Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Signal and Systems Lecture 1
Department of ECE
Solomon T. Mawcha
Address:
solomontma@[Link]
Mekelle University-Mekelle Institute of Technology
March 12, 2017
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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Introduction
Outline
1 Introduction
2 Signal Classification
3 Basic(useful) signals
4 Basic operations performed on signals
5 Operation performed on dependent variable
6 Operation performed on the independent variable
7 Systems and Frequently encountered Interconnections
8 Basic System Properties
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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Introduction
Introduction
The intent of this introduction is to give the reader an idea
about Signals and its applications. But we must first, at least
vaguely define what signals and systems are. Signals are
functions of one or more variables .
Signals are functions of one or more independent
variable(s) .
Anything which carries information
A quantitative description of a physical phenomenon
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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Introduction
Representation of signal
x(t) : for continuous Signal, x[n] : for discrete signal
where t is continuous time value and n discrete time value
Figure 1 : Continuous and Discrete Signals
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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Introduction
Examples of signals include
Speech signal: is a function of time.
A voltage signal: voltage across two points varying as a
function of time.
A photograph: color and intensity as a function of
2-dimensional space.
A video signal: color and intensity as a function of
2-dimensional space and time.
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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Signal Classification
Outline
1 Introduction
2 Signal Classification
3 Basic(useful) signals
4 Basic operations performed on signals
5 Operation performed on dependent variable
6 Operation performed on the independent variable
7 Systems and Frequently encountered Interconnections
8 Basic System Properties
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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Signal Classification
Discrete-time and Continuous-time Signal
Signals may be classified as:
1 Discrete-time signals
1 are defined only at discrete time
2 the independent variable takes on only a discrete set of
values
3 Symbol n is used to denote the discrete-time independent
variable
4 represented by x[t]
2 Continuous-time signals
1 the independent variable is continuous
2 symbol t is used to denote the continuous-time independent
variable
3 represented by x(t)
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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Signal Classification
Figure 1 : Continuous Signals
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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Signal Classification
Figure 1 : Discrete Signals
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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Signal Classification
Energy and Power signals
Energy Signal
1 SignalR ∞energy is represented by Ex
2 Ex = −∞ x(t)2 dt for Continuous-time signal
P∞
3 Ex = n=−∞ x[n]2 for Discrete-time signal
4 If total energy is finite energy signal has zero power
Power Signal
1 Signal energy is represented by Px
2 power signal has infinite energy
1
RT
3 Px = limT →∞ 2T −T
x(t)2 dt for Continuous-time signal
T
Px = limT →∞ T1 0 x(t)2 dt for periodic Continuous-time
R
4
signal
1
PN 2
5 Px = limT →∞ 2N+1 n=−N x[n] for Discrete-time signal
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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Signal Classification
Figure 1 : Energy Signals
Example: The discrete-time signal
(
1 if 0 ≤ n ≤ 10
x[t] =
0 if otherwise
for which E∞ = 11 is a finite-energy signal.
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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Signal Classification
Figure 1 : Power Signals
Example 1: The constant signal x(t) = 4 has infinite
energy, but a total average power of 16:
1
RT 2 1
RT 2
P∞ = limT →∞ 2T −T x(t) dt = limT →∞ 2T −T 4 dt
1
limT →∞ 2T 2T ∗ 16 = 16
Example 2: For x(t) = Cejw0 t , the total average power is
C2
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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Signal Classification
Periodic and non-period signals
Periodic Signals
1 periodic signal x(t) is a function that satisfies the condition
2 Ex = x(t + T ) for for all T
3 A discrete time signal x[n] is periodic if there is an integer
constant N > 0 such that x[n] = x[n + N] for all n.
