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Polynomial Factorization Techniques

The document contains solutions to various mathematical problems related to factorization and simplification of polynomials from the NSMQ contests of 2020, 2021, and 2023. It includes step-by-step answers for simplifying rational expressions, solving inequalities, and factorizing cubic and higher-degree polynomials. Each problem is accompanied by its corresponding answer and a brief explanation of the factorization process.

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100% found this document useful (1 vote)
73 views14 pages

Polynomial Factorization Techniques

The document contains solutions to various mathematical problems related to factorization and simplification of polynomials from the NSMQ contests of 2020, 2021, and 2023. It includes step-by-step answers for simplifying rational expressions, solving inequalities, and factorizing cubic and higher-degree polynomials. Each problem is accompanied by its corresponding answer and a brief explanation of the factorization process.

Uploaded by

angelamonson1990
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

FACTORIZATION

NSMQ 2020

CONTEST 5R2
1 Simplify (x2 – x – 6)/(x2 – 2x – 8)
ANSWER: (x – 3)/(x – 4)
[(x + 2)(x – 3)/(x – 4)(x + 2) = (x – 3)/(x – 4)]

2 Simplify the rational expression (x2 – x – 2)/(x2 –


5x + 6)
ANSWER: (x + 1)/(x – 3)
[(x – 2)(x + 1)/(x – 3)(x – 2) = (x + 1)/(x – 3)]

3 Find the solution set of the inequality x3 + 5x2 +


2x + 10 < 0
ANSWER: {x : x < - 5}
[x2(x + 5) + 2(x + 5) < 0, (x2 + 2)(x + 5) < 0, x < -
5]

CONTEST 6 R2

2 Factorise completely 128x3 – 54y3


ANSWER: 2(4x – 3y)(16x2 + 12xy + 9y2)
[2(64x3 – 27y3) = 2((4x)3 – (3y)3) = 2(4x – 3y)(16x2
+ 12xy + 9y2)]
CONTEST 13R2

3 Factorize the polynomial p(x) = x4 + 9x2 – 36 as a


product of 2 binomials.
ANSWER: (x2 – 3)(x2 + 12)
[x4 + 12x2 - 3x2 – 36 = x2(x2 + 12) – 3(x2 + 12) =
(x2 – 3)(x2 + 12)]

CONTEST 14 R1
Solve the cubic equation

1 x3 – 3x2 – 25x + 75 = 0
ANSWER: x = 5, -5, 3
[x2(x – 3) – 25(x – 3) = (x – 5)(x + 5)(x – 3) = 0, x =
5, – 5, 3]

2 x3 – 2x2 – 16x + 32 = 0
ANSWER: x = 4, - 4, 2
[x2(x – 2) – 16(x – 2) = (x - 2)(x – 4)(x + 4) = 0, x =
4, -4, 2 ]

3 x3 – 2x2 – 15x = 0
ANSWER: x = 5, – 3, 0
[ x(x2 – 2x – 15) = x(x – 5)(x + 3) = 0, x = 5, -3, 0]
CONTEST 22 R1B

1 24x3 – 375y3
ANSWER: 3(2x – 5y)(4x2 + 10xy + 25y2)
[3((2x)3 – (5y)3) = 3(2x – 5y)(4x2 + 10xy + 25y2)]

2 54x3 + 16y3
ANSWER: 2(3x + 2y)(9x2 – 6xy + 4y2)
[2(27x3 + 8y3) = 2(3x + 2y)(9x2 – 6xy + 4y2)]

3 500x3 – 108y3
ANSWER: 4(5x – 3y)(25x2 + 15xy + 9y2)
[ 4(125x3 – 27y3) = 4(5x – 3y)(25x2 + 15xy + 9y2)]

CONTEST 32R1C
1 (x – 1)4 – (x – 1)2
ANSWER: x(x – 1)2(x – 2)
[(x – 1)2 ((x – 1)2 – 1)) = (x – 1)2(x – 1 – 1)(x – 1 + 1)
= x(x – 1)2(x – 2)]

2 (x + 1)4 + (x + 1)2
ANSWER: (x + 1)2(x2 + 2x + 2) accept (x +
1)2((x + 1)2 + 1)
[ (x + 1)2 ((x + 1)2 + 1) = (x + 1)2 (x2 + 2x + 2)]

3 (x + a)3 + x3
ANSWER: (2x + a)(x2 + ax + a2)
[(x + a + x)((x + a)2 - x(x + a) + x2) = (2x + a)((x
+ a)2 – ax)
= (2x + a)(x2 + ax + a2)]
PRELIMS
CONTEST 22 R1B
1 (x + 3)(x2 – 3x + 9)
ANSWER: x3 + 27
[sum of two cubes x3 + 33 ]

