Chapter 16 Ratio & Rate 215 Chapter 18 Transformations245

A Task 215 A Task 245

History 215 History 245
Ratio Warm Up 216 Translation 246
Ratio 217 Reflection 248
Percentages 218 Rotation 249
Percentages 219 Combined Transformations 250
Rates 220 Symmetry 251
Mental Computation 221 Symmetry 252
NAPLAN Questions 222 Mental Computation 253
Competition Questions 223 NAPLAN Questions 254
Investigations 224 Competition Questions 255
A Couple of Puzzles 225 Technology 256
A Game 225 Investigations 257
A Sweet Trick 225 A Couple of Puzzles 258
Technology 226 A Game 258
Chapter Review 1 227 A Sweet Trick 258
Chapter Review 2 228 Chapter Review 1 259
Chapter Review 2 260

Chapter 17 Linear Equations 229 Chapter 19 Data 2 261

A Task 229 A Task 261
History 229 History 261
Symbolic Equations 230 Comparative Research 262
Solve Equations 231 Relationship Research 264
Solving Equations 232 Relationship Research 266
Linear Equations 233 Column Graphs 268
Travel Graphs 234 Mental Computation 269
Travel Graphs 235 Investigations 270
Solving Equations 236 Technology 271
Mental Computation 237 A Couple of Puzzles 272
NAPLAN Questions 238 A Game 272
Competition Questions 239 A Sweet Trick 272
Technology 240 Chapter Review 1 273
A Couple of Puzzles 241 Chapter Review 2 274
A Game 241
A Sweet Trick 241
Investigations 242 Chapter 20 Review 4 275
Chapter Review 1 243 Review 1 276
Chapter Review 2 244 Review 2 279

Glossary 283
Answers 293
Index 311
 Recognise and solve problems involving simple ratios.
 Understand that rate and ratio problems can be solved using fractions or
percentages and choosing the most efficient form to solve a particular
problem.
 Find percentages of quantities and express one quantity as a percentage of
another.
 Use authentic problems to express quantities as percentages of other
amounts.

A TASK
“The Golden ratio”.
The Golden Ratio
is the secret to my • What is the ‘Golden Ratio’?
good looks. • Construct some Golden Rectangles.
• Conduct a survey to answer the question: “Are
Golden Rectangles more pleasing to the eye than
other rectangles?”
• Report your findings (Powerpoint, poster,
classroom presentation, article in the local paper?).

A LITTLE BIT OF HISTORY

Many architects and artists proportion their work
using the Golden Ratio in the belief that this ratio is
pleasing to the eye.
c. 450 BC Parthenon dimensions supposedly
based on the Golden Ratio proportions.
c. 300BC Euclid mathematically defined the
Golden Ratio.
The pentagram helps
c. 1485 Leonardo da Vinci creates the Vitruvian illustrate the connection
Man in golden ratio proportions. between man and the
1955 Salvador Dali creates ‘The Sacrament golden ratio
of the Last Supper’ with many Golden
Ratio aspects.

215
 Ratio Warm Up

A Ratio is a comparison of
two quantities of the same 3
type in the same units. A ratio can be written as 3: 10, a fraction 10 ,
a decimal 0.3, and as a percentage 30%.

Exercise 16.1
Write the following comparisons as ratios: The mathematical
symbol for ratio is
18 people passed the test and 5 failed.
a) What is the ratio of pass to fail? 18 : 5
b) What is the ratio of fail to pass? 5 : 18
c) What is the ratio of pass to the total? 18 : 23
d) What is the ratio of fail to the total 5 : 23

1 The Maths class has 9 girls and 14 boys.

a) What is the ratio of girls to boys?
b) What is the ratio of boys to girls?
c) What is the ratio of girls to the total number in the class?
d) What is the ratio of boys to the total number in the class?

