ทฤษฎีวงจรฟ้า
NP201
ทฤษฎีวงจรไฟฟ้า (Electric circuit theory)
คำอธิบำยรำยวิชำ
ส่วนประกอบของวงจร การวิเคราะห์โนดและเมช ทฤษฎีวงจร ความ
ต้านทาน ความเหนี่ยวนา และความเก็บประจุ วงจรอันดับหนึ่ง และอันดับ
สอง เฟสเซอร์ไดอะแกรม วงจรกาลังไฟฟ้ากระสลับ ระบบสามเฟส
กำรเก็บคะแนน
สอบ 3-4 ครัง้ 100 คะแนน (100%)
Chapter 1
1. นิ ยาม และ หลักการพื้นฐานในการวิเคราะห์วงจรไฟฟ้า
1.1 กระแส , แรงดัน, แหล่งจ่ายกระแสและแหล่งจ่ายแรงดันอิสระ
2. หลักการพื้นฐานในการวิเคราะห์วงจรไฟฟ้า
1.2 กฎของโอห์ม (Ohm’s law)
1.3 กฎของเคอร์ ชอฟ (Kirchhoff’s laws)
กระแสไฟฟ้ า (Current)
i คือ กระแส มีหน่วยเป็ นแอมแปร์ (Ampere, A)
นิยามของกระแส i=
dq
dt
q คือ ประจุไฟฟ้า มีหน่ วยเป็ น คูลอมบ์ (Coulomb, C)
t คือ เวลา มีหน่ วยเป็ น วินาที (Second, S)
กระแสไฟฟ้า ต้ องถูกกาหนดทั้งขนาดและทิศทางไปพร้ อมกันเสมอ
A note in symbolization
• variables, i, v
• constant, I, V
• dependent variables , i(t), v(t)
แรงดัน (Voltage)
แรงดันไฟฟ้าคืองานที่ตอ้ งใช้ในการเคลื่อนย้ายประจุ
จานวน 1 คูลอมบ์ระหว่างขั้วไฟฟ้า Voltage (J/C, V)
แรงดันไฟฟ้าต้ องถูกกาหนดทั้งขนาดและขั้วของแรงดันไปพร้ อมกันเสมอ
กาลังงาน (Power)
กาลังงานสามารถแสดงได้ดว้ ยความสัมพันธ์ของกระแสและแรงดันไฟฟ้า
p = vi
P is electrical power (Joules/second or watts)
Passive sign convention
The positive power defines the absorb power element and negative power is the
delivery o f power
Absorb power Deliver power
กาลังงาน (Power)
Compute the power absorbed or supplied by each component
of the circuit
Exercise
a b c
d e f
Element and network
Circuit element is a mathematical
model of a two terminal electrical
device. Voltage-current relationship of a
resistor
A simple element is defined by the
relationship between the voltage
across the element and the current
flowing through the element. For
instance the element is called Voltage-current relationship an
resistor if whose voltage across the inductor
element is proportional to the current
flowing through it.
The element can not subdivided into Voltage-current relationship of a
other two-terminal devices. capacitor
Element and network
An active element is the electric
element that can deliver totally
positive power to the external
devices.
A passive element is the electric
element that instead of deliver
power to the external device it
absorbs the power.
Power is referred to the passive
sign convention.
Element and network
The interconnection of two or
more simple elements constitute an
electrical network.
A n electric network
If a net work contains at least a
closed path, it is an electric circuit.
A net work which contains at least
one active element, such as
independent and dependent current
or voltage source, is an active
network otherwise it is called
passive network.
Independent Current and
Independent Voltage Sources
Independent current and independent voltage sources are active
elements. They are capable of delivering positive average power to
external device.
Symbol of independent Symbol of Independent
voltage source current source
The terminal voltage of an The current through an
independent voltage source is independent current source is
completely independent of completely independent of
the current though it. the voltage across it.
Dependent Current and
Dependent Voltage Sources
Dependent current and independent voltage sources are also active elements.
Symbol of dependent voltage source Symbol of dependent current source
The terminal voltage across a The current through a
dependent voltage source is dependent current source is
determined by external determined by external
variable variable
Ohm’s Law
Voltage across many conducting element is proportional to the current flowing
through the element.
Ratio of the voltage to the current are defined as resistance of the material.
Resistance is normally consider as a positive value.
Resistor is a passive device and it is always consume the power.
v
R=
i
Symbol of a resistor and t
he voltage and current relation Voltage and current relationship,
slope of figure represent
resistance value
Series and parallel circuit
An electric circuit whose every
simple elements carrying a
common current is called series
circuit.
An electric circuit whose every A series circuit
simple elements share a terminal
voltage is called parallel circuit.
