Example
Water enters a reducing pipe bend with a velocity of 6 m/s and pressure of 78.5
kPa, the water leaves the bend with an angle of 60 o with the entrance direction.
If the entrance and exit diameters of the pipe bend are 32 cm, 25 cm respectively.
Determine the reaction components on the pipe?
32 cm
Solution v1 = 6 m / sec 60o
∑ 𝐹𝑥 = (𝜌𝑄𝑉𝑥 )𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡 − (𝜌𝑄𝑉𝑥 )𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑝1 𝐴1 + 𝑝2 𝐴2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 6 0 − 𝐹𝑥 = 𝜌𝑄(−𝑉2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 6 0 − 𝑉1 )
𝑄 = 𝐴1 𝑉1 = 𝐴2 𝑉2 25 cm
𝜋
𝐴1 = (0.32)2 = 0.0804 𝑚2
4
𝜋
𝐴2 = (0.25)2 = 0.049 𝑚2
4 p1A1
Fy
𝑄 = 𝐴1 𝑉1 = 0.0804 ∗ 6 = 0.482 𝑚3 /𝑠 v1
𝑄 Fx
𝑉2 = = 10 𝑚/𝑠
𝐴2
𝑝1 𝑉12 𝑝2 𝑉22
+ = + v2
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 p2 A 2
78.5 ∗ 103 (6)2 𝑝2 (10)2
+ = +
9810 2 ∗ 9.81 9810 2 ∗ 9810
𝑝2 = 46 416.97 𝑃𝑎
78.5 ∗ 103 ∗ 0.0804 + 46.4 ∗ 103 ∗ 0.049 𝑐𝑜𝑠 6 0 − 𝐹𝑥 =
1000 ∗ 0.482(−10 𝑐𝑜𝑠 6 0 − 6)
𝐹𝑥 = 12750 𝑁
∑ 𝐹𝑦 = (𝜌𝑄𝑉𝑦 )𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡 − (𝜌𝑄𝑉𝑦 )𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
−𝐹𝑦 + 𝑝2 𝐴2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 6 0 = 𝜌𝑄(−𝑉2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 6 0 − 0)
−𝐹𝑦 + 46.4 ∗ 103 ∗ 0.049 𝑠𝑖𝑛 6 0 = 1000 ∗ 0.482(−10 𝑠𝑖𝑛 6 0)
𝐹𝑦 = 6 143.23 𝑁
1
Example
A 10 cm fire nose with a 3 cm nozzle discharges 1.5 m3/min to the atmosphere.
Assuming frictionless flow. Find the force exerted by the flange bolts to hold the
nozzle on the nose.
Solution
1.5
𝑄= = 0.025 𝑚3 /𝑠
60
∑ 𝐹𝑥 = (𝜌𝑄𝑉𝑥 )𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡 − (𝜌𝑄𝑉𝑥 )𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
−𝐹𝑏 + 𝑝1 𝐴1 = 𝜌𝑄(𝑉2 − 𝑉1 ) Q = 1.5 m3 / min
𝜋
𝐴1 = (0.1)2 = 0.00785 𝑚2 3cm
4 10cm
𝜋
𝐴2 = (0.03)2 = 0.0007068 𝑚2
4
𝑄 0.025 Fx
𝑉1 = = = 3.18 𝑚/𝑠 p1A1
𝐴1 0.00785 v2
v1
𝑄 0.025
𝑉2 = = = 35.37 𝑚/𝑠
𝐴2 0.0007068
B.E.
𝑝1 𝑉12 𝑝2 𝑉22
+ = +
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 𝜌𝑔 2𝑔
𝑝1 (3.18)2 (35.37)2
+ =0+
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 2𝑔
𝑝1 = 620 462.25 𝑃𝑎
− 𝐹𝑏 + 620 462.25 ∗ 0.00785 = 1000 ∗ 0.025(35.37 − 3.18)
𝐹𝑏 = 4 065.87 𝑁
2
Example
A water jet strikes a fixed vane with a velocity of 30 m/s and a discharge of 0.015
m3/s, it leaves the vane with an angle of 45o with the entrance direction.
Determine the force exerted on the vane?
