ENGINEERING UTILITIES 1

(BASIC ELECTRIAL ENG’G)

(EE 006, 2nd Sem, S.Y. 2024 – 2025)
Take Note

• All graded assessment tasks must be uploaded in Canvas (PDF

copy).
• Every absent will result in a 10% deduction from the attendance
grade.
• Every late will result in a 5% deduction from the attendance
grade.
• Grading sheet in Canvas is for recording purposes only.
• Grades in ARIS will prevail over Canvas.
Grading System (ZERO BASED)
Class Standing (CSP, CSM, CSF): 1
𝑃𝐺 = 𝐶𝑆𝑃 + 𝑃𝐸
Attendance – 10% 2
Assignment* – 10% 𝐶𝑆𝑀 + 𝑀𝐸 + 𝑃𝐺
Seatwork* – 10% 𝑀𝐺 =
3
Quiz – 70%
TOTAL = 100% 𝐶𝑆𝐹 + 𝐹𝐸 + 𝑀𝐺
𝐹𝐺 =
3

*Discussions on Canvas (if any) will also be considered as Assignment/Seatwork.

**Design of Experiment will be considered as one of your quizzes in the Finals period.
Outline of Topics
1. International System of Units
2. What is electricity
3. Electric Charges
4. Electric Field
5. Coulomb's Law
Intended Learning Outcomes
By the end of this module, the students will be able to:
1. Identify, convert, and correctly apply SI units in electrical engineering
calculations.
2. Describe the properties of electrical charges, explain the behavior of
charged particles in an electric field, and calculate the forces between
them using Coulomb's Law.
3. Explain the movement of electrons within atoms, describe how this
movement creates electric current, and relate these atomic-level
interactions to the macroscopic properties of electrical conductors and
insulators.
BASIC CONCEPTS OF
ELECTRIC CIRCUITS
Sample Problem
Express each quantity using a metric prefix:
a. 50,000 𝑉 b. 5,000,000 Ω c. 0.000036 𝐴

a. 50,000 𝑉 = 50 × 103 𝑉 = 𝟓𝟎 𝒌𝑽
b. 5,000,000 Ω = 5 × 106 Ω = 𝟓 𝑴𝜴
c. 0.000036 𝐴 = 36 × 10−6 𝐴 = 𝟑𝟔 𝝁𝑨
Sample Problem
Convert 5,000 𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠 (5,000 𝑛𝐴) to microamperes (𝜇𝐴).
Manual Mode Calculator Mode
Move the decimal point three places Enter 5,000 × 10−9 , then press " = “.
to the left. You will get
1
.
200,000
5,000 𝑛𝐴 = 5,000 × 10−9 𝐴
Press “ENG”. You will get 5 × 10−6 .
= 5 × 10−6 𝐴
𝟓 𝝁𝑨 𝟓 𝝁𝑨
Sample Problem
Convert 893 𝑛𝐴 to microamperes (𝜇𝐴).
Manual Mode Calculator Mode
Move the decimal point three places Enter 893 × 10−9 , then press " = “.
to the left. You will get 8.93 × 10−7 .
893 𝑛𝐴 = 893 × 10−9 𝐴 Press “Shift” then “ENG”. You will get
= 0.893 × 10−6 𝐴 0.893 × 10−6 .
𝟎. 𝟖𝟗𝟑 𝝁𝑨 𝟎. 𝟖𝟗 𝝁𝑨
Sample Problem
Convert 1.8 𝑚𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠 (1.8 𝑀Ω)to kiloohms (𝑘Ω).
Manual Mode Calculator Mode
Move the decimal point three places Enter 1.8 × 106 , then press " = “. You
to the right. will get 1,800,000.
1.8 𝑀Ω = 1.8 × 106 Ω = 1,800 × 103 Ω Press “ENG” twice. You will get
1,800 × 103 .
𝟏, 𝟖𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝜴 𝟏, 𝟖𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝜴
Sample Problem
Add 15 𝑚𝐴 and 8,000 μ𝐴 and express the sum in milliamperes.
Manual Mode Calculator Mode
Convert 8,000 μ𝐴 to 𝑚𝐴 and you will Enter 15 × 10−3 + 8,000 × 10−6 , then
get 8 𝑚𝐴. press " = “. You will get
23
.
1000
Add 15 𝑚𝐴 and 8 𝑚𝐴. Press “ENG”. You will get 23 × 10−3 .
𝟐𝟑 𝒎𝑨 𝟐𝟑 𝒎𝑨
Activity #1 – Prelim
Convert 250,000 𝑝𝐴 to 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠 (𝑚𝐴).