2 Last month there were 24 sunny days and 7 cloudy days.

a) What is the ratio of sunny to cloudy days?
b) What is the ratio of cloudy to sunny days?
c) What is the ratio of sunny to the total number of days in the month?
d) What is the ratio of cloudy to the total number of days in the month?

3 Write each of the following ratios as a fraction, a decimal and a percentage:

Fraction Decimal Percentage Make a percentage by
multiplying by 100.
1
1:4 4 0.25 25%
5
5:2 2 2.5 250%

a) 1:2 b) 1:4 c) 3:4 d) 1:5

e) 2:5 f) 3:5 g) 4:5 h) 1 : 10
i) 2 : 10 j) 3 : 10 k) 4 : 10 l) 5 : 10
m) 6 : 10 n) 5:2 o) 3:2 p) 7:2

4 Write each of the following fractions as a ratio, a decimal and a percentage:

1 3 3 4
a) 2
b) 10 c) 5
d) 5
5 1 3 1
e) 10
f) 4
g) 4
h) 2
2

216
 Ratio
When ratios are large or awkward it
sometimes helps to simplify them.

3.6:1.8 42:21
2a:a
8:4
1h:30min
2:1
Exercise 16.2
Simplify the following ratios:
15 : 9 18 : 24 8x : 4x
15 18 8x
= 9
= 24
= 4x
5× 3 3× 6 2× 4× x
= 3× 3 = 4× 6 = 1× 4 × x
3
5 = =3:4 2
= 3 =5:3 4 = 1 =2:1

Calculators are good at

1 8:4 2 3 : 12 3 12 : 16 simplifying ratios (see
Technology 16.1)
4 3:9 5 6:9 6 15 : 5
7 25 : 15 8 24 : 18 9 5 : 15
10 28 : 21 11 40 : 12 12 20 : 35
13 2x : 8x 14 9x : 15x 15 6x : 9x
1 part to 4 parts
Exercise 16.3 Total of 5 parts

1
The rose food is mixed with water in the Rose food is 5 of the mixture
ratio of 1 : 4. How much rose food is 1
needed to make a total mixture of 4 L? = 5 ×4 L
= 0.8 L or 800 mL

1 The rose food is mixed with water in the ratio of 1 : 4. How much rose food is
needed to make a mixture of 2 L?
2 The fruit juice is made by mixing juice concentrate and water in the ratio of
1 : 3. How much juice concentrate is needed to make 2 L of fruit juice?
3 The lunch bill for the 7 guests came to $154. If Jessica paid for 3 of the guests
and Aaron paid for the other 4 guests, how much did each pay?
4 Eun-Young paid $7 towards the Lottery ticket and Mark paid $3. If the Lottery
ticket returned $30, how much should each receive?
5 The concrete is to be made of cement, sand, and gravel in the ratio of 1 : 2 : 3.
If the mixer takes 30 shovelfulls, how many shovelfulls of cement is needed?

Chapter 16 Ratio & Rate 217

 Percentages
Percentages are used hundreds of
thousands of times every day for
1% means 1 per 100. comparison and analysis.

1
1% = 45% means 45 per 100
100

45
45% =
100

×100 Move the decimal

Exercise 16.4
point 2 places left.
Change the following decimals to a percentage:
0.2 = 0.2×100% 1.72 = 1.72×100% 0.0735 = 0.0735×100%
= 20% = 172% = 7.35%

a) 0.1 b) 0.2 c) 0.3 d) 0.4

e) 0.5 f) 0.6 g) 0.7 h) 0.8
i) 0.9 j) 1 k) 1.1 l) 1.3
m) 0.25 n) 0.75 o) 0.42 p) 0.92
q) 2.3 r) 0.63 s) 3.45 t) 6.2
u) 0.235 v) 2.306 w) 0.04 x) 0.0625

Change to a percent:
Exercise 16.5 ×100
Change the following fractions to a percentage:
7 7 100 2 2 100 3 3 100
10
= 10 × 1 % 5
= 5× 1 % 4
= 4× 1 %
= 70% = 40% = 75%

