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Capillary Rise and Force Ratios in Fluids

The document discusses the relationship between capillary rise and various factors such as tube diameter, gravity, fluid density, surface tension, and contact angle, leading to the derivation of dimensionless parameters. It also provides calculations for capillary rise under altered conditions and outlines common forces in fluid mechanics, including inertia, gravitational, pressure, elastic, surface tension, and viscous forces. Additionally, it presents dimensionless force ratios, such as Froude, Euler, Reynolds, Mach, and Weber numbers, which compare inertia force to other forces.

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3 views5 pages

Capillary Rise and Force Ratios in Fluids

The document discusses the relationship between capillary rise and various factors such as tube diameter, gravity, fluid density, surface tension, and contact angle, leading to the derivation of dimensionless parameters. It also provides calculations for capillary rise under altered conditions and outlines common forces in fluid mechanics, including inertia, gravitational, pressure, elastic, surface tension, and viscous forces. Additionally, it presents dimensionless force ratios, such as Froude, Euler, Reynolds, Mach, and Weber numbers, which compare inertia force to other forces.

Uploaded by

sivarsivar556
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Example

The capillary rise (h) of a liquid in a tube varies with tube diameter (d), gravity
(g), fluid density (𝜌), surface tension (𝜎), and the contact angle (𝜃).

a. Find a dimensionless statement for this relation.


b. If h = 3 cm, in a given experiment, what will (h) be in a similar case if the
diameter and surface tension are half as much, the density is twice as
much, and the contact angle is the same.

Solution

f (h, d, g, 𝜌, 𝜎,𝜃) = 0

n=6 m=3 𝝅=6-3=3

One of these is obviously 𝜃, which is already dimensionless.

𝜋3 = 𝜃

𝜋1 = 𝜌𝑎 𝑔𝑏 𝑑 𝑐 ℎ1

[𝑀𝐿𝑇]𝑜 = [𝑀𝐿−3 ]𝑎 [𝐿𝑇 −2 ]𝑏 [𝐿]𝑐 [𝐿]1

For

𝑀 : 0=𝑎

𝐿 : 0 = −3𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 1

𝑇 : 0 = −2𝑏

0 = −3(0) + 0 + 𝑐 + 1 → 𝑐 = −1

ℎ
𝜋1 =
𝑑
𝜎
𝜋2 = 𝜌 𝑎 𝑔 𝑏 𝑑 𝑐 𝜎 1 → 𝜋2 =
𝜌𝑔𝑑2
1
𝜋1 = 𝛷(𝜋2 , 𝜋3 )

ℎ 𝜎
= 𝛷( , 𝜃)
𝑑 𝜌𝑔𝑑2

ℎ1 ℎ2
=
𝑑1 𝑑2

𝑑2
ℎ2 = ℎ
𝑑1 1

0.5𝑑
ℎ2 = ∗3
𝑑
ℎ2 = 1.5 𝑐𝑚

2
Grouping of Forces
The most common forces in fluid mechanics are:

1. Inertia Force

𝐹𝐼 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 ∗ 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑑𝑉
𝐹𝐼 = 𝑚 ∗ 𝑉
𝑑𝑠

𝑉2
3
𝐹𝐼 = 𝜌𝐿
𝐿

𝐹𝐼 = 𝜌𝐿2 𝑉 2

2. Gravitational Force

𝐹𝐺 = 𝑚 ∗ 𝑔

𝐹𝐺 = 𝜌𝐿3 𝑔

3. Pressure Force

𝐹𝑃 = 𝛥𝑝𝐿2

4. Elastic Force

𝐹𝐸 = 𝐸𝐿2

5. Surface Tension

𝐹𝑇 = 𝜎𝐿

6. Viscous Force
3
𝑑𝑉
𝐹𝑣 = 𝜇 .𝐴
𝑑𝑦

𝐹𝑣 = 𝜇𝑉𝐿

Dimensionless Force Ratios


1. The ratio of Inertia force to Gravitational force

𝐹𝐼 𝜌𝐿2 𝑉 2 𝑉 2
= =
𝐹𝐺 𝜌𝐿3 𝑔 𝐿𝑔
𝑉
= 𝐹𝑁
√𝐿𝑔

𝐹𝑁 = Froude number

2. The ratio of Inertia force to Pressure force

𝐹𝛪 𝜌𝐿2 𝑉 2 𝜌𝑉 2
= =
𝐹𝑃 𝛥𝑝𝐿2 𝛥𝑝
1 2
𝜌𝑉
2 = 𝐸𝑁
𝛥𝑝

𝐸𝑁 = Euler number

3. The ratio of Inertia force to Viscous force


𝐹𝛪 𝜌𝐿2 𝑉 2
=
𝐹𝑉 𝜇𝑉𝐿
𝜌𝐿𝑉
= 𝑅𝑒
𝜇
𝑅𝑒 = Reynolds number
4
4. The ratio of Inertia force to Elastic force
𝜌𝐿2 𝑉 2 𝑉 2
=
𝐸𝐿2 𝐸
𝜌
𝑉
= 𝑀𝑁
𝐸
√
𝜌
𝑀𝑁 = Mach number
5. The ratio of Inertia force to Surface tension force
𝜌𝐿2 𝑉 2
𝜎𝐿
𝜌𝐿𝑉 2
= 𝑊𝑁
𝜎
𝑊𝑁 = Weber number

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