2 (8a2 – 6b)(8a2 + 6b)


ANSWER: 64a4 – 36b2
[Difference of 2 squares]

3 (2x – y)(4x2 + 2xy + y2)


ANSWER: 8x3 – y3
[difference of 2 cubes]

CONTEST 24R1B
1 x2 – 6x + 9 – 4y2
ANSWER: (x + 2y – 3)(x – 2y – 3)
[(x – 3)2 – 4y2 = (x + 2y – 3)(x – 2y – 3)

2 4x2 + 4x + 1 - 9y2
ANSWER: (2x + 3y + 1)(2x – 3y + 1)
[(2x +1)2 – 9y2 = (2x + 3y + 1)(2x – 3y + 1)]

3 9x2 – 6x + 1 – 25y2
ANSWER: (3x + 5y – 1)(3x – 5y – 1)
[(3x – 1)2 – 25y2 = (3x + 5y – 1)(3x – 5y – 1)]

NSMQ 2021

CONTEST 1R1A

1 x3 + 3x2 – 4x – 12
ANSWER: (x + 2)(x – 2)(x + 3)
[x2(x + 3) – 4(x + 3) = (x2 – 4)(x + 3) = (x + 2)(x –
2)(x + 3)]

2 2x3 – x2 – 18x + 9
ANSWER: (2x – 1)(x – 3)(x + 3)
[x2(2x – 1) – 9(2x – 1) = (2x – 1)(x2 – 9) = (2x – 1)(x
– 3)(x + 3)]

3 3x3 + 2x2 – 48x – 32


ANSWER: (3x + 2)(x – 4)(x + 4)
[ x2(3x + 2) – 16(3x + 2) = (3x + 2)(x2 – 16) = (3x
+ 2)(x – 4)(x + 4)]

CONTEST 8 R2
1 Factorise the expression (x – y + 1)2 – (x + y – 2)2
ANSWER: (2x – 1)(3 – 2y)
[(x – y + 1 + x + y – 2)(x – y + 1 – x – y + 2) = (2x
– 1)(3 – 2y)]
CONTEST 19 R1B
1 36x4 + 12x2 + 1
ANSWER: (6x2 + 1)2
[(6x2)2 + 2(6x2) + 1 = (6x2 + 1)2]

2 x4 – 8x2 + 16
ANSWER: (x – 2)2(x + 2)2
[(x2)2 – 2(x2)4 + 16 = (x2 – 4)2 = (x – 2)2(x + 2)2]

3 4x4 + 20x2y + 25y2


ANSWER: (2x2 + 5y)2
[(2x2)2 + 2(2x2)(5y) + (5y)2 = (2x2 + 5y)2]

NATIONAL CONTEST 1 ROUND 2


1 Factorize completely a4 + 4a3b + 6a2b2 + 4ab3 +
b4
ANSWER: (a + b)4

NATIONAL CONTEST 13 ROUND 1A


1 8x3 + 64
ANSWER: 8(x + 2)(x2 – 2x + 4)
[8(x3 + 8) = 8(x + 2)(x2 – 2x + 4)]

2 250x3 – 54y3
ANSWER: 2(5x – 3y)(25x2 + 15xy + 9y2)
[2(125x3 – 27y3) = 2((5x)3 – (3y)3) = 2(5x – 3y)(25x2
+ 15xy + 9y2)]

3 64x3 + 27y3
ANSWER: (4x + 3y)(16x2 - 12xy + 9y2)
[(4x)3 + (3y)3 = (4x + 3y)(16x2 - 12xy + 9y2)]

Pre C 1 ROUND 1A
Solve the equation for real values of x

1 x4
– 13x2 + 36 = 0
ANSWER: x = ± 2, ± 3
[(x2 – 4)(x2 – 9) = 0, x = ± 2, ± 3]

2 x4 – 12x2 + 32 = 0
ANSWER: x = ± 2, ± 2√2
[(x2 – 4)(x2 – 8) = 0, x = ± 2, ± 2√2]

3 x4
- 5x2 – 36 = 0
ANSWER: x = ± 3
[(x2 – 9)(x2 + 4) = 0, x = ± 3, x2 + 4 = 0 has no
real solution]