1 2 3 4
a) 10
b) 10 c) 10
d) 10
5 6 7 8
e) 10
f) 10 g) 10
h) 10
9 10 1 1
i) 10
j) 10 k) 2
l) 4
3 1 2 4
m) 4
n) 5 o) 5
p) 5

218
 Percentages
It is useful to express one
quantity as a percentage of
Exercise 16.6 a second quantity.
What percentage is:
30 marks out of 50 marks 13 L out of 20 L
30 100 13 100
= ×
50 1
% = 20 × 1 %
= 60% = 65%

a) 3 marks out of 10 marks? b) 5 marks out of 10 marks?

rearra
c) 7 marks out of 10 marks? d) 8 marks out of 10 marks?

nged
e) 10 km out of 50 km? f) 20 m out of 50 m?
g) 30 mins out of 50 mins? h) $40 out of $50?
i) 45 m out of 50 m? j) 50 km out of 50 km?
k) 14 books out of 20 books? l) 15 cm out of 20 cm?
m) 16 weeks out of 20 weeks? n) 17 kg out of 20 kg?
o) 46 mm out of 94 mm? p) 3.15 g out of 9.87 g?

Calculations often involve finding

a percentage of an amount.

Exercise 16.7
Calculate each of the following:
Find 10% of 80 Find 25% of 176 Find 6% of 540
10 80 25 176 6 540
= ×
100 1
= ×
100 1
= 100 × 1
=8 = 44 = 32.4

a) 10% of 60 b) 20% of 65 c) 30% of 24 d) 70% of 70

e) 80% of 80 f) 50% of 80 g) 25% of 80 h) 75% of 80
i) 50% of 420 j) 25% of 400 k) 5% of 40 l) 7% of 350
m) About 70% of a 50 kg person’s weight is water. How much of the 50 kg is
water?
n) 40% of a $600 wage is spent on rent. How much is the rent?
o) If 30% of a sale is profit, how much profit in a sale of $9500?
p) The management fund returned 10% on an investment of $74 500.
How much was returned?
q) Business tax is 30%, What is the tax on a taxable income of $75 000?
r) Business tax is 30%, What is the tax on a taxable income of $48 250?

Chapter 16 Ratio & Rate 219

 Rates
A rate is a comparison
of quantities of different Example: Rent of $380 per week
kinds. compares the quantity $ with the
quantity week.

Exercise 16.8
1 Copy and complete the following table:
A few of the thousands of examples of rates
Rate Units Example
a) Pay rates Dollars per hour $23.50/h
b) Speed Kilometres per hour 75 km/h
c) Cricket run rate Runs per over 4.5 runs/over
d) Petrol price Dollars per litre
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
j)

2 Write each of the following as a rate:

$40 for 20 L of petrol 250 mm of rain in 4 months.
40 250
= 20 $ per L = 4 mm per month
= $2/L = 62.5 mm per month

a) 100 metres in 10 seconds b) 80 points in 5 matches

c) 120 litres pumped in 60 seconds d) 240 beats in 4 minutes
e) 7000 people in 200 buses f) 275 marks in 5 tests

A house is let for $350 per week. If the price of diesel is $2.10 per litre,
What is the rent for 4 weeks? what is the cost of 50 L of diesel?
= 350×4 = 2.10×50
= $1400 = $105

3 A two bedroom unit is being let for $465 pw (per week). What is the rent for:
a) 4 weeks? b) 6 months (26 weeks)? c) 1 year (52 weeks)?

4 Megan earns a salary of $1851.30 per fortnight, how much is earned in:
a) a month (4 weeks)?
b) 6 months (26 weeks)?
c) 1 year (52 weeks)?