0.00025 × 10 −3
A 0.00025 𝑚𝐴
Activity #1 – Prelim
Add 0.05 𝑀𝑊 and 75 kW and express the result in 𝑘𝑊.

125 𝑘𝑊 125 × 103 W

Activity #1 – Prelim
Which is larger, 2,000 pF or 0.02μF?

−6
0.002 × 10 𝐹 0.02 × 10−6 F
WHAT IS ELECTRICITY?
Please watch the video about “What is electricity” through the link
below:

[Link]

or access it via our google drive.

Atomic Structure
Categories of Materials
Category Characteristics Atomic level Examples
• with large number
• copper
Materials that readily of free electrons
Conductors • Silver
allow current to flow. • one to three
• brass
valence electrons
Materials that has an
• fewer free
electrical conductivity
electrons • Silicon
Semiconductors value in between that
• Four valence • Germanium
of a conductor and an
electrons
insulator
Nonmetallic materials
• wood, glass,
that are poor • with NO free
Insulators • porcelain
conductors of electric electrons
• polyethylene
current
Electrical Charge (Q)
• The charge of an electron and that of a proton are equal in
magnitude but opposite in polarity.
• Electrical charge is an electrical property of matter that exists
because of an excess or deficiency of electrons.
• Standard unit is Coulomb – named after Charles Augustin
Coulomb.
Electric Field
Electric Field
Electric Field
• Defined as the electric force per
unit charge.

• The direction of the field is taken to

be the direction of the force it would
exert on a positive test charge.
Electric field between two
oppositely charged surfaces as • The electric field is radially outward
represented by lines of force.
from a positive charge and radially
in toward a negative point charge.
Coulomb’s Law
• The force of attraction or repulsion between two charged bodies
is directly proportional to the product of their charges and
inversely proportional to the square of the distance between
them.

𝑄1 𝑄2
𝐹= 𝑘 2
𝑟
Coulomb’s Law
𝑄1 𝑄2
𝐹=𝑘 2
𝑟

F – Force in Newton or N
k – Coulomb’s constant (9 × 109 𝑁 • 𝑚2 /𝐶 2 )
Q1 & Q2 – signed magnitude of the charges in Coulomb or C
r – distance between the charges in meters or m
Coulomb: The Unit of Charge
• Electrical charge (Q) is measured in coulombs, symbolized by C.

𝟏 𝑪𝒐𝒖𝒍𝒐𝒎𝒃 = 𝟔. 𝟐𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟖 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒏𝒔

• The total charge Q, expressed in coulombs, for a given number of

electrons is stated in the following formula:

𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒏𝒔
𝑸=
𝟔.𝟐𝟓×𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟖 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒏𝒔/𝑪𝒐𝒖𝒍𝒐𝒎𝒃
Positive and Negative Charge
• Neutral/balanced atom – one that has the same number of
electrons and protons and thus no net charge.

• Cations – positively charged ions. If a balanced atom loses one or

more electrons, it will become a positively charged cation.

• Anions – negatively charged ions. If a balanced atom gains one or

more electrons, it will become a negatively charged anion.
Sample Problem
1. How many coulombs do 93.8 × 1016 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑠 present?

If 50

𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑠
𝑄=
6.25 × 1018 electrons/𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑏

93.8 × 1016 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑠

𝑄= = 𝟏𝟓𝟎. 𝟎𝟖 𝒎𝑪
6.25 × 10 electrons/𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑏
18
Sample Problem
2. A positively charged dielectric has a charge of 2 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑠. If
12.5 × 1018 free electrons are added to it, what will be the net
charge on the said dielectric?
𝑄1 = +2 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑠
1 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑏
𝑄2 = −12.5 × 1018 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑠 = −2 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑠
6.25 × 10 electrons
18

𝑄𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑄1 + 𝑄2 = +2𝐶 + −2𝐶

𝑸𝒏𝒆𝒕 = 𝟎
Sample Problem
3. Determine the electrostatic force between the two charges of
magnitude 2 𝐶 and −1 𝐶 separated by a distance of 1 𝑚 in air.

𝑄1 𝑄2
𝐹=𝑘 2
𝑟
2 𝐶 −1 𝐶
𝐹 = (9 × 10 𝑁 • 𝑚 /𝐶 )
9 2 2
1𝑚 2
𝑭 = −𝟏𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝑵

The negative sign indicates that the force existing

between the two charges is force of attraction.