CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents the different sub-topics that are relevant and will further support

this research study implying that certain cultures and traditions are dwindling, that changes are

unavoidable, and that certain modernization has a complete impact on our customs and

norms. There are sections in this in this chapter. The first section presents a review of related

literature and studies. The second section will be the study's conceptual framework.

Education

The K–12 educational system, the workplace, family dynamics, and social contacts of

today are not the same as those that existed in the Arab world, say, in the 1970s.

Modernization and globalization have given people more options, lifestyles, and choices in

most levels and phases of life. Furthermore, according to Abduljaber, M. (2018), individuals

have become more tolerant as a result of being exposed to a wide range of eccentric, eclectic,
and unique styles, tastes, methods of living, and lifestyles. More than ever, people are

conscious of national, ethnic, and religious distinctions, which has helped many people in the

area actively embrace and tolerate differences.

Most students are now adapting to modernization which means that technology is now

involved in the education field, as stated by Türkkahraman, Miriam (2013) in his theory,

education as a phenomenon is a social construct as well as a process that takes place in the

community. Society can be seen as the goal and the hierarchy if a previous hierarchical

sequence is developed. One could argue that education is the essential means to this end. In

this regard, the investigation of education and society's other institutions must work together

functionally for community building.

Modernization and post-modernization

As defined by Inglehart, R. (2020), modernization trajectory is linked with a wide range

of other cultural changes. As we will see, certain cultural values are conducive to the economic

accumulation and investment that make industrialization possible, and the sharply contrasting
gender roles that characterize all preindustrial societies almost inevitably give way to

increasingly similar gender roles in advanced industrial society.

It is also stated by, Inglehart, R. (2020) that modernization trajectory is linked with a

wide range of other cultural changes. As we will see, some cultural values support the kind of

economic accumulation and investment that enable industrialization, and in advanced

industrial societies, gender roles tend to become more similar over time, whereas in

preindustrial societies they are sharply contrasting.

Traditions and Norms

People who emphasize Survival values tend to be significantly less satisfied with their

lives and less happy than people with Self-expression values. (Inglehart, Ronald F. 2018) As

long as a society remains near the survival level, its culture is mainly oriented toward ensuring

physical survival. But as survival becomes secure, a society's culture can become increasingly

oriented toward maximizing subjective well-being. (Inglehart, Ronald F. 2018) Self-expression

values are conducive to subjective well-being as they emancipate people from traditional

constraints that are no longer necessary for survival. allowing greater freedom of choice in how
to live one's life. In both mega zones, modernization (measured by factors like GDP per capita

and employment proportions) is associated with a decline in conservation values and an

increase in openness to change values.

However, in the European magazine, the growth of openness to change values is linked

to an increase in self-transcendence values, whereas in Afrasia, it is associated with an

increase in self-enhancement values. (Andrey, K., Julia, Z., Kira, M., & Elena, S.2019).

According to Yang K. S. (2019), persons in both traditional and modern societies will share the

same general functioning qualities because these traits are universal.

Modernization process against values

Younger age groups have higher indicators of self-enhancement and openness to

changing values in the vast majority of countries. According to Korotayev, et. al, (2019) these
qualities usually imply openness to innovation, diversity, change, and advancement.

Individuals who are very adaptable, inquisitive, and open-minded tend to be more daring and

open-minded. They might be more open to questioning customs and investigating novel

concepts or encounters. These values center around the pursuit of personal success,

achievement, and self-improvement.

People with high self-enhancement values are often driven by goals such as gaining

status, acquiring wealth, and achieving recognition or fame. They may prioritize their

advancement and strive for personal excellence, Bilyuga, (2018). This sub-topic entirely shows

that the process of modernization is most likely adaptable in this generation wherein When

compared to older age groups, younger people in different countries prioritize values related to

self-improvement and being open to change more strongly. This suggests a generational trend

in which younger people are more likely to seek success and personal growth while welcoming

change.

Societal Development

Each culture within a society adapts to modernization and some may adjust their

traditional norms to fit to what is new. As stated by Krys, K., Capaldi, C., et al, (2022), this

paradigm highlights how crucial it is to recognize and honor these cultural differences while
talking about the advancement of society. It implies that there isn't a single, universally

applicable strategy for advancement and that different cultures may choose differently.

Furthermore, it does not adequately address the complexity and difficulties of the

twenty-first century. It follows that novel concepts or frameworks are required, ones that are

more inclusive, flexible, and appropriate to the various cultural contexts of the modern world.

