ME 3345 Heat Transfer

Introduction

Objective:
• To study modes of heat transfer and develop relations to calculate
heat transfer rates
Heat transfer occurs whenever there is a temperature difference
• Conduction: Stationary medium ∆T
• Convection: Heat transfer between a surface and a moving fluid
• Radiation: Heat transfer between two surfaces at different T in the
absence of an intervening medium

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ME 3345 Heat Transfer

Conduction

• Atomic or molecular activity – transfer of energy from the more

energetic to the less energetic particles of a substance due to
interaction between particles
• Molecular heat transfer due to ∆T (diffusion)

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ME 3345 Heat Transfer

Conduction

Rate Equation
Fourier’s Law dT
qx   k
''

dx
• Negative sign because heat flows in the
direction of ↓T
• k = thermal conductivity (property of the
material) W m  K

• W W
Note: 
mK mC
9
1C  1K  F
5

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ME 3345 Heat Transfer

Conduction

For steady state, no Qgen Material k @ 300 K (W/m-K)

dT T2  T1 Copper 386
 Aluminum 204
dx L Brass (70% Cu, 30% Zn) 111

qx ''
 k
 T2  T1  Mild steel
Stainless Steel, 18-8
64
15
L Mercury 8.4

qx  k
''  T1  T2 
k
T Concrete
Pyrex Glass
1.4
1.09
L L Water 0.611
Neoprene rubber 0.19
qx  heat flux
''
Engine Oil, SAE 50 0.145

qx  qx  A  heat rate or heat duty

'' White pine, perpendicular to grain 0.10

PVC 0.092
R12 0.071
Cork 0.043
Fiberglass (medium density) 0.038

Polystyrene 0.028
Air 0.027

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ME 3345 Heat Transfer

Convection

Two mechanisms:
• Random molecular motion
(diffusion)
• Bulk, macroscopic motion of the
fluid
Velocity BL  or  or  Thermal BL
If Ts  T  convection occurs
• Random molecular motion
dominates near surface
(low u) esp. at y = 0 where u = 0

• At large y, heat conducted into this

layer is swept away downstream
and transferred to fluid outside BL

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ME 3345 Heat Transfer

Convection

Two types of convection

• Forced – due to fan, pump, etc.
• Natural – induced by buoyancy forces due to density differences
(hot air rises)
Rate Equation Newton’s Law of Cooling
 W 
q"  h  Ts  T  q "  heat flux  2 
m 
h = convection heat transfer coefficient
h depends on:
• BL conditions
• nature of fluid motion
TA  T , heat flow into liquid 
• fluid properties
T  TA , heat flow to surface 

Study of convection = understanding methods to calculate h

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ME 3345 Heat Transfer

Typical Convection Coefficients

Flow and Fluid h (W/m2-K)

Free convection, air 3 - 25

Free convection, water 15 – 1000

Forced convection, air 10 – 200

Forced convection, water 50 - 10,000

Forced convection, liquid sodium 10,000 - 100,000

Condensing steam 5000 – 50,000

Boiling water 3000 – 100,000

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ME 3345 Heat Transfer

Radiation

• Radiation (thermal) emitted by matter at a finite temperature

• Conduction and convection need a material medium, radiation does
not, it occurs best in a vacuum
• Maximum flux (W/m²) by radiation from a surface given by Stephan-
Boltzmann Law

q' '  Ts4 Ts  Tabs K 

W
  Stephan  Boltzmann const 5.67  10  8
m2K 4

• Above is for Black Body Radiation

• Real surface:
q"  Ts4   emissivity 01
• Radiation absorbed by a surface:
q"abs  q"incident
  absorptivity 01
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ME 3345 Heat Transfer

Typical Emissivities (total hemispherical at normal temperatures)

Surface Emittance, 
Aluminum alloy, unoxidized 0.035
Black anodized aluminum 0.80
Chromium plating 0.16
Stainless Steel 312, lightly oxidized 0.30

Inconel X, oxidized 0.72

Black enamel paint 0.78
White acrylic paint 0.90
Asphalt 0.88
Concrete 0.90
Soil 0.94
Pyrex glass 0.80

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ME 3345 Heat Transfer

Radiation

• Radiation EXCHANGE more complicated

• Heat exchange (net) between a surface with α = ε (gray surface) and
surroundings:
q

q"    Ts4  Tsurr
A
4

• Linearization of radiation exchange to obtain hr:

Q 2
 2
  
12  1A1 T1  T2 T1  T2 T1  T2   1A1 4Tm T1  T2   hr  41Tm
3 3

Note: temperatures must be absolute values

If convection occurs simultaneously:

q  qconv  qrad
q  hA  Ts  T    A  Ts4  Tsurr
4

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ME 3345 Heat Transfer

Example

To find:
Pipe heat loss/unit length, q’ (W/m)

q  h   DL   Ts  T       DL   Ts4  Tsurr
4


q
 15  0.07  200  25   0.8 5.67  10 8    0.07   473 4  298 4 
L
q
 577  421  998 W m
L
If forced convection h is larger and Ts, radiation can be neglected
Assignment: redo example for Ts = 100oC and h = 50 W/m2-K, compare
q’rad and q’conv
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ME 3345 Heat Transfer

Conservation of Energy

Conservation for a control volume:

CV: a region of space bounded by a control surface through which
energy and matter may pass

At an instant (t):
   dE st 
Ein  Eg  Eout   E st (W )
dt
Over a time interval (Δt):
Ein  Eg  Eout  Est (J)

Est , , or 0
If 0,  steady state

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ME 3345 Heat Transfer

Conservation of Energy

Ein, Eout:
• surface phenomena. Rate  A; e.g., conduction, convection, radiation
• For flow situation, includes energy transport by fluid into & out of CV
Eg:
• Rate of conversion from chemical, electrical, etc. forms into heat
• Volumetric phenomenon, Rate  V
Est:
• Volumetric phenomenon, = 0 at steady state

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ME 3345 Heat Transfer

Example

• How does the temperature of a rod of diameter D, initially at ambient

temperature vary when an electrical current is passed through it?

 E
E   
E
g out st
E g  I2ReL


E out  hDL T  T   DL  T 4  Tsur 4 
d
E st  VcT 
 
2
D L dT
I2ReL  hDLT  T    DL T 4  Tsur 4  c dt
4 dt

dT I R  L  DhT  T   D T

2

4
 Tsur 4 
c D 4 
 e
2
dt

• Steady State will be attained when dT/dt = 0, because heat loss

mechanisms can dissipate the generated heat
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ME 3345 Heat Transfer

Surface Energy Balance

Control surface includes no mass or volume:

•  no Eg or Est
•  Ein – Eout = 0
• Holds both for steady state and transient conditions

qcond
  qconv
  qrad
 0

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ME 3345 Heat Transfer

Example

• Find inner brick wall temperature in furnace

T  T2
k 1
L

 hT2  T     T2 4  Tsur 4 
T  373
1.2 1
0.15

 20373  298   0.8  5.67  10  8 373 4  298 4 
T1  625K  352 o C
Observations:
• 252oC drop across brick
– (Low k)
• How to design furnace:
– Need safe-to-touch wall
– Thickness, k parameters

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