2 Factorize
completely x3 – 2x2 + 1
ANSWER: (x – 1)(x2 – x - 1)
[x3 – 2x2 + 1 = (x – 1)(x2 + ax - 1), -2 = -1 + a, a =
-1, (x – 1)(x2 – x - 1)]
1 f(x)= x3 – 8x + 7 ANSWER: (x – 1)(x2 + x -
7) [f(1) = 0, (x – 1) is a factor, x3 – 8x + 7 = (x –
1)(x2 + ax - 7), for x2 term, 0 = a – 1, a = 1, (x –
1)(x2 + x - 7)]

2 f(x)= 2x3 + 5x + 7 ANSWER: (x + 1)(2x2 – 2x


+ 7)
[f(-1) = 0, (x + 1) is a factor, (2x3 + 5x +
7) = (x + 1)(2x2 + ax + 7), for x2 term, 0
= 2 + a, a = -2, (x + 1)(2x2 – 2x + 7)]

3 f(x) = x3 - 5x2 + 6 ANSWER: (x + 1)(x2 – 6x +


6)
[f(-1) = 0, (x + 1) is a factor, x3 – 5x2 +
6 = (x + 1)(x2 + ax + 6), for x2 term, -
5 = 1 + a, a = -6, (x + 1)(x2 – 6x + 6)]

4 f(x)= x3 – 8x + 7 ANSWER: (x – 1)(x2 + x -


7) [f(1) = 0, (x – 1) is a factor, x3 – 8x + 7 = (x –
1)(x2 + ax - 7), for x2 term, 0 = a – 1, a = 1, (x –
1)(x2 + x - 7)]

f(x) = 2x3 + 5x + 7 ANSWER: (x + 1)(2x2 – 2x


+ 7)
[f(-1) = 0, (x + 1) is a factor, (2x3 + 5x +
7) = (x + 1)(2x2 + ax + 7), for x2 term, 0
= 2 + a, a = -2, (x + 1)(2x2 – 2x + 7)]

f(x) = x3 – 8x + 7 ANSWER: (x – 1)(x2 + x -


7) [f(1) = 0, (x – 1) is a factor, x3 – 8x + 7 = (x –
1)(x2 + ax - 7), for x2 term, 0 = a – 1, a = 1, (x –
1)(x2 + x - 7)]

f(x) = 2x3 + 5x + 7 ANSWER: (x + 1)(2x2 – 2x


+ 7)
[f(-1) = 0, (x + 1) is a factor, (2x3 + 5x +
7) = (x + 1)(2x2 + ax + 7), for x2 term, 0
= 2 + a, a = -2, (x + 1)(2x2 – 2x + 7)]

NSMQ 2023
PRC 4 R2
f(x) = x3 - 5x2 + 6 ANSWER: (x + 1)(x2 – 6x +
6)
[f(-1) = 0, (x + 1) is a factor, x3 – 5x2 +
6 = (x + 1)(x2 + ax + 6), for x2 term, -
5 = 1 + a, a = -6, (x + 1)(x2 – 6x + 6)]

PRC 20 ROUND 1A
Factorize completely
1 x3 – 5x2 + 2x – 10 ANSWER: (x – 5)(x2 +
2)
[x2(x – 5) + 2(x – 5) = (x – 5)(x2 + 2) ]

2 2x3 – 3x2 + 8x – 12 ANSWER: (2x – 3)(x2


+ 4)
[x2(2x – 3) + 4(2x – 3) = (2x – 3)(x2 + 4) ]

3 5x3 – 3x2 + 15x – 9 ANSWER: (5x – 3)(x2


+ 3)
[x2(5x – 3) + 3(5x – 3) = (5x – 3)(x2 + 3)]

4 3x3 – 2x2 + 9x – 6 ANSWER: (3x – 2)(x2


+ 3)
[x2(3x – 2) + 3(3x – 2) = (3x – 2)(x2 + 3)]

5 4x3 + 3x2 + 12x + 9 ANSWER: (x2 + 3)(4x


+ 3)
[x2(4x + 3) + 3(4x + 3) = (x2 + 3)(4x + 3)]

PRC 40 R2
2 Factorize f(x) = x3 – 8x - 7
ANSWER: (x + 1)(x2 – x – 7)
[f(-1) = -1 + 8 – 7 = 0, (x + 1) a factor, x3 – 8x – 7
= (x + 1)(x2 + ax – 7), for x, a – 7 = - 8,
a = -1, (x + 1)(x2 – x – 7)]

