Bandwidth Utilization:
Multiplexing
6.1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Note
Bandwidth utilization is the wise use of
available bandwidth to achieve
specific goals.
Efficiency can be achieved by
multiplexing
6.2
6-1 MULTIPLEXING
Whenever the bandwidth of a medium linking two
devices is greater than the bandwidth needs of the
devices, the link can be shared. Multiplexing is the set
of techniques that allows the simultaneous
transmission of multiple signals across a single data
link. As data and telecommunications use increases, so
does traffic.
Topics discussed in this section:
Frequency-Division Multiplexing
Wavelength-Division Multiplexing
Synchronous Time-Division Multiplexing
Statistical Time-Division Multiplexing
6.3
Figure 6.1 Dividing a link into channels
6.4
Figure 6.2 Categories of multiplexing
6.5
Figure 6.3 Frequency-division multiplexing
6.6
Note
FDM is an analog multiplexing technique
that combines analog signals.
6.7
Figure 6.4 FDM process
6.8
Figure 6.5 FDM demultiplexing example
6.9
Example 6.1
Assume that a voice channel occupies a bandwidth of 4
kHz. We need to combine three voice channels into a link
with a bandwidth of 12 kHz, from 20 to 32 kHz. Show the
configuration, using the frequency domain. Assume there
are no guard bands.
Solution
We shift (modulate) each of the three voice channels to a
different bandwidth, as shown in Figure 6.6. We use the
20- to 24-kHz bandwidth for the first channel, the 24- to
28-kHz bandwidth for the second channel, and the 28- to
32-kHz bandwidth for the third one. Then we combine
them as shown in Figure 6.6.
6.10
Figure 6.6 Example 6.1
6.11
Example 6.2
Five channels, each with a 100-kHz bandwidth, are to be
multiplexed together. What is the minimum bandwidth of
the link if there is a need for a guard band of 10 kHz
between the channels to prevent interference?
Solution
For five channels, we need at least four guard bands.
This means that the required bandwidth is at least
5 × 100 + 4 × 10 = 540 kHz,
as shown in Figure 6.7.
6.12
Figure 6.7 Example 6.2
6.13
Figure 6.9 Analog hierarchy
6.14
Figure 6.10 Wavelength-division multiplexing
6.15
Note
WDM is an analog multiplexing
technique to combine optical signals.
6.16
Figure 6.11 Prisms in wavelength-division multiplexing and demultiplexing
6.17
Figure 6.12 TDM
6.18
Note
TDM is a digital multiplexing technique
for combining several low-rate
channels into one high-rate one.
6.19
Figure 6.13 Synchronous time-division multiplexing
6.20
Note
In synchronous TDM, the data rate
of the link is n times faster, and the unit
duration is n times shorter.
6.21
Figure 6.15 Interleaving
6.22
Example 6.8
Four channels are multiplexed using TDM. If each
channel sends 100 bytes /s and we multiplex 1 byte per
channel, show the frame traveling on the link, the size of
the frame, the duration of a frame, the frame rate, and
the bit rate for the link.
Solution
The multiplexer is shown in Figure 6.16. Each frame
carries 1 byte from each channel; the size of each frame,
therefore, is 4 bytes, or 32 bits. Because each channel is
sending 100 bytes/s and a frame carries 1 byte from each
channel, the frame rate must be 100 frames per second.
The bit rate is 100 × 32, or 3200 bps.
6.23
Figure 6.16 Example 6.8
6.24
Example 6.9
A multiplexer combines four 100-kbps channels using a
time slot of 2 bits. Show the output with four arbitrary
inputs. What is the frame rate? What is the frame
duration? What is the bit rate? What is the bit duration?
Solution
Figure 6.17 shows the output for four arbitrary inputs.
The link carries 50,000 frames per second. The frame
duration is therefore 1/50,000 s or 20 μs. The frame rate
is 50,000 frames per second, and each frame carries 8
bits; the bit rate is 50,000 × 8 = 400,000 bits or 400 kbps.
The bit duration is 1/400,000 s, or 2.5 μs.
6.25
Figure 6.17 Example 6.9
6.26
Figure 6.18 Empty slots
6.27
Figure 6.19 Multilevel multiplexing
6.28
Figure 6.20 Multiple-slot multiplexing
6.29
Figure 6.21 Pulse stuffing
6.30
Figure 6.22 Framing bits
6.31
Example 6.10
We have four sources, each creating 250 characters per
second. If the interleaved unit is a character and 1
synchronizing bit is added to each frame, find (a) the data
rate of each source, (b) the duration of each character in
each source, (c) the frame rate, (d) the duration of each
frame, (e) the number of bits in each frame, and (f) the
data rate of the link.
Solution
We can answer the questions as follows:
a. The data rate of each source is 250 × 8 = 2000 bps = 2
kbps.
6.32
Example 6.10 (continued)
b. Each source sends 250 characters per second;
therefore, the duration of a character is 1/250 s, or
4 ms.
c. Each frame has one character from each source,
which means the link needs to send 250 frames per
second to keep the transmission rate of each source.
d. The duration of each frame is 1/250 s, or 4 ms. Note
that the duration of each frame is the same as the
duration of each character coming from each source.
e. Each frame carries 4 characters and 1 extra
synchronizing bit. This means that each frame is
4 × 8 + 1 = 33 bits.
6.33
. The link sends 250 frames per second, and each frame
contains 33 bits. This means that the
data rate of the link is 250 x 33, or 8250 bps. Note that
the bit rate of the link is greater than
the combined bit rates of the four channels. If we add the
bit rates of four channels, we get
8000 bps. Because 250 frames are traveling per second
and each contains 1 extra bit for
synchronizing, we need to add 250 to the sum to get
8250 bps.
6.34
Example 6.11
Two channels, one with a bit rate of 100 kbps and
another with a bit rate of 200 kbps, are to be multiplexed.
How this can be achieved? What is the frame rate? What
is the frame duration? What is the bit rate of the link?
Solution
We can allocate one slot to the first channel and two slots
to the second channel. Each frame carries 3 bits. The
frame rate is 100,000 frames per second because it carries
1 bit from the first channel. The bit rate is 100,000
frames/s × 3 bits per frame, or 300 kbps.
6.35
Figure 6.23 Digital hierarchy
6.36
Figure 6.26 TDM slot comparison
6.37
6.38
6.39