*Aw*Cv1 = 695.5909 kN.
-. for webs of rolled H-shape members with h/tw < 2.24*SQRT[Es/Fy].
-. Resistance factor for shear : phi = 1.00
-. phiVnz = phi*Vn = 695.59 kN.

( ). Check ratio of shear strength (Vu/phiVn).

( LCB = 1, POS = J )
-. Applied shear force : Vuz = 3.12 kN.
Vuz 3.12
-. -------- = --------------- = 0.004 < 1.000 ---> O.K.
phiVnz 695.59

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Common questions

The nominal flexural strength for flange local buckling (FLB) is calculated by adjusting the plastic moment capacity (Mp) based on the ratio of the width-thickness of the flange ([Lambda] near the limiting slenderness Lambda_pf and Lambda_rf). Specifically, Mn.FLB = Mp - (Mp-0.7*Fy*Szz) * (Lambda-Lambda_pf) / (Lambda_rf-Lambda_pf). This adjustment ensures that flange buckling considerations reduce strength appropriately as the flange approaches its slenderness limits .

The resistance factor for shear is based on the orientation and cross-sectional properties of the element being analyzed. In the given context, the resistance factor (phi) is 0.90 for local-y direction, indicating a conservative approach due to higher variability in shear capacity for general cases. Conversely, in the local-z direction, phi is 1.00 for the H-shape members due to the simpler and more predictable shear behavior associated with standard shapes, indicating better reliability in the prediction of shear strength .

Separate checks for axial, flexural, interaction, and shear strengths are performed to ensure comprehensive safety and reliability of structural members under diverse loading conditions. Each strength check addresses a different potential failure mode—axial checks safeguard against buckling under axial loads, flexural checks ensure bending capacities are not exceeded, interaction checks assess the combined effects of axial and flexural stresses, and shear checks prevent shear failure. This holistic approach ensures that no potential weakness is overlooked, leading to safer design practices .

Under seismic provisions, the limiting width-thickness ratios for flanges are smaller compared to regular flexure. The value Lambda_ps under seismic provisions is 7.35, compared to Lambda_p for regular flexure which is 9.15. This indicates stricter requirements under seismic conditions to ensure better ductility and resistance to shearing and buckling .

The magnified moment about the y-axis (Muy) is calculated using the formula Muy = B1y * My(DL+LL) + B2y * My(OTHERS), where B1y and B2y are amplification factors for the DL (dead load) and LL (live load) combination and other load cases. For the given load cases, Muy is computed as 68.39 kN-m .

Nominal compressive strength (Fcr) is influenced by slenderness parameter (Lc/r) such that higher slenderness leads to a lower Fcr, as evidenced by Fcr = (0.658)^(Fy/Fe) * Fy for Lc/r < 4.71 * SQRT[Es/Fy]. This reflects a reduction in strength due to buckling risks in slender members. Lower Fcr values necessitate additional analysis or design enhancements to ensure the member can handle the applied loads effectively without buckling .

Shear strength for a rolled H-shape member is calculated using the nominal shear capacity formula Vn = 0.6 * Fy * Aw * Cv, where Aw is the shear area, and Cv is determined based on geometric slenderness (h/tw). For the given profiles, Cv1 and Cv2 are calculated to be 1.00 due to the shape’s dimension complying with stability criteria (h/tw < critical value), reflecting a full utilization of shear capacity. These coefficients factor in the likelihood of web buckling, with values reflecting safe defaults or calculated outcomes for stability .

The lateral-torsional buckling modification factor (Cb) adjusts the flexural capacity based on the distribution of moments along the span. Cb can vary depending on the moment gradient and load pattern. In this analysis, Cb is assumed to be 1.00, either because the default conservative value was used or because the moment distribution did not warrant higher Cb values. Assuming Cb as 1.00 simplifies calculations and is typically safe for uniform moment distribution or when a conservative estimate is acceptable .

To check the axial tensile strength according to AISC specifications, one must first calculate the slenderness ratio (L/r) to ensure it's less than 300, confirming the member is not susceptible to buckling. Next, calculate the axial tensile strength (phiPn) using the formula phiPn = phi * Area * Fy, where phi is the resistance factor for tension (0.90), and ensure that the axial load Pu divided by phiPn is less than or equal to 1.0. In the document, Pu/phiPn = 0.002 < 1.0, thus, the axial tensile strength is satisfactory .

The interaction ratio of combined strength, calculated using the formula in AISC Specification H1.1(b), indicates the simultaneous utilization of axial and flexural capacities. A result less than 1.0 suggests that the member is able to safely support the prescribed loads without exceeding its capacity. In this document, the interaction ratios demonstrate that the combined utilization of axial loads and bending moments remains within acceptable limits, ensuring safe performance under the specified load combinations .

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