The culturally sensitive paradigm emphasizes the value of cultural variety in conversations

about the evolution of society. It emphasizes the need for new methods sensitive to the twenty-

first century's subtle cultural differences.

The fact that the shift is regarded as important suggests that it is a fundamentally

significant change rather than merely a little adjustment. In the idea of Stiglitz, Sen, & Fitoussi,

(2009), it implies that there are significant distinctions between traditional and modern

societies. It is seen as a logical step in the evolution of society. This suggests that the shift

from traditional to contemporary civilizations is understood as a process of natural evolution or

development that happens gradually and is influenced by several variables, including

globalization, social change, and technical improvements.

The idea that this changeover is common to all civilizations implies that societies follow

a similar path from traditional to modern, notwithstanding cultural variances. This general

guidance suggests that even though the details may differ between cultures.
Human Satisfaction in the 21st Century

Modernization and human satisfaction have an extensive link that takes into account

social, technological, psychological, and economic aspects. Through greater money,

opportunity, and societal advancement, modernity can raise life satisfaction levels; yet, it also

brings with it difficulties and inequalities that may hurt wellbeing. Policymakers and scholars

trying to advance human flourishing in contemporary cultures must comprehend these

processes. As studied by Julia, Z., Vadim, U., & Sergey, S. (2022), The relationship between

material well-being—more especially, income levels—and life happiness is the main focus of

the claim. It also discusses how people's loyalty to specific values—especially those related to

self-expression—is impacted by their money. The relationship between income, life

satisfaction, and values can thus be defined as the subtopic, with an emphasis on how

financial wealth affects people's views of happiness and their adherence to particular cultural

values.

The expression "people in richer countries report higher levels of life satisfaction than

people in poorer countries" relates to the income-life satisfaction paradox, a well-established

phenomenon in social scientific research. According to this paradox, people in wealthier

countries generally report higher levels of life satisfaction than people in less wealthy
countries, Ng and Diener (2019). This shows that as evolution continues towards humanity and

society, people tend to crave more and more, and that being said advancement towards

modernization will most likely bring changes within culture and traditions.

Tradition meets Modernity

With the power of modernization, a lot of people, of different ages, are exposed to this

new living style that did not exist back in those times when traditions and cultures were being

promoted and accepted; and obviously, that involves partying. Alcohol usage has increased

recently, particularly among teenagers. This is a big change from the community's customs

and traditions, when drinking may have been either nonexistent or extremely restricted. This

new conduct has been brought about in part by the impact of external culture, perhaps as a

result of globalization or more engagement with other communities. This change in cultural

norms, especially about drinking, could have an impact on social dynamics, health outcomes,

and societal norms.

Moreover, alcohol consumption is truly prominent in this generation, such rules back in

those days where people seemed to keep in mind their cultures and behavior, but today as we
speak, people tend to go by the saying, “past is past, focus on what’s today”, although it is

true, modernization is evident and people do believe that what’s new will be applicable, even

when their traditions are still present. Furthermore, as studied by Zainuddin, M. F. (2023), it

does not stop with that, let’s talk about technology; this generation is, if too much exaggeration,

really exposed to gadgets and technological advancement that at times we cannot focus on

our daily life because of that specific distraction, according to research, the impact of

technology and mass media on the community's customary adaptability.

Stevenson, (2020), according to him members of the community have been exposed to

a variety of cultures and lifestyles outside of their traditional limits thanks to social media, the

internet, and television. This exposure to outside forces has the power to change community

members' attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors. As people incorporate aspects of other cultures

into their own, it could result in the adoption of new customs, modifications to cultural identity,

and adjustments to social standards. This phenomenon illustrates how globalization has a

wider impact.

Though it may sound out of the ordinary, modernization also plays a big part of the role

of the community and their traditions being preserved, according to Wasserman, (2005),

Collaboration between non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and cultural institutions can be

very important for maintaining traditions. Based on the study of both Stevenson, (2020); and

Wasserman, (2005) this also highlights how important it is to strengthen local cultural identity

to preserve traditions. Traditions are often preserved and promoted by cultural institutions,
such as museums, heritage centers, and cultural groups. Non-governmental organizations can

also offer resources and assistance for initiatives to preserve traditions; this is especially true

for those groups that concentrate on community development and cultural conservation.

Together, these organizations and NGOs can combine their networks, resources, and

expertise to carry out projects that protect cultural heritage. To guarantee the survival and

vitality of customs, this cooperation may entail initiatives like advocacy, education, community

involvement, and documentation.