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Fluid Acceleration and Pressure Analysis

The document discusses the behavior of fluid masses subjected to acceleration in two dimensions, detailing the forces acting in the x and z directions and applying Newton's second law to derive pressure variations. It also covers scenarios of uniform linear acceleration, free falling, and rigid body rotation, illustrating how these conditions affect pressure distribution within the fluid. Additionally, an example is provided to calculate the angle of inclination of a liquid in a container being pulled along an inclined surface.

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sivarsivar556
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10 views5 pages

Fluid Acceleration and Pressure Analysis

The document discusses the behavior of fluid masses subjected to acceleration in two dimensions, detailing the forces acting in the x and z directions and applying Newton's second law to derive pressure variations. It also covers scenarios of uniform linear acceleration, free falling, and rigid body rotation, illustrating how these conditions affect pressure distribution within the fluid. Additionally, an example is provided to calculate the angle of inclination of a liquid in a container being pulled along an inclined surface.

Uploaded by

sivarsivar556
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Fluid Masses Subjected to Acceleration

Consider a 2-dimensional differential element of a fluid subjected to an


acceleration which has the components ax & az.

The sum of forces in x & z directions are:

𝜕𝑝 dz
∑ 𝐹𝑋 = − 𝑑𝑥. 𝑑𝑧 ∗ 1 1
𝜕𝑥 dx
Z az
𝜕𝑝 a
∑ 𝐹𝑍 = − 𝑑𝑥. 𝑑𝑧 ∗ 1 − 𝜌𝑔. 𝑑𝑥. 𝑑𝑧 ∗ 1
𝜕𝑧
Applying Newton's second law ax
dz
∑𝐹 = 𝑚 ∗ 𝑎
dx
then X
𝜕𝑝
− 𝑑𝑥. 𝑑𝑧 ∗ 1 = 𝜌. 𝑑𝑥. 𝑑𝑧 ∗ 1. 𝑎𝑥 … … … … … (1)
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑝
− 𝑑𝑥. 𝑑𝑧 ∗ 1 − 𝜌𝑔. 𝑑𝑥. 𝑑𝑧 ∗ 1 = 𝜌𝑑𝑥. 𝑑𝑧 ∗ 1. 𝑎𝑧 … … … … … (2)
𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑝
= −𝜌. 𝑎𝑥
𝜕𝑥
These two equations give the pressure variation
𝜕𝑝 throughout an accelerated Fluid
= −𝜌(𝑎𝑧 + 𝑔)
𝜕𝑧
The slope of the line of constant pressure is obtained by using the chain rule.

𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑝
𝑑𝑝 = 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑧
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧
p p
Substituting ( and ) in the above expression gives:
x z
𝑑𝑝 = −𝜌𝑑𝑥. 𝑎𝑥 − 𝜌𝑑𝑧(𝑎𝑧 + 𝑔)

1
along the line of constant pressure dp = 0

𝑑𝑧 −𝑎𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑔 + 𝑎𝑧

Uniform linear acceleration in the vertical direction


If the fluid is accelerated vertically upwards then 𝑎𝑥 = 0, Therefore

𝜕𝑝
=0
𝜕𝑥
and

𝜕𝑝 𝑑𝑝 az>0
= = −𝜌(𝑎𝑧 + 𝑔) az=0
𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑧
The conditions az<0

i) 𝑎𝑍 = 0
𝜌𝑔ℎ 𝜌ℎ(𝑔 − 𝑎𝑧 )

𝑝𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ 𝜌ℎ(𝑔 + 𝑎𝑧 )

ii) 𝑎𝑍 > 0

𝑝𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 = 𝜌ℎ(𝑔 + 𝑎𝑧 )

iii) 𝑎𝑍 < 0

𝑝𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 = 𝜌ℎ(𝑔 − 𝑎𝑧 )
iv) Free Falling

𝑎𝑧 = −𝑔

𝑑𝑝
=0
𝑑𝑧

2
Uniform rotation about a vertical axis
Fluid rotation about a vertical axis is called rigid body rotation. The horizontal
component of acceleration (ax) is replaced by (ar) in the previous analysis.

Since 𝑎𝑧 = 0, thus the slope of the line of constant pressure is:

𝑑𝑧 −𝑎𝑟
=
𝑑𝑟 𝑔 Z
dz
or
𝑎𝑟 dr
𝑑𝑧 = − 𝑑𝑟
𝑔 r H
C
but
𝑎𝑟 = −𝜔2 𝑟 Zc Z
𝜔2 𝑟
𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑𝑟
𝑔
Integration gives, r

𝜔2 𝑟 2
𝑍= +𝐶
2𝑔
This equation shows that the lines of constant pressure are parabolic, therefore,
when

r = 0, and 𝑍 = 𝑍𝑐
then 𝐶 = 𝑍𝑐
𝜔2 𝑟 2
𝑍 − 𝑍𝐶 =
2𝑔

3
Consider a container of a liquid rotated around its vertical axis, then the pressure
at point A at the bottom of the container is calculated by:
𝜔2 𝑟 2
𝑝𝐴 = 𝑝𝑐 + 𝜌𝑔 [ ]
2𝑔
but
𝑝𝑐 = 𝜌𝑔𝐿

And
𝜔2 𝑟 2
𝐻= Z
2𝑔
Therefore,
𝑃𝐴 = 𝜌𝑔𝐿 + 𝜌𝑔𝐻 H

𝑃𝐴 = 𝜌𝑔(𝐿 + 𝐻)

C A r

4
Example
Calculate the angle of inclination of the liquid in the container shown below. The
container is pulled along a flat surface inclined at 30° to the horizontal at an
acceleration of 3 m/s2.

𝑎 = 3 𝑚/𝑠 2

Solution 𝜃 = 30𝑜

𝑑𝑧 −𝑎𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑔 + 𝑎𝑧

𝑎 = 3 𝑚/𝑠 2 , 𝑎𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 0 , 𝑎𝑧 = 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 0

𝑑𝑧 −3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 0
= = 0.229
𝑑𝑥 9.81 + 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 0
𝑑𝑧
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥
𝜃 = 12. 9𝑜

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