220
 Mental Computation
You need to be a good mental
athlete because many everyday
problems are solved mentally
Exercise 16.9
1 Spell percentage.
2 Rent is $350 per week. What is the rent for 4 weeks?
3 What is 10% of 28?
4 Simplify the ratio 10 : 8
Given the data set: 2,2,2,4,5 10% of 28
5 What is the mode? =1/10 of 28
= 2.8
6 What is the mean?
7 Solve: 2x + 3 = 7
8 Simplify: x3×x2
9 2 + ˉ4
10 If the price of unleaded petrol was $1.50 per litre,
what would it cost to fill a 40 L tank?

Exercise 16.10
1 Spell unitary.
2 Rent is $450 per week. What is the rent for 4 weeks?
10:16
3 What is 10% of 31?
5× 2
4 Simplify the ratio 10 : 16 =
8× 2
Given the data set: 1,2,2,2,5 5
5 What is the median? =
8
6 What is the mean? = 5:8
7 Solve: 3x + 2 = 14
8 Simplify: b4×b2
9 ˉ2 + 5
10 If the price of unleaded petrol was $1.60 per litre,
what would it cost to fill a 50 L tank?

Exercise 16.11
1 Spell discount.
2 Rent is $550 per week. What is the rent for 4 weeks?
3 What is 10% of 74?
4 Simplify the ratio 10 : 14
Given the data set: 1,1,1,3,4
5 What is the mode?
6 What is the mean? The only place you’ll find success before
7 Solve: 5x + 3 = 18 work is in the dictionary - May B Smith.
8 Simplify: c ×c5 3

9 3 + ˉ7
10 If the price of unleaded petrol was $1.70 per litre,
what would it cost to fill a 40 L tank?

Chapter 16 Ratio & Rate 221

 NAPLAN Questions

Exercise 16.12

1 Bucksalot the horse walked for 10 minutes

at a rate of 120 metres per minute.
How far did Bucksalot walk?

2 Josh worked for 6 hours and was paid $25 per hour. How much did Josh earn?

3 The hire car uses 6 litres of petrol for every 100 km.
How much petrol is needed to travel 450 km?

4 If light travels at 300 000 km per second.

How far will light travel in 1 minute?
Chocolate
5 How many grams of chocolate can be bought for $9? $12 per 100 g

6 A shower nozzle with a rate of 20 litres per minute is replaced with a nozzle
with a rate of 16 litres of water per minute.
1
How much water is saved in a 3 2 minute shower?

Pumpkin Soup
Serves 6
750 g pumpkin
250 g potatoes
7 How much pumpkin is needed 2 medium onions
3 chicken stock cubes
to make enough pumpkin soup
3/1/2 cups water
to serve 48 people? salt and pepper to taste

8 There is 45 kg of mortar.
The ratio of cement to sand in the mortar mix is 1 to 4.
How many kg of cement is in the mortar?

9 If 1 Australian dollar buys 1.05 US dollars, how many US dollars could be

bought with 200 Australian dollars using this exchange rate?

10 The car uses 5 L of petrol per 100 km.

How far would the car travel on $30 of petrol
at $1.50 per litre?

222
 Competition Questions
Prepare for mathematics
competitions and build maths
muscle at the same time.

Exercise 16.13
1 The straight line distance from Melbourne to Cairns
is roughly 2400 km. What would be the average
speed of an aeroplane in order to get from
Melbourne to Cairns in 4 hours?
2 The road distance from Melbourne to Cairns is
roughly 3000 km. How long would it take a truck
to get from Melbourne to Cairns at an average
speed of 90 km/h non-stop?
3 A truck is travelling at a speed of 90 km/h.
How far does the truck travel in 5 seconds?