Solution
v2
∑ 𝐹𝑥 = (𝜌𝑄𝑉𝑥 )𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡 − (𝜌𝑄𝑉𝑥 )𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
−𝐹𝑋 = 𝜌𝑄(−𝑉2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 5 − 𝑉1 )
𝑉1 = 𝑉2 = 30 𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐 45o
v1
−𝐹𝑋 = 1000 ∗ 0.015(−30 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 5 − 30) Fx
Fy
𝐹𝑋 = 768.2 𝑁
∑ 𝐹𝑦 = (𝜌𝑄𝑉𝑦 )𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡 − (𝜌𝑄𝑉𝑦 )𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝐹𝑦 = 1000 ∗ 0.015 ∗ 30 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4 5 − 0
𝐹𝑦 = 318.2 𝑁
𝐹 = √𝐹𝑋2 + 𝐹𝑦2 = 831.5 𝑁
𝐹𝑦
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = 22.5°
𝐹𝑋
3
Example
A jet of water from a fixed nozzle has a diameter of 25 mm and strikes a flat
plate at an angle of 𝜃 = 30𝑜 to the normal plate. The velocity of jet is (𝑉 =
5𝑚/ 𝑠). Assuming a frictionless surface of the plate. Calculate the force exerted
normal to the plate. (a) if the plate is stationary. (b) if the plate is moving with a
velocity (𝑢 = 2𝑚/ 𝑠) in the same direction of the jet.
Solution
a.
∑ 𝐹𝑥 = (𝜌𝑄𝑉𝑥 )𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡 − (𝜌𝑄𝑉𝑥 )𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝜋
−𝐹𝑋 = 0 − 1000 ∗ (0.025)2 ∗ 52 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 0
4
𝐹𝑋 = 10.6277 𝑁
b.
∑ 𝐹𝑦 = (𝜌𝑄𝑉𝑦 ) − (𝜌𝑄𝑉𝑦 )𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡
−𝐹𝑋 = 𝜌𝑄(0 − 𝑉𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 0)
𝑉𝑟 = (𝑉𝑗 − 𝑢)
𝑉𝑟 = (5 − 2) = 3 𝑚/𝑠
𝜋
𝑄 = 𝐴𝑜 𝑉𝑟 = (0.025)2 ∗ 3 = 0.00147 𝑚3 /𝑠
4
𝐹 = 3.826 𝑁
4
Example
A propeller must produce a thrust of 9 kN to drive an airplane at 280 km/h. An
ideal propeller of what size must be provided if it is to operate at 90% efficiency?
Assume air density 1.23 kg/m3
Solution
280∗1000
𝑉1 = = 77.78 𝑚/𝑠
3600
v1 F v2
𝑉1
𝜂= v
𝑉
2
77.78
0.9 = 1
𝑉
𝑉 = 86.42 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉1 + 𝑉2
𝑉=
2
77.78 + 𝑉2
86.42 =
2
𝑉2 = 95.1 𝑚/𝑠
𝐹 = 𝜌𝑄(𝑉2 − 𝑉1 )
9000 = 1.23 ∗ 𝑄(95.1 − 77.78)
𝑄 = 422.4 𝑚3 /𝑠
𝑄 = 𝑉𝐴
𝐴 = 4.895 𝑚2
𝜋
𝐴 = 𝑑2
4
𝑑 = 2.49 𝑚
5
Example
An impulse turbine of 1.8 m diameter is driven by a water jet of 50 mm diameter
moving at 60 m/s. Calculate the force on the blades and the power developed at
250 r/min. The blade angles are 150o
Solution
∑ 𝐹𝑋 = 𝜌𝑄(𝑉𝑟2𝑥 − 𝑉𝑟1𝑥 )
−𝐹𝑥 = 𝜌𝑄(−𝑉𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 0 − 𝑉𝑟 )
𝑉𝑟 = 𝑉𝑗 − 𝑢
2𝜋 ∗ 250
𝑉𝑟 = 60 − ∗ 0.9
60
𝑉𝑟 = 60 − 23.56 = 36.4 𝑚/𝑠
𝜋
𝑄 = (0.05)2 ∗ 60 = 0.1178 𝑚3 /𝑠
4
−𝐹𝑥 = 1000 ∗ 0.1178(−36.4 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 0 − 36.4)
𝐹𝑥 = 8 002 𝑁
𝑃 = 𝐹𝑥 ∗ 𝑢 = 8002 ∗ 23.56 = 188 527.78 𝑊