A parallel circuit
Series resistors and voltage
division
Combining these two equations
Series resistors and voltage
division
Parallel resistors and current
division
Parallel resistors and current
division
Example
Example
An application of Ohm’s law
Series resistance circuit • The series resistance can also
represent in conductance
v = R1i + R2i + R3i
i = G1v + G2 v + G3v
v = ( R1 + R2 + R3 )i
Where G is the conductance
v = RT i
i = (G1 + G2 + G3 )v
Where RT = R1 + R2 + R3
i = GT v
Where GT = G1 + G2 + G3
Kirchhoff’s law
Definition:
Node is a point at which two or more
elements have a common
connection
Definition:
Close path is circuit path that the
starting node and the end node is
the same node
Kirchhoff’s current law
Current Law. At any node (junction) in an electric circuit the
total current flowing towards that node is equal to the total
current flowing away from the node.
N
i1 + i2 = i3 + i4 + i5 i
n =1
n =0
Kirchhoff’s voltage law
Voltage Law. In any closed loop in a network, the algebraic
sum of the voltage drops (i.e. products of current and
resistance) taken around the loop is equal to the resultant
e.m.f. acting in that loop.
Kirchhoff’s voltage law
if current flows away from the positive terminal of a
source, that source is considered by convention to be positive.
Hence E1 is positive and E2 is negative.
E1 − E2 = IR1 + IR2 + IR3
Problem 1
(a) Find the unknown currents marked in Figure
Applying Kirchhoff’s current law:
For junction B: 50 = 20 + I1. Hence I1 = 30 A
For junction C: 20 = 15 + I2. Hence I2 = 35 A
For junction D: I1 = I3 + 120
Problem 1 (2)
30 = I3 + 120. Hence I3 = −90 A
For junction E: I4 + I3 = 15
I4 = 15 – (-90). Hence I4 = 105 A
For junction F: 120 = I5 + 40. Hence I5 = 80 A
Problem 2
(a) Determine the value of e.m.f. E
Applying Kirchhoff’s voltage law and moving clockwise
around the loop of Figure 13.3(b) starting at point A:
Solution
3 + 6 + E - 4 = I*2 + I*2.5 + I*1.5 + I*1
= I*(2 + 2.5 + 1.5 + 1)
5 + E = 2*7, since I = 2 A
Hence E = 14 - 5 = 9 V
Problem 3
Use Kirchhoff’s laws to determine the currents
flowing in each branch of the network shown in Figure
Solution
1. Use Kirchhoff’s current law and label current directions on
the original circuit diagram.
2. Divide the circuit into two loops and apply Kirchhoff’s
voltage law to each.
From loop 1
E1 = I1*r1 + (I1 + I2)*R
4 = 2*I1 + 4*(I1 + I2)
6*I1 + 4*I2 = 4 (1)
From loop 2
E2 = I2*r2 + (I1 + I2)*R
2 = I2 + 4 * (I1 + I2)
4*I1 + 5*I2 = 2 (2)
Solve equations (1) and (2)
I1 = 0.857 A , I2 = -0.286 A
Problem 4
Determine, using Kirchhoff’s laws, each branch
current for the network shown in Figure
Solution
1. Draw currents, and their directions arbitrary.
2. Apply Kirchhoff’s voltage law in each loop.
Solution
For loop 1:
E1 + E2 = I1*R1 + I2*R2
16 = 0.5*I1 + 2*I2 (1)
For loop 2:
E2 = I2*R2 – (I1 - I2)*R3 Hence
12 = 2*I2 – 5( I1 - I2) i. e. 12 = -5*I1 + 7*I2 (2)
3. Solving equations (1) and (2) to find I1 and I2:
I1 = 6.52 A, I2 = 6.37 A
Problem 5
For the bridge network shown in Figure determine
the currents in each of the resistors.
Solution
Let the current in the 2 ohm resistor be I1,
Let the current in the 32 ohm resistor be I2
The circuit can be rewritten as show in the figure
Solution
Applying Kirchhoff’s voltage law to loop 1
54 = 2*I1 + 11*(I1 - I2)
i.e. 13*I1 – 11*I2 = 54 (1)
Applying Kirchhoff’s voltage law to loop 2
0 = 2*I1 + 32*I2 – 14*(I - I1)
However I=8A
Hence 0 = 2*I1 + 32*I2 – 14*(8 - I1)
i.e. 16*I1 + 32*I2 = 112 (2)
Solution
3. Solving equations (1) and (2) to find I1 and I2:
I1 = 5 A, I2 = 1 A
the current flowing in the 2 ohm resistor = I1 = 5 A
the current flowing in the 14 ohm resistor = I - I1 = 8 - 5 = 3 A
the current flowing in the 32 ohm resistor = I2 = 1 A
the current flowing in the 11 ohm resistor = I1 - I2 = 5 - 1 = 4 A
and
the current flowing in the 3 ohm resistor = I-I1+I2 = 8-5+1 = 4 A