4 A coal train 1 km long is travelling at a constant speed of 30 km/h.

How long does it take the train to pass through a tunnel 1 km long?
5 Australia’s birth rate is roughly 13 per 1000 people and Australia’s death rate
is roughly 7 per 1000 people. If Australia’s population is 22 million, what is
Australia’s expected yearly increase in population (neglecting immigration
increases)?
6 An athlete runs 80 m in 9.6 seconds. At this speed, how long would it
take the athlete to run 100 m?
7 A poultry hopper has enough grain to feed 8 hens for 6 days.
For how many days would the hopper feed 12 hens?
8 A poultry hopper has enough grain to feed 8 hens for 6 days or
16 chickens for 6 days. For how many days would the hopper
feed 8 hens and 8 chickens?
9 Pump A can fill a tank in 30 minutes and pump B can fill the same tank
in 20 minutes. How long will it take both pumps, working together,
to fill the tank?
10 Simplify the ratio 24 : 36 : 15 : 27
11 A, B, C, D share $500 in the ratio 1 : 2 : 3 : 4. How much does B get?
12 A, B, C, D share in the ratio 1 : 2 : 3 : 4. If B gets $500, what was the original
total?

Chapter 16 Ratio & Rate 223

 Investigations The Golden Rectangle is said
to be the most visually pleasing
of all geometric shapes.

Investigation 16.1 Draw a Golden Rectangle

1 Draw a square.

2 Divide the square in two.

3 Draw a diagonal on one half.

4 With a pair of compasses,

radius equal to the diagonal,
extend the base.

5 Complete the Golden Rectangle.

width
Golden Ratio = depth

=?

Investigation 16.2 Golden ratio Leonardo Da Vinci

believed that some body
Investigate Leonardo Da Vinci’s belief measurements matched
about some body measurements and the the Golden Ratio.
Golden Ratio.

1 Measure height.
2 Measure height of navel. Research the
height ‘Vitruvian Man’.
3 Calculate the ratio = navel height

1 Stretch arm and measure from armpit to tip of finger.

2 Measure elbow to tip of finger.
arm length The Golden Ratio, to three
3 Calculate the ratio = elbow to finger decimal places, is 1.618.

Mining Surveyors survey underground and open-cut mines.

• Relevant school subjects are English and Mathematics.
• Courses usually involve a Universtity Bachelor degree.

224
 A Couple of Puzzles
Exercise 16.14
1 Adrian bought a car for $5000. Sold it for $4500. Bought it back again for
$3000 and sold it for $4000. How much profit or loss did Adrian make?

2 The smaller block has a mass of 5 kg.

The larger block is twice as wide,
twice as long, and twice as deep.
What is the mass of the larger block?

1
3 Using only the numbers 1,2, 3, 4,
complete the grid so that every 2
column, row, and diagonal sums to 10.
3

4
A Game

Cross 10 12
Each of two players take turns to 14 16 18
choose two numbers from the pot. 20 22
1 Multiply the two numbers. 24
2 Put your mark on your answer 264 352 216 192 336
on the board.
432 240 280 120 200
No answer - no mark.
440 224 252 528 220
3 When all numbers have been marked,
the player with the largest number 240 320 308 360 140
of marks wins. 396 180 480 288 384

A Sweet Trick
Ask your audience to add the
All answers will
last two digits of their birth year
be the same.
to the age they will turn on their
birthday this year.

Why? In 2012 it will be 112.

In 2013 it will be 113.
In 2014 it will be 114.
In 2015 it will be 115.

Chapter 16 Ratio & Rate 225

 Technology

Technology 16.1 Simplifying ratios

Scientific calculators are excellent in working with fractions:

15 3
1 Simplify 15 a bc 35 = 3r7 meaning
35 7

18 a bc
2 Simplify 18 4 = 4r1r2 meaning 4 12
4
9
To change to a vulgar fraction: 2ndF a bc to give 9r2 ie
2

3 Use a scientific calculator to simplify the following ratios:

a) 3 : 9 b) 9 : 12 c) 16 : 24
d) 2.1 : 3.5 e) 14.4 : 12.6 f) 256 : 1024

Q What are the next two terms: O T T F F S S E _ _

A N T - Nine Ten.

Technology 16.2 Calculator Challenge

1 Enter the number 6294 on your calculator.

In one operation, wipe out the 4. In one operation,

Example: wipe out the 9.
In one operation,
6294 − 4 = 6290
wipe out the 2.