4 the smallest value of T , T0 is called the fundamental period
5 f = T1 is fundamental frequency...measured in Hertz(Hz)
6 w = 2πT is angular frequency measured in radians per
second
Figure 1 : Continuous Sinusoidal Signals
Non-periodic
1 A signal Px that for which there is no value of T to satisfy
the above equations is aperiodic or non-periodic 3 / 10
Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Signal Classification
Even and Odd Signals
Even Signals
1 is represented by Xe (t)
2 Xe (t)= x(t) = x(−t) for for all T
3 Xe (t)= 12 (x(t) + x(−t))
4 x(t) = t 2 − 40 is an even signal
Odd Signals
1 is represented by Xo (t)
2 Xo (t)= x(t) = −x(−t) for for all T
3 X0 (t)= 12 (x(t) − x(−t))
1 3
4 x(t) = 10 t is an odd signal
every signal can be represented as a sum of even and odd
components
x(t) = e0.4t is neither odd nor even
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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Signal Classification
Figure 1 : Even and Odd Signals
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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Signal Classification
Deterministic and Random Signals
Deterministic Signals
1 is a signal about which there is no uncertainty with respect
to its value
Random Signals
1 is a signal about which there is uncertainty before its actual
occurence
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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Basic(useful) signals
Outline
1 Introduction
2 Signal Classification
3 Basic(useful) signals
4 Basic operations performed on signals
5 Operation performed on dependent variable
6 Operation performed on the independent variable
7 Systems and Frequently encountered Interconnections
8 Basic System Properties
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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Basic(useful) signals
Unit step
represented by u(t) for the continuous signals and u[n] for
discrete
and is defined as
(
1 if t > 0
u(t) =
0 if t < 0
Figure 1 : Unit Step
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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Basic(useful) signals
Discrete-time Impulse and Step signal
Unit Step Discrete-time signal is represented by u[n]
and is defined as
(
1 if n > 0
u[n] =
0 if n < 0
Unit Impulse Discrete-time signal is represented by δ[n]
and is defined as
(
1 if n = 0
δ[n] =
0 if n < 0
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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Basic(useful) signals
Figure 1 : Unit Impulse and step Signal-Discrete
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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Basic(useful) signals
A pulse signal
1 expressed using two step functions
2 example x(t) = u(t-2)-u(t-4)
Figure 1 : Impulse Signal
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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Basic(useful) signals
Rectangle
(
A if − 12 <= t <= 1
2
x(t) =
0 otherwise
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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Basic(useful) signals
Unit Impulse signal
the dirac delta function is represented by δ(t)
is defined as
(
0 if t is different from zero
δ(t) =
∞ if t = 0
R∞
where −∞ δ(t)dt = 1
Figure 1 : Impulse Signal
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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Basic(useful) signals
Exponential signal
very important in signal and systems
is defined as x(t)=Cest where
√ s is a complex variable
given by s= a + jw and j = −1
est = eat ejwt =eat (cost(wt) + jsin(wt))
the conjugate of s is given by s∗ = a − jw
e∗st = eat e−jwt =eat (cost(wt) − jsin(wt))
cos(θ) = 21 (ejθ + e−jθ )
1
sin(θ) = 2j (e
jθ − e−jθ )
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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Basic(useful) signals
Figure 1 : Real-valued Exponential
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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Basic(useful) signals
Sinusoidal Signals
probably the most important elemental signal that you will
deal with is the real-valued sinusoid
in its continuous-time form, we write the general form as:
x(t) = Acos(wt + φ)
where A is the amplitude, w is the frequency, and φ
represents the phase
wt replaced with 2πft
Since sinusoidal signals are periodic, we can express the
period of these, or any periodic signal, as:
T = 2π
w
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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Basic(useful) signals
Ramp Signals
is the integral of the step function u(t)
commonly denoted by r (t)
and is defined as
(
t if t ≥ 0
r (t) =
0 otherwise
Figure 1 : Ramp Signal
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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Basic operations performed on signals
Outline
1 Introduction
2 Signal Classification
3 Basic(useful) signals
4 Basic operations performed on signals
5 Operation performed on dependent variable
6 Operation performed on the independent variable
7 Systems and Frequently encountered Interconnections
8 Basic System Properties
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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Basic operations performed on signals
1 Operations performed on the dependent variable
2 operations performed on the independent variable
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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Operation performed on dependent variable
Outline
1 Introduction
2 Signal Classification
3 Basic(useful) signals
4 Basic operations performed on signals
5 Operation performed on dependent variable
6 Operation performed on the independent variable
7 Systems and Frequently encountered Interconnections
8 Basic System Properties
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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Operation performed on dependent variable
Amplitude Scaling
1 y(t) = Cx(t)
2 Example Amplifier
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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Operation performed on dependent variable
Addition
1 for signals x1 (t) and x2 (t)
2 y(t)=x1 (t) + x2 (t)
3 Eg. Audio Mixer
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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Operation performed on dependent variable
Multiplication
1 for signals x1 (t) and x2 (t)
2 y(t)=x1 (t)x2 (t)
3 Eg. AM radio where x1 (t) is Audio signal and x2 (t) is
carrier wave
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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Operation performed on the independent variable
Outline
1 Introduction
2 Signal Classification
3 Basic(useful) signals
4 Basic operations performed on signals
5 Operation performed on dependent variable
6 Operation performed on the independent variable
7 Systems and Frequently encountered Interconnections
8 Basic System Properties
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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Operation performed on the independent variable
Time Scaling
y(t) = x(at)
if a >= 1, the signal y(t) is compressed version of x(t)
0 < a < 1, the signal y(t) is expanded version of x(t)
Figure 2 : Continuous and Discrete Signals
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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Operation performed on the independent variable
Time reversal(Reflection)
replace time t of the signal x(t) by −t
y(t) = x(−t)
Odd and even?
