VIVEKANANDA EDUCATIONAL SOCIETY

PHYSICS PRACTICAL ORIENTATION PROGRAMME

VENUE : VIVEKANANDA VIDYALAYA , CHROMEPET

DATE : 24.06.24 DAY; SATURDAY

BY : SMT M THILAGAVATHI, VIVEKANANDA VIDYALAYA , TIRUVOTTIYUR

TOPIC; XI & XII PROJECTS

Why do we take time on X – axis?

The x-axis is also called the independent axis because its values do not depend on anything.
For example, time is always placed on the x-axis since it continues to move forward
regardless of anything else.

Suggested Investigatory Projects

1. To study various factors on which the internal resistance/EMF of a cell depends.

2. To study the variations in current flowing in a circuit containing an LDR because of a

variation in
(a) the power of the incandescent lamp, used to 'illuminate' the LDR (keeping all the
lamps at a fixed distance).
(b) the distance of a incandescent lamp (of fixed power) used to 'illuminate' the LDR.

3. To find the refractive indices of (a) water (b) oil (transparent) using a plane mirror,
an equiconvex lens (made from a glass of known refractive index) and an adjustable
object needle.

4. To investigate the relation between the ratio of (i) output and input voltage and (ii) number
of turns in the secondary coil and primary coil of a self-designed transformer.

5. To investigate the dependence of the angle of deviation on the angle of incidence using
a hollow prism filled one by one, with different transparent fluids.

6. To estimate the charge induced on each one of the two identical Styrofoam (or pith) balls
suspended in a vertical plane by making use of Coulomb's law.

7. To study the factor on which the self-inductance of a coil depends by observing the effect
of this coil, when put in series with a resistor/(bulb) in a circuit fed up by an A.C. source of
adjustable frequency.

8. To study the earth's magnetic field using a compass needle -bar magnet by plotting
magnetic field lines and tangent galvanometer.
Suggested projects
1. Factors on which resistance of a conductor depends

[Link]

3. Capacitors in series

4. Capacitors in parallel
CAPACITANCE METER

5. Simple pendulum – To find acceleration due to gravity

6. Refractive index of liquid using hollow prism

7. Tangent galvanometer

8. Internal resistance of a cell

9. Factors affecting internal resistance of a cell

Internal resistance of a cell depends upon the following factors:

1. The surface area of the electrodes: Larger the surface area of the electrodes, less is the
internal resistance.

2. The distance between the electrodes: As the distance between the electrodes increases, the
internal resistance of the cell also increases. It is also affected by the nature, concentration,
and temperature of the solution (electrolyte).

3. The nature and concentration of the electrolyte: Less ionic the electrolyte or higher the
concentration of electrolyte, greater is the internal resistance.

4. The temperature of the electrolyte: Higher the temperature of the electrolyte, less is the
internal resistance.

[Link] of a Transistor

[Link] mapping, N-S to find neutral point

Neutral Points: A neutral point is a point at which the resultant magnetic field is zero. In
general the neutral point is obtained when horizontal component of earth’s field is balanced
by the field produced by the magnet.

When North Pole of a bar magnet is placed towards South Pole of the earth, then neutral
point is obtained on axial line:
12. Magnetic mapping N - N , to find neutral point

When North Pole of a bar magnet is placed towards North Pole of the earth,
then neutral point is obtained on equatorial line:

[Link] gates – OR,AND

[Link] wave rectifier

[Link] and discharging of a capacitor

[Link] find equivalent resistance across the diagonal of a cube made of carbon resistors ,

18. To find the resistance of carbon resistors (minimum 5)

[Link] affecting surface tension

Factors affecting the surface tension are

1. Impurities:
Soluble impurities: If the impurities are soluble then the surface tension may
increase or decrease. The surface tension of liquid will decrease when the
impurities are less soluble. For example, camphor is less soluble in water, hence
it decreases the surface tension of water. On the other hand, the surface tension
of liquid will increase when the impurities are more soluble. For example, the
salt is more soluble in water, hence it increases the surface tension of water.

