1. The kidney functions to regulate _______________ and ________________.

2. What are the 2 portions of a nephron?

3. What are the 2 portions of a renal corpuscle?

4. What are the 3 basic functions of nephrons?

5. The _____________ supplies nutrients to the medulla of the kidney without disrupting
osmolarity.

6. What are the 3 portions of a renal tubule?

7. Cortical nephrons have a (long/short) loop of henle, and juxtamedullary nephrons

have a (long/short) loop of henle.

8. Most cells of the distal convoluted tubule are _____________ cells, which have
receptors for _______________ and ________________.

9. The _______________________ is the structure where the afferent arteriole makes

contact with the DCT.

10. What cells in the kidney secrete renin?

11. What cells in the kidney act as mechanoreceptors to sense blood pressure?

12. Granular cells are found where in the kidney?

13. Macula densa are found where in the kidney?

14. What cells in the kidney act as chemoreceptors to sense the NaCl content of the
filtrate?

15. What cells of the kidney aid in communication between the macula densa and
granular cells?

16. Blood pressure drops severely in the kidneys due to the ________________________.

17. Myogenic controls of the kidney would (constrict/dilate) the afferent arteriole in
response to high blood pressure.

18. If systemic blood pressure decreases, GFR will (increase/decrease), causing

vaso(constriction/dilation) to (increase/decrease) renal blood flow.

19. Atrial natriuretic peptide (increases/decreases) GFR by relaxing

____________________ cells.

20. Renin is released into the blood at which portion of the kidney?

21. Angiotensin II (increases/decreases) GFR.

22. Angiotensin II (enhances/inhibits) the absorption of Na+.

23. Aldosterone (enhances/inhibits) the absorption of Na+, (enhances/inhibits) the

absorption of Cl-, (enhances/inhibits) the absorption of water, and
(enhances/inhibits) the absorption of K+.

24. Atrial natriuretic peptide (enhances/inhibits) the absorption of Na+.

25. What hormone suppresses the secretion of aldosterone and ADH?

26. The process of reabsorption in the kidney follows the course of the
_____________________ to the ____________________.

27. The process of tubular secretion in the kidney follows the course of the
_____________________ to the ____________________.

28. If the substance excreted in the urine much less than the filter load, then
(reabsorption/secretion) has occurred.

29. If the substance excreted in the urine much more than the filter load, then
(reabsorption/secretion) has occurred.

30. Blood vessels of the kidneys are primarily under (sympathetic/parasympathetic)

control.

31. ___________________ reabsorption occurs when reabsorbed material moves from

select parts of the tubule to the peritubular capillary via diffusion.

32. ___________________ reabsorption occurs when reabsorbed material moves through

both the apical and basal layers of the tubule to the peritubular capillary via active
transport.

33. Na+/K+ pumps are only present on the (apical/basolateral) membrane of tubule
cells.

34. Facultative water absorption occurs under the control of ______________ by the
insertion of __________________.

35. ADH acts on ______________ cells in the kidney, and their secretion is controlled by
___________________ in the hypothalamus.

36. Most reabsorption in the kidney occurs where?

37. The (ascending/descending) limb of the loop of henle is impermeable to water.

38. Reabsorption of ____ provides the energy and the means for the reabsorption of
most other substances.

39. The _________________ reflects the number of carriers in the renal tubes available.

40. The filtered load is equal to:

41. The threshold for glucose reabsorption is ______ mg/mL, above that, the urine will
contain glucose.

42. Reabsorption in the kidney is regulated by __________________.

43. Aldosterone targets what 2 structures in the kidney?

44. ________________ promotes the synthesis of luminal Na+ and K+ channels.

45. ________________ promotes the synthesis of basolateral Na+/K+ ATPases.

46. Tubular secretion controls blood pH by altering amounts of 2 substances in the

urine?

47. Demamination of the amino acid glutamine is carried out by cells of the
____________________.

48. What are the 2 pumps present in intercalated cells?

49. Most intercalated cells are located in the __________________, but there are also
some in the _______________________.
50. When ADH levels are high, the kidneys will produce (concentrated/dilute) urine.
Therefore, the renal tubes absorb more (solutes/water).

51. The (ascending/descending) limb of the loop of henle is impermeable to NaCl.

52. Osmolarity of interstitial fluid increases through the progression of the descending
loop due to the loss of ___________.

53. Osmolarity of interstitial fluid decreases through the progression of the ascending
loop due to the loss of ___________.

54. What hormone has a direct mechanism on the water permeability in the kidney?

55. The kidneys maintain a plasma osmolarity of 300 mOsm using the
____________________ mechanism.

56. Caffeine inhibits ____ reabsorption.

57. Alcohol inhibits the secretion of ______.

58. Measuring plasma creatinine is an effective way of evaluating kidney function

because it has an inverse relationship with the _____________________.

