Scribd
Upload
5 views4 pages

Flow Dynamics Through Orifices and Pitot Tubes

The document discusses the flow of water through an orifice and the application of Bernoulli's equation to determine flow velocity using Torricelli's equation. It also explains the concept of stagnation pressure and how a Pitot tube measures stream velocity by comparing stagnation and static pressures. An example calculation demonstrates how to determine the velocity of water using a Pitot static tube and the readings from a differential manometer.

Uploaded by

sivarsivar556
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
5 views4 pages

Flow Dynamics Through Orifices and Pitot Tubes

The document discusses the flow of water through an orifice and the application of Bernoulli's equation to determine flow velocity using Torricelli's equation. It also explains the concept of stagnation pressure and how a Pitot tube measures stream velocity by comparing stagnation and static pressures. An example calculation demonstrates how to determine the velocity of water using a Pitot static tube and the readings from a differential manometer.

Uploaded by

sivarsivar556
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Flow through an Orifice

An opening in the side wall or base of a tank is known as orifice. Consider


an orifice in the side wall of a tank as shown below. Water is flowing from
the orifice under a static head h. The size of the reservoir is large, and water
level above the orifice (h) is also large as compared to the size of the orifice.
Apply B.E to the central streamline as shown,

𝑝1 𝑉12 𝑝2 𝑉22
+ + 𝑧1 = + + 𝑧2
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 𝜌𝑔 2𝑔

But Liquid
h

𝑧1 = 𝑧2 &
1 2
𝑝1
=ℎ
𝜌𝑔
𝑝2 = 0 (𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒) &
𝑉1 = 0
Thus
𝑉2 = √2𝑔ℎ [Torricelli's Equation]

1
The Stagnation Pressure Ps
Rewriting Bernoulli’s equation in terms of pressures as follows:
1
𝑝 + 𝜌𝑉 2 + 𝜌𝑔𝑧 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡.
2
𝑃 = is called the static pressure.
1
𝜌𝑉 2 = is called the velocity pressure.
2

𝜌𝑔𝑧 = is called the potential pressure.

Pitot Tube

Consider the pitot tube that is installed directly against a flowing liquid. A
liquid rise in the vertical limb of the pitot is observed. In fact, this
phenomenon is attributed to the dynamic pressure produced by the flowing
liquid.

Applying B.E between point (o) upstream to the pitot tube and point (s) at
the entrance of the pitot tube.
1
𝑝𝑜 + 𝜌𝑉 2 = 𝑝𝑠
2
1
𝑝𝑠 = 𝑝 + 𝜌𝑉 2
2
Or the Stagnation pressure = Total pressure

Where,

Ps is the stagnation pressure [Pa],

2
and the stagnation point means the point at which the flow velocity becomes
zero.

The Pitot Static Tube


It consists of a Pitot & a static tube combined in a single unit used to measure
stream velocity. The difference between stagnation and static pressure can
be measured by a differential manometer.

Static
Pitot

Hg

3
Example
A Pitot static tube is used to measure the velocity of a stream of water. The
differential manometer reads a (10) mmHg. Calculate the velocity of water
stream.
Static
Solution Pitot

10 mm

Hg

𝑝𝑠 + 𝜌𝑤 𝑔(𝐿 + 0.01) = 𝑝 + 𝜌𝑤 𝑔𝐿 + 𝜌𝐻𝑔 𝑔 ∗ 0.01

𝑝𝑠 − 𝑝 = 𝜌𝑤 𝑔𝐿 + 𝜌𝐻𝑔 𝑔 ∗ 0.01 − 𝜌𝑤 𝑔(𝐿 + 0.01)

𝑝𝑠 − 𝑝 = 𝜌𝑤 𝑔𝐿 + 𝜌𝐻𝑔 𝑔 ∗ 0.01 − 𝜌𝑤 𝑔𝐿 − 𝜌𝑤 𝑔 ∗ 0.01

𝑝𝑠 − 𝑝 = 0.01 ∗ 𝑔 ∗ (𝜌𝐻𝑔− 𝜌𝑤 )
1
But 𝑝𝑠 − 𝑝 = 𝜌𝑉 2
2

1
𝜌𝑤 𝑉 2 = 0.01 ∗ 𝑔 ∗ (𝜌𝐻𝑔 − 𝜌𝑤 )
2
𝑉2
= 0.01(13.6 − 1)
2𝑔

𝑉 = 1.5 𝑚/𝑠

You might also like