Insoluble impurities: Insoluble impurities such as dirt, oil, grease, etc. will
decrease the surface tension of a liquid.

2. Temperature:
The molecular attraction between liquid molecules becomes weak when we
increase temperature. Hence, the surface tension of liquid decreases as we
increase the temperature of the liquid. The temperature at which the surface
tension of the liquid becomes zero is called the ‘Critical temperature’ of that
liquid.

Note: In many applications wish to decrease or increase the surface tension.

This can be done by changing factors that affect surface tension. For example,
surfactants are added in water so that dirt can be easily removed from clothes.
20. Telescope

Resistor Color Code Table

To memorize this table one can use B.B. ROY of Great Britain had a Very Good Wife

How to read Resistor Colour Code?

To read get the resistance of the resistor hold the resistor in such a way that the bands are
clearly visible. There are four bands from which we can calculate the resistance.
• B1 – Indicates First significant figure
• B2 – Indicates Second significant figure
• B3 – Indicates multiple of 10
• B4 – Shows tolerance ( % error in the result)

Abstract
Newton's first law of motion predicts the behavior of objects for which all existing forces are
balanced. The first law - sometimes referred to as the law of inertia - states that if the forces
acting upon an object are balanced, then the acceleration of that object will be 0 m/s/s. Objects
at equilibrium (the condition in which all forces balance) will not accelerate. According to Newton,
an object will only accelerate if there is a net or unbalanced force acting upon it. The presence of
an unbalanced force will accelerate an object - changing its speed, its direction, or both its speed
and direction.
Newton's second law of motion pertains to the behavior of objects for which all existing forces
are not balanced. The second law states that the acceleration of an object is dependent upon
two variables - the net force acting upon the object and the mass of the object. The acceleration
of an object depends directly upon the net force acting upon the object, and inversely upon the
mass of the object. As the force acting upon an object is increased, the acceleration of the object
is increased. As the mass of an object is increased, the acceleration of the object is decreased.

Theory
Can you define Newton’s Second Law of Motion?
Newton's Second Law of motion states that the rate of change of momentum of an object is proportional to the
applied unbalanced force in the direction of the force.
ie., F=ma
Where F is the force applied, m is the mass of the body, and a, the acceleration produced.

What will happen if a body is subjected to multiple forces at the same time?
If a body is subjected to multiple forces at the same time, then the acceleration produced is proportional to the
vector sum (that is, the net force) of all the individual forces.

Theory
Newton's Second Law of motion states that the rate of change of momentum of an object is proportional to the
applied unbalanced force in the direction of the force.
ie., F=ma
Where F is the force applied, m is the mass of the body, and a, the acceleration produced.

Momentum has both direction and magnitude. Its direction is the same as that of velocity. When an unbalanced
force is applied on an object, it changes the velocity of an object, which in turn changes its momentum. So, it is
concluded that the force necessary to change the momentum of an object depends on the time rate at which the
momentum is changed.
The acceleration of a moving object can be calculated by:
1. Arrange the apparatus as shown in figure.
2. A suitable mass is hung on the weight hanger.
3. Release the weight on the weight hanger.
4. Start the timer to record the time of travel of the cart as it starts moving.
5. Note the distance moved and the time taken by the cart.
6. Calculate the acceleration of the object by equation a= 2S/t2.
7. Calculate M2g and (M1+M2)a.
8. Hence Newton’s Second Law is verified.

Observations:
Vertical Mass, M2 (g) Cart Mass, M1 (g) Distance travelled by the cart, S (cm) Time, t (s)
Acceleration of the object, a= 2S/t2 (m/s2)

Calculation:
F= M2g
M2=……………………..g
M2= ……………………….Kg
=…………………kg m/s2
F= (M1+M2)a
(M1+M2) =………………….g
(M1+M2) =………………….kg

Result:
Calculate M2g and (M1+M2)a. It is found to be same. Hence Newton’s Second Law of Motion is verified.
a