59. What is the BUN test?

60. The clearance of substance is equal to:

61. Direct compensation for increased blood pressure or blood volume would cause the
kidneys to eliminate (more/less) urine.

62. Direct compensation for decreased blood pressure or blood volume would cause
the kidneys to eliminate (more/less) urine.
63. When MAP falls below 80mmHg, the kidney will release ___________ in the afferent
arteriole.

64. What is the first line of defense to changes in pH in the body?

65. What is the normal pH of arterial blood?

66. What is the normal pH of venous blood and interstitial fluid?

67. What is the normal pH of intracerbral fluid?

68. Most H+ in the body is produced by ____________________.

69. What is the most potent mechanism in the body to changing pH?

70. What is the second line of defense in making pH changes in the body that occur in
1-3 minutes?

71. What two systems are considered physiological buffer systems?

72. What system compensates for metabolic imbalances in pH?

73. What system compensates for respiratory imbalances in pH?

74. Renal mechanisms of acid-base balancing operate by the reabsorption or secretion

of what ion?

75. H+ secretion occurs in the ____________________ and in _____________________ cells

of the collecting ducts.
76. The breakdown of glutamine produces 2 ______ which is excreted and 2 ______
moved to the blood.

77. HCO3- enters peritubular capillaries via cotransport with ____ or antiport with ____.

78. H+ ions are released to the lumen of tubules from intercalated cells via what
mechanism?

79. When the body is in alkalosis, _____________________ cells secretes HCO3- and
reabsorb H+ to acidify the blood.

80. The luminal membranes of tubule cells are most importantly impermeable to what
ion?

81. What is the normal range for arterial blood pH?

82. What is the normal range for PaCO2 in arterial blood?

83. What is the normal range for HCO3- in arterial blood?

84. What is the most common cause of metabolic acidosis?

85. An arterial blood pH below 7 would cause (excitation/depression) of the CNS.

86. An arterial blood pH above 7.8 would cause (excitation/depression) of the CNS.

87. What cells in the kidney compensate for acidosis?

88. What cells in the kidney compensate for alkalosis?

89. To compensate for metabolic acidosis, (PaCO2/HCO3-) levels are
(increased/decreased).

90. To compensate for metabolic alkalosis, (PaCO2/HCO3-) levels are

(increased/decreased).

91. To compensate for respiratory alkalosis, (PaCO2/HCO3-) levels are

(increased/decreased).

92. To compensate for respiratory acidosis, (PaCO2/HCO3-) levels are

(increased/decreased).

93. The anion gap present in the plasma is normally between ___ and ___ mEq/L.

Answers on next page

Blood pressure & blood volume
Renal corpuscle & renal tubule
Glomerulus & Bowman's capsule
Glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, & tubular secretion
Vasa recta
Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), loop of henle, & distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
Short, long
Principal, ADH & aldosterone
Juxtaglomerular apparatus
Granular cells (juxtaglomerular/JG)
Granular cells (juxtaglomerular/JG)
Afferent arteriole
Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
Macula densa
Extraglomerular mesangial cells
High resistance in afferent and efferent arterioles
Constrict
Decrease, dilation, increase
Increases, glomerular mesangial
Afferent arteriole
Decreases
Enhances
Enhances, enhances, enhances, inhibits
Inhibits
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), peritubular capillaries
Peritubular capillaries, proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
Reabsorption
Secretion
Sympathetic
Paracellular
Transcellular
Basolateral
ADH, aquaporins
Principal, osmoreceptors
Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
Ascending
Na+
Transport maximum
GFR x plasma concentration
200
Hormones
Principal cells (collecting ducts) & distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
Aldosterone
Aldosterone
H+ & HCO3-
Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
H+ ATPases & Cl-/HCO3- antiporters
Collecting duct, distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
Concentrated, water
Descending
Water
NaCl
ADH
Countercurrent
Na+
ADH
Glomerular filtration rate
Level of nitrogen in the blood that is part of urea
Urine excretion / plasma concentration
More
Less
Renin
Chemical buffer system
7.4
7.35
7.0
Metabolism
Renal mechanisms
Respiratory centers
Respiratory & renal
Respiratory
Renal
HCO3-
Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) & type A intercalated
NH4+, HCO3-
Na+, Cl-
H+ ATPase
Type B intercalated
HCO3-
7.35-7.45
35-45 mmHg
22-26 mEq/L
Ketosis in diabetic crisis
Depression
Excitation
Type A intercalated
Type B intercalated
PaCO2, decreased
PaCO2, increased
HCO3-, decreased
HCO3-, increased
5-11