Figure 2 : Time Reversal
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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Operation performed on the independent variable
Time shift
let x(t) denote a continuous time signal
the shifted version of x(t) will be y (t) = x(t − t0 )
t0 is the time shift
if t0 > 0, x(t) is shifted to the right with respect to the time
axis
if t0 < 0, x(t) is shifted to the left with respect to the time
axis
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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Systems and Frequently encountered Interconnections
Outline
1 Introduction
2 Signal Classification
3 Basic(useful) signals
4 Basic operations performed on signals
5 Operation performed on dependent variable
6 Operation performed on the independent variable
7 Systems and Frequently encountered Interconnections
8 Basic System Properties
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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Systems and Frequently encountered Interconnections
What is System?
a system is a mathematical model of a physical process
that relates the input signal to the output signal
is interconnections of subsystems
Systems are used to process signals to modify or extract
information
Interconnections of Systems
1 to analyze the operation and behavior of the overall system,
it is important understand the interconnection of
subsystems
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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Systems and Frequently encountered Interconnections
A series or Cascade Interconnection
the output of one systems is the input to the next system
Eg. Radio receiver followed by amplifier
Figure 3 : Cascade Interconnection
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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Systems and Frequently encountered Interconnections
A parallel Interconnection
the same input signal is applied to two or more than two
systems
the output of the systems is added
eg. simple audio systems with several microphones..
speaker system
Figure 3 : Parallel Interconnection
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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Systems and Frequently encountered Interconnections
Combined Interconnection
contains both Series and parallel
Figure 3 : Combined Interconnection
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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Systems and Frequently encountered Interconnections
Feedback Interconnection
the output of system 1 is the the output and input to system
2
the output of system 2 is added to the external input
Electrical circuits
Figure 3 : Feedback Interconnection
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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Basic System Properties
Outline
1 Introduction
2 Signal Classification
3 Basic(useful) signals
4 Basic operations performed on signals
5 Operation performed on dependent variable
6 Operation performed on the independent variable
7 Systems and Frequently encountered Interconnections
8 Basic System Properties
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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Basic System Properties
System with/out memory
Memoryless
1 its output for each value of the independent variable at
given time is dependent on the input at the same time
2 Eg1. y[n] = (2x[n] − x 2 [n])2
3 Eg2. y(t) =Rx(t) where R is resistor, x(t) is current and
y (t) is voltage
System with memory
1 its output depends on theP past values
n
2 eg1. Accumulator y[n] = k=−∞ x[k ]
3 eg2. Delay y[t] =x[n − 1]
Rt
4 eg3. Capacitor y (t) = C1 −∞ x(t)dt
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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Basic System Properties
Invertibility and Inverse Systems
let a system S produces y(t) with input x(t), if there exists
another system Si which produces x(t) from y (t), then S is
invertible
a systems is said to be invertible if distinct input leads to
distinct output
if a system is invertible, then an inverse system exists
y(t) = 2x(t) and w(t) = 21 y(t)
eg. channel coding
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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Basic System Properties
Causality
present output depends only on the past and present
inputs, not on the future inputs
output depends at t0 depends on x(t) for t <= t0
y(t) = x(t − 1) + x(t)
y(t) = x(t + 1) + x(t) and y[n]) = x[−n] are not causal
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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Basic System Properties
Stability
bounded input results in bounded output
a system is said to be stable in the BIBO sense OR
small input leads to responses that do not diverge
pendulum
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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Basic System Properties
Time Variance
time-invariant system is one whose parameters do not
change with time
if the behavior of the system is fixed overtime
y(t) is the output if x(t) is the input then
y(t − t0 ) is the output if x(t − t0 ) is the input
eg1. y(t) = sin[x(t)]
1 y1 (t) = sin[x1 (t)]
x2 (t) = x1 (t − t0 )
y2 (t) = sin[x1 (t − t0 )]
y1 (t − t0 ) = sin[x1 (t − t0 )]
eg2. y(t) = x(2t)
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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Basic System Properties
Example time variance system
Figure 4 : Time variance
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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Basic System Properties
Linearity
possesses the Superposition property
if the input contains the weighted sum, then the output is
the weighted sum of each of the signal
Superposition property contains scaling and additivity
property
1 the response to x1 (t) + x2 (t) is y1 (t) + y2 (t)
2 the response to a1 x1 (t) is a1 y1 (t) where a1 is any complex
constant
these two properties defining a linear system
a1 x1 (t) +a2 x2 (t) leads to a1 y1 (t) +a2 y2 (t)
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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Basic System Properties
Figure 4 : Linear System
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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Basic System Properties
Example 1 -Linearity
Consider a system S whose input x(t) and output y(t) are
related by
y (t) = tx(t)
Determine if it is linear or not.
Solution
y1 (t) = tx1 (t)
y2 (t) = tx2 (t)
x3 (t) = a1 x1 (t) + a2 x2 (t)
y3 (t) = tx3 (t)
y3 (t) = t(a1 x1 (t) + a2 x2 (t)) = a1 tx1 (t) + a2 tx2 (t)
which is equal to
a1 y1 (t) +a2 y2 (t)
so it is linear
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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Basic System Properties
Example 2 -Linearity
Given y(t) = x 2 (t), determine if it is linear or not.
Solution
y1 (t) = x12 (t)
y2 (t) = x22 (t)
x3 (t) = a1 x1 (t) + a2 x2 (t)
y3 (t) = x32 (t) = a12 x12 (t) + a22 x12 (t) + 2a1 a2 x12 (t)x22 (t)
which is not equal to
a1 y1 (t) + a2 y2 (t) = a1 x12 (t) + a2 x22 (t)
therefore, it is not linear
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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
”No one can do everything, but everyone can do
something”
Max Lucado, Outlive Your Life: You Were Made to Make A
Difference
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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Vielen Dank!
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