In one operation,
Show 10 different ways to wipe
wipe out the 6.
ou the 9 in one operation.

2 Assume that the keys 4 and 7 are broken:

Get the calculator to show 47.
Example: Get the calculator Get the calculator
32 + 15 = 47 to show 777 to show 444

Get the calculator Get the calculator to

to show 77.44 show 7474.7474

226
 Chapter Review 1

Exercise 16.15
1 The Maths class has 11 girls and 13 boys.
a) What is the ratio of girls to boys?
b) What is the ratio of boys to girls?
c) What is the ratio of girls to the total number in the class?
d) What is the ratio of boys to the total number in the class?

2 Write each of the following ratios as a fraction, a decimal and a percentage:

a) 1 : 10 b) 3 : 10 c) 2 : 5 d) 3 : 5
e) 1 : 2 f) 1 : 4 g) 3 : 4 h) 3 : 20

3 Write each of the following fractions as a ratio, a decimal and a percentage:

1 3 3 4
a) 2
b) 10 c) 5
d) 5

4 Simplify the following ratios:

a) 8 : 4 b) 5 : 10 c) 12 : 8
d) 15 : 10 e) 6x : 15x f) 6x : 9x

5 The rose food is mixed with water in the ratio of 1 : 4. How much rose food is
needed to make a mixture of 4 L?

6 The fruit juice is made by mixing juice concentrate and water in the ratio of
1 : 3. How much juice concentrate is needed to make 2 L of fruit juice?

7 What percentage is:

a) 5 marks out of 10 marks? b) 7 marks out of 10 marks?
c) 30 m out of 100 m? d) $30 out of $50?
e) 16 km out of 20 km? f) 19 mL out of 20 mL?

8 Calculate each of the following:

a) 10% of 40 b) 50% of 40 c) 25% of 40 d) 75% of 40
e) 30% of a $600 wage is spent on rent. How much is the rent?

9 Write each of the following as a rate:

a) 100 metres in 10 seconds b) 60 points in 5 matches
c) 100 litres pumped in 50 seconds d) 320 beats in 4 minutes
e) 45 trees in 5 hours f) $650 in 5 sales

10 Sebastian earns a salary of $2087.40 per fortnight, how much is earned in:
a) a month (4 weeks)?
b) 6 months (26 weeks)?
c) 1 year (52 weeks)?

Chapter 16 Ratio & Rate 227

 Chapter Review 2
Exercise 16.16
1 Last month there were 22 sunny days and 9 cloudy days.
a) What is the ratio of sunny to cloudy days?
b) What is the ratio of cloudy to sunny days?
c) What is the ratio of sunny to the total number of days in the month?
d) What is the ratio of cloudy to the total number of days in the month?

2 Write each of the following ratios as a fraction, a decimal and a percentage:

a) 1 : 10 b) 2 : 10 c) 1 : 5 d) 2 : 5
e) 1 : 2 f) 1 : 4 g) 3 : 4 h) 5 : 20

3 Write each of the following fractions as a ratio, a decimal and a percentage:

1 1 3 2
a) 2
b) 4
c) 4
d) 5

4 Simplify the following ratios:

a) 6 : 3 b) 4 : 10 c) 6:8
d) 10 : 15 e) 4x : 12x f) 8x : 10x

5 The fungicide is mixed with water in the ratio of 1 : 3. How much rose food is
needed to make a mixture of 3 L?

6 The mortar is made by mixing cement and sand in the ratio of

1 : 4. How much cement is needed to make 40 shovelfulls of mortar?

7 What percentage is:

a) 7 marks out of 10 marks? b) 9 marks out of 10 marks?
c) 60 km out of 100 km? d) $40 out of $50?
e) 15 tanks out of 20 tanks? f) 17 sheep out of 20 sheep?