NATIONAL CHAMPIONSHIP 23
Factorize the cubic polynomial completely,

1 f(x) = 2x3 + 7x2 – 5x – 4 ANSWER: f(x) =


(x – 1)(x + 4)(2x + 1)
[f(1) = 2 + 7 - 5 – 4 = 0, f(x) = (x – 1)(2x2 + ax +
4), for x2, 7 = -2 + a, a = 9
(2x2 + 9x + 4) = (2x + 1)(x + 4), f(x) = (x – 1)(x +
4)(2x + 1)]

2 f(x) = x3 – x2 – x – 2 ANSWER: f(x) =


(x – 2)(x + x + 1)
2

[f(2) = 8 – 4 – 2 – 2 = 0, f(x) = (x – 2)(x2 + ax + 1),


for x2, -2 + a = -1, a = 1
(x2 + x + 1), f(x) = (x – 2)(x2 + x + 1)]

3 f(x) = x3 - 7x2 + 7x +15 ANSWER: f(x) = (x


+ 1)(x – 3)(x – 5)
[f(-1)= -1 – 7 – 7 + 15 = 0, f(x) = (x + 1)(x2 + ax +
15), for x2, -7 = 1 + a,
a = -8, (x2 – 8x + 15) = (x – 3)(x – 5), f(x) = (x + 1)
(x – 3)(x – 5) ]

4 f(x) = x3 + 2x2 – x - 2 ANSWER: (x – 1)


(x + 1)(x + 2)
[x2(x + 2) – 1(x + 2) = (x2 – 1)(x + 2) = (x – 1)(x +
1)(x + 2)]
RC 32 ROUND 1A
Factorise completely

1…(2x + y – 2)2 – (x – 2y + 2)2 ANSWER: (3x -


y)(x + 3y - 4)
[(3x - y)(x + 3y - 4)]

2 (x + 2y + 5)2 – (2x + y – 5)2 ANSWER: 3(x +


y)(y – x + 10)
[(3x + 3y)(y – x + 10) = 3(x + y)(y – x + 10)]

3 (3x – 2y + 3)2 – (2x – 3y – 3)2 ANSWER: 5(x – y)


(x + y + 6)
[(5x – 5y)(x + y + 6) = 5(x – y)(x + y + 6)]

4 (5x – 4y – 6)2 – (4x + 5y + 6)2 ANSWER: (9x +


y)(x - 9y – 12)
[(9x + y)(x - 9y – 12)] (NB: a2 – b2 = (a + b)(a –
b)

RC 36 ROUND 2
3 Factorize completely 8x3 + 27y3
ANSWER: (2x + 3y)(4x2 – 6xy + 9y2)
[(2x)3 + (3y)3 = (2x + 3y)(4x2 - 6xy + 9y2)]

NSMQ 2019
Factorise completely. Assume n is a natural
number.

1 92n – 9n
ANSWER: 32n(3n – 1)(3n + 1)
[ 9n(9n – 1) = 32n(32n – 1) = 32n(3n – 1)(3n + 1)]

2 8n – 4n
ANSWER: 22n(2n - 1)
[4n(2n- 1) = 22n(2n – 1)]

3 81n – 27n
ANSWER: 33n(3n – 1)
[ 34n – 33n = 33n(3n – 1)]

CONTEST 16 ROUND 1B
1. x3 + 6x2 + 12x + 8
ANSWER: (x + 2)3
[x3 + 3(x2)2 + 3(x)22 + 23 = (x + 2)3]

2. x3 – 9x2 + 27x – 27
ANSWER: (x – 3)3
[x3 – 3(x2)3 + 3(x)32 – 33 = (x – 3)3]

3. 8x3 + 36x2 + 54x + 27


ANSWER: (2x + 3)3
[ (2x)3 + 3(2x)23 + 3(2x)32 + 33= (2x + 3)3]
ROUND 1A
Factorise the trinomial into a product of binomials.

1 5x2 + 4xy – 12y2


ANSWER: (5x – 6y)(x + 2y)
[5x2 + 10xy – 6xy – 12y2 = 5x(x + 2y) – 6y(x + 2y)
= (5x – 6y)(x + 2y)]

2 8x2 + 14xy + 3y2


ANSWER: (4x + y)(2x CONTEST 28+ 3y)
[8x2 + 12xy + 2xy + 3y2 = 4x(2x + 3y) + y(2x +
3y) = (4x + y)(2x + 3y)]

SPEED
3 Factorise the expression 3x2 + 2x - 5
ANSWER: (3x + 5)(x – 1)
[ 3x2 + 5x - 3x – 5 = x(3x + 5) - 1(3x + 5) = (3x +
5 )(x – 1)]

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