“KALKULUS PEUBAH BANYAK”
THE DERIVATIVE
Dosen Pengampu :
Eni Defitriani, [Link], [Link]
Asisten dosen :
Martha Lestari, [Link], [Link]
Disusun Oleh:
Najwa Nur Adha
(2300884202010)
PROGAM STUDI PENDIDIKAN MATEMATIKA
FAKULTAS KEGURUAN DAN ILMU PENDIDIKAN
UNIVERSITAS BATANGHARI
2024
THE DERIVATIVE
1. Tangent lines and Rates Of Change
A tangent is a straight line that touches a curve at a certain point.
DEFINISI Suppose that te is in the domain of the function f . The langent line to
the curve y = f(x) at the point. P(Xo, f(Xo)) is the line with equation
provided the limit exists. For simplicity, we will also call this the tungent line to y
= f(x) At Xo
SLOPES AND RATES OF CHANGE
Velocity can be viewed as rate of change the rate of change of position with respect to
time. Rates of change occur in other applications as well. For example:
• A microbiologist might be interested in the rate at which the number of bacteria in a colony
changes with time
• An engineer might be interested in the rate at which the length of a metal rod changes with
temperature.
• An economist might be interested in the rate at which production cost changes with the
quantity of a product that is manufactured,
• A medical researcher might be interested in the rate at which the radius of an artery changes
with the concentration of alcohol in the bloodstream.
Our next objective is to define precisely what is meant by the "rate of change of y with
respect to x” prime prime when y is a function of x. In the case where y is a linear function of
x, say y = mx + b the slope m is the natural measure of the rate of change of y with respect to
m As illustrated in Figure 2.1.8, each 1-unit increase in anywhere along the 1 line produces
m-unit change in y, so we see that y changes at a constant rate with respect to x along the line
and that measures this rate of change.
Example
Suppose that a uniform rod of length 40 cm (0.4 m) is thermally insulated around the lateral
surface and that the exposed ends of the rod are held at constant temperatures of 25°C and
5°C. respectively (Figure 2.1.9a). It is shown in physics that under appropriate conditions the
graph of the temperature 7 versus the distance ce x from the left-hand end of the rod will be a
straight line. Parts (b) and (c) of Figure 2.1.9 show two such graphs: one in which x is
measured in centimeters and one in which it is measured in meters. The slopes in the two
cases are
The slope in (6) implies that the temperature decreases at a rate of 0.5° C per centimeter of
distance from the left end of the rod, and the slope in (7) implies that the temperature
decreases at a rate of 50° C per meter of distance from the left end of the rod. The two
statements are equivalent physically, even though the slopes differ
2. The Derivative Function
The term "derivative" is used because the function f' is derived from the function f by a
limiting process.
Example
Find the derivative with respect to x of f(x) = x² and use it to find the equation of the tangent
line to y = x² at x = 2
You can think of f' as a "slope-producing function" in the sense that the value of f'(x) at x =
xo is the slope of the tangent line to the graph of f at x = xo This aspect of the derivative is
illustrated in Figure 2.2.2, which shows the graphs f(x) = x² and its derivative f’(x) = 2x
(obtained in Example 1). The figure illustrates that the values of f’(x) = 2x at dx = - 2, 0 and
2 correspond to the slopes of the tangent lines to the graph f(x) = x² at those values of x.
Example
(a) Find the derivative with respect to x of f(x) = x³ - x
(b) Graph f and f' together, and discuss the relationship between the two graphs.
3. Introduction to Techniques of Differentiation
DERIVATIVE OF A CONSTANT
Thus, we have established the following result.
4. The Product and Quotient Rules
You might be tempted to conjecture that the derivative of a product of two functions is the
product of their derivatives. However, a simple example will show this to be false. Consider
the functions.
f(x) = x and g(x) = x²
The product of their derivatives is
f'(x)g'(x) = (1)(2x) = 2x
but their product is h(x) = f(x)g(x) = x³ so the derivative of the product is k'(x) = 3x²
Thus, the derivative of the product is not equal to the product of the derivatives. The correct
relationship, which is credited to Leibniz, is given by the following theorem.
THEOREM (The Product Rule) If f and g are differentiable at x, then so is the products f . g
and
Example
Find dy/dx if y = (4x² - 1)(7x³ + x)
Solution. There are two methods that can be used to find dy/dx. We can either use the product
rule or we can multiply out the factors in y and then differentiate. We will give both methods
DERIVATIVE OF A QUOTIENT
Just as the derivative of a product is not generally the product of the derivatives, so the
derivative of a quotient is not generally the quotient of the derivatives. The correct relation-
ship is given by the following theorem.
THEOREM (The Patient Rale If f and g are both differentiable at x and if g(x) ≠ 0 then f / g
is differentiable at x and
SUMMARY OF DIFFERENTIATION RULES
The following table summarizes the differentiation roles that we have encountered thus
far
5. Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions
We will assume in this section that the variable x in the trigonometric functions sin x, cos
x, tan.x, cot x, sec x, and csc x is measured in radians.
Example
Find dy/dx if y = x sin x
Solution. Using Formula (3) and the product rule we obtain
6. The Chain Rule
AN ALTERNATIVE VERSION OF THE CHAIN RULE
A convenient way to remember this formula is to call / the "outside function" and the
"inside function" in the composition f(g(x)) and then express (2) in words as:
The derivative of f(g(x)) ix the derivative of the outside function evaluated at the inside
function times the derivative of the inside function.
Example
Find h(x) if h(x) = cos(x³)
Solution. We can think of & as a composition f(g(x)) in which g(x) = x³ is the inside function
and f(x) = cos x is the outsite function
GENERALIZED DERIVATIVE FORMULAS