8 Calculate each of the following:

a) 10% of 20 b) 50% of 20 c) 25% of 20 d) 75% of 20
e) 40% of a $700 wage is spent on rent. How much is the rent?

9 Write each of the following as a rate:

a) 80 metres in 10 seconds b) 30 trucks in 5 days
c) 90 stitches 10 wounds d) 360 beats in 5 minutes
e) 70 rows in 5 hours f) $4850 for 20 accounts

10 Tim earns a salary of $2867.40 per fortnight, how much is earned in:
a) a month (4 weeks)?
b) 6 months (26 weeks)?
c) 1 year (52 weeks)?

228
 5 days before 2 days before (4|6 is 46)
88530 7 23556899
88753220 8 11235578999
97664410 9 02245669
97644 10 459
854 11 3
632 12
20 5
5 days before: range=58, mode=no mode, median=94, mean=94.5
2 days before: range=59, mode=89 {3 times}, median=88.5, mean=88.63

Exercise 16.1 1a 9:14 1b 14:9 1c 9:23 1d 14:23 2a 24:7 2b 7:24 2c 24:31 2d 7:31 3a 1/2, 0.5, 50%
3b 1/4, 0.25, 25% 3c 3/4, 0.75, 75% 3d 1/5, 0.2, 20% 3e 2/5, 0.4, 40% 3f 3/5, 0.6, 60% 3g 4/5, 0.8, 80%
3h 1/10, 0.1, 10% 3i 2/10, 0.2, 20% 3j 3/10, 0.3, 30% 3k 4/10, 0.4, 40% 3l 5/10, 0.5, 50%
3m 6/10, 0.6, 60% 3n 5/2 or 2/1/2, 2.5, 250% 3o 3/2 or 1/1/2, 1.5,150% 3p 7/2 or 3/1/2, 3.5, 350%
4a 1:2, 0.5, 50% 4b 3:10, 0.3, 30% 4c 3:5, 0.6, 60% 4d 4:5, 0.8, 80% 4e 5:10, 0.5, 50% 4f 1:4, 0.25, 25%
4g 3:4, 0.75, 75% 4h 5:2, 2.5, 250%
Exercise 16.2 1 2:1 2 1:4 3 3:4 4 1:3 5 2:3 6 3:1 7 5:3 8 4:3 9 1:3 10 4:3 11 10:3 12 4:7 13 1:4 14 3:5 15 2:3
Exercise 16.3 1 0.4L or 400mL 2 0.5L or 500mL 3 Amelia $66, Jack $88 4 Sophie $21, Noah $9
5 5 shovelfulls
Exercise 16.4 a) 10% b) 20% c) 30% d) 40% e) 50% f) 60% g) 70% h) 80% i) 90% j) 100% k) 110%
l) 130% m) 25% n) 75% o) 42% p) 92% q) 230% r) 63% s) 345% t) 620% u) 23.5% v) 230.6% w) 4%
x) 6.25%
Exercise 16.5 a) 10% b) 20% c) 30% d) 40% e) 50% f) 60% g) 70% h) 80% i) 90% j) 100% k) 50%
l) 25% m) 75% n) 20% o) 40% p) 80%
Exercise 16.6 a) 30% b) 50% c) 70% d) 80% e) 20% f) 40% g) 60% h) 80% i) 90% j) 100% k) 70%
l) 75% m) 80% n) 85% o) 48.94% p) 31.91%
Exercise 16.7 a) 6 b) 13 c) 7.2 d) 49 e) 64 f) 40 g) 20 h) 60 i) 210 j) 100 k) 2 l) 24.5 m) 35 kg n) $240
o) $2850 p) $7450 q) $22 500 r) $14 475
Exercise 16.8 2a 10 m/s 2b 16 points/match 2c 2 L/s 2d 60 beats/min 2e 35 people/bus 2f 55 marks/test
3a $1860 3b $12 090 3c $24 180 4a $3702.60 4b $24 066.90 4c $48 133.80
Exercise 16.9 2 $1400 3 2.8 4 5:4 5 2 {3 times} 6 3 7 x=2 8 x5 9 ˉ2 10 $60
Exercise 16.10 2 $1800 3 3.1 4 5:8 5 2 6 2.4 7 x=4 8 b6 9 3 10 $80
Exercise 16.11 2 $2200 3 7.4 4 5:7 5 1 {3 times} 6 2 7 x=3 8 c8 9 ˉ4 10 $68
Exercise 16.12 1 1200 m 2 $150 3 27 L 4 18 000 000 km 5 75 g 6 14 L 7 6 kg 8 9 kg 9 $210 10 400 km
Exercise 16.13 1 600 km/h 2 33 h 20 min 3 125 m 4 4 min 5 132 000 6 12 s 7 3 days 8 3 days 9 12 mins
10 8:12:5:9 11 $100 12 $2500
1 3 4 2

4 2 1 3

2 4 3 1

Exercise 16.14 1 $500 profit 2 40 kg 3 3 1 2 4

Exercise 16.15 1a 11:13 1b 13:11 1c 11:24 1d 13:24 2a 1/10, 0.1, 10% 2b 3/10, 0.3, 30% 2c 2/5, 0.4, 40%
2d 3/5, 0.6, 60% 2e 1/2, 0.5, 50% 2f 1/4, 0.25, 25% 2g 3/4, 0.75, 75% 2h 3/20, 0.15, 15% 3a 1:2, 0.5,50%
3b 3:10, 0.3, 30% 3c 3:5, 0.6, 60% 3d 4:5, 0.8, 80% 4a 2:1, 4b 1:2 4c 3:2 4d 3:2 4e 2:5 4f 2:3
5 0.8 L or 800 mL 6 0.5 L or 500 mL 7a 50% 7b 70% 7c 30% 7d 60% 7e 80% 7f 95% 8a 4 8b 20 8c 10
8d 30 8e $180 9a 10 m/s 9b 12 points/match 9c 2 L/s 9d 80 beats/min 9e 9 trees/h 9f $130/sale
10a $4174.80 10b $27 136.20 10c $54 272.40
Exercise 16.16 1a 22:9 1b 9:22 1c 22:31 1d 9:31 2a 1/10, 0.1, 10% 2b 2/10, 0.2, 20% 2c 1/5, 0.2, 20%
2d 2/5, 0.4, 40% 2e 1/2, 0.5, 50% 2f 1/4, 0.25, 25% 2g 3/4, 0.75, 75% 2h 5/20, 0.25, 25% 3a 1:2, 0.5,50%
3b 1:4, 0.25, 25% 3c 3:4, 0.75, 75% 3d 2:5, 0.4, 40% 4a 2:1, 4b 2:5 4c 3:4 4d 2:3 4e 1:3 4f 4:5
5 0.75 L or 750 mL 6 8 shovelfulls 7a 70% 7b 90% 7c 60% 7d 80% 7e 75% 7f 85% 8a 2 8b 10 8c 5
8d 15 8e $280 9a 8 m/s 9b 6 trucks/day 9c 9 stitches/wound 9d 72 beats/min 9e 14 rows/h
9f $242.50 /account 10a $5734.80 10b $37 276.20 10c $74 552.40

Exercise 17.1 1 x+5=9 2 x−6=10 3 5x=18 4 x÷3=7 5 3x+6=33 6 x÷2−12=21 7 7x+4=28 8 x÷9−3=21
9 3x−8=72 10 x÷6−1=8
Exercise 17.2 1 x=2 2 x=4 3 a=12 4 b=15 5 x=4 6 x=ˉ3 7 x=5 8 x=11 9 y=19 10 a=21 11 x=3 12 b=4
13 x=10 14 c=42 15 x=5 16 b=17 17 m=15 18 x=27 19 d=33 20 p=37 21 h=5 22 a=77 23 x=ˉ5 24 x=3.25

Answers 307