TEXT

NARRATIVE RECOUNT
TYPE
DEFINITION

a text which retell events/experiences in

an imaginative story to entertain people
the past
PURPOS

to amuse/entertain the readers to inform/entertain the audience

E

a. orientiation: opening paragraph a. orientation: what? who? where?

where the characters are introduced when?
STRUCTURE
GENERIC

b. complication: where the problems b. events: how things happened

are developed chronologically
c. resolution: where the problems are c. re-orientation: how things ended
solved and writer's thought about it (brief
d. re-orientation (optional): story
summary and personal comment)
lesson
- tense: past tense - tense: past tense
LANGUAGE FEATURE

- action verbs (show an action): killed, - action verbs (show an action): spent,
dug, walked, etc. brought, took, went, etc.
- adverbs of time: once upon a time, one - adverbsof time: last month, last week,
day, etc. etc.
- specific characters: Alibaba, Snow - adverbs of place: at the beach, at
White, Cinderella, etc. home, etc.
- direct speech to make the story lively:
- chronological connectors: first, second,
Snow white said, "My name is Snow
next, then, etc.
White." (uses present tense)

- Local: Sangkuriang, The Mousedeer

EXAMPLE

and The Crocodile, The Legend of

Prambanan Temple, etc. - My Last Holiday, My Most Embarassing
Experience, etc.
- International: Cinderella, Snow White,
Rabbit and Crocodile, etc.
 PROCEDURE DESCRIPTIVE

a text that describes how to

a text which describes a particular
do/create/make/use something through
person/animal/thing in detail (based on
a series of actions and steps (manual;
personal opinion)
must be in numerical order)

to tell the reader how to do/make

to give description about a particular
something through a sequence of
object (human/non-human)
actions/steps

a. materials (optional): describes the

ingredients/materials needed to perform a. identification: introduces/identifies
a procedure/step the object that will be described
b. steps: lists of steps in creating/doing (general description of the object),
something; a list of sequences of contains the name, kind of object, etc.
instructions/activities to reach the goal b. description: a part of paragraph
which describes detail characteristics of
c. result: the result of the steps that
the subject (parts, qualities,
have been taken (goal)
characteristics, size, physical
appearance,
- tense: simple etc.)
present tense ( object
- tense: simple prensent tense
still exists); past tense (object doesn't
(imperative)
exist anymore)
- action verbs (show an action): make, - action verbs (show an action): run,
take, boil, cook, etc. sleep, walk, etc.
- adverbs to state details of
- specific nouns: my bicyle, my best
time/place/accurate method: for five
friend, Borobudur Temple, etc.
minutes, 2 hours, etc.
- adverbs to express stage/sequence:
the first, the second, the last, etc.
- adjectives (to describe the object):
- using temporal conjuctions: first, then, beautiful, charming, cheap, tall, wavy,
while, next, after that, last, finally (or kind, etc.
numbers to indicate the order)

- How to Make a Greeting Card, How to - A text describing "My Best Friend", "My
Bake a Chocolate Cake, etc. Favorite Spot at Home", etc
 REPORT

a text which presents information about

something as it is (result of systematic
observation and analyzes)

to generally describe the way things are

(whether natural or human-made:
mammals, animals, things, the planets,
rocks, plants, social phenomenon, etc.

a. general classification: stating

classification of general aspect of
thing/animal/public place/plants/etc.
which will be discussed in general

b. description: tells what the

phenomenon under discussion: parts,
qualities, habits/behaviors
- tense: timeless present tense to
indicate usualness (Tropical cyclones
always begin over the sea, etc.)
- action verbs (describe behavior): Emus
cannot fly,etc.
- relating verbs (describe features):
Molecules are tiny particles,
Strawberries taste sweet and sometimes
sour, etc.
- general nouns: cats, dogs, etc.
- technical terms
(terminology/jargon/words used in
specialized field): Rainbow occurs due to
refraction of sunlight by the drops, etc.

- A text describing "Komodo Dragon",

"Persian Cat", etc
TEXT
TYPE a short text that has
ANNOUNCEMENT GREETING CARD

a written/spoken statement in
DEFINITION

public, formal words containing an illustrated piece of card or high

information about an event that quality paper featuring an
has happened/is going to happen expression of friendship or other
(publicly people know what, when, sentiment
where it is about)
PURPOSE

to inform the reader about

to congratulate, to pray, to wish or
information (event, job vacancy,
to show sympathy for someone’s
new enrollment, new admission,
achievement/condition
etc.)

a. receiver: to whom the greeting

a. title: the name/main theme of card is sent for, written on the
the announced business/event right top of the card and followed
with the word “dear” or “to”
GENERIC STRUCTURE

b. body: part of the content, here

the sender gives interesting words
added by substance as the
b. date and time: information on
following: quote (words related to
the day, date, and time of the
the activity), picture (inserted with
event/activity to be held
interesting picture), expression
(using congratulating/sympathetic
expression)

c. location: where the event will

be held
c. sender: the sender of the
d. contact person: the name of greeting card write their
person/address that can be name/initial
contacted

- tense: simple present tense,

- happy/consolation:
simple future tense (Due to some
congratulations, happy birthday,
technical problems, the show
happy father's day, etc.
will…; We apologize for…; etc.)
LANGUAGE FEATURE

- sympathy/condolence: I am sorry
- use short, clear, and easily
for your loss, we are deeply sorry
understood words
for the loss of…, etc.

- avoid repeating unnecessary

words
- wedding greeting card, christmas
greeting card, etc.
LANGUAG
- wedding greeting card, christmas
- consider the main purpose of greeting card, etc.
making the announcement: it's not
just a statements but it can also
increase people's trust, especially
if you want to announce a new
event
 SHORT FUNCTIONAL:
a short text that has particular meaning and purpose and can be used in daily life
INVITATION ADVERTISEMENT

a text consists of a public

announcement commonly found in
a request, a solicitation, or an
a newspaper, television, or
attempt to get another person to
internet advertising (sometimes it
join you at a specific event
is about a product, services, or an
event for sale)

to urge/convince the
to invite someone to come, to listener/reader to buy/use the
invite people to join, to ask product/services being advertised;
someone to attend, and to ask to announce about a
people to take part in an occasion product/services/event to the
public

a. title: the purpose or type of

event will be held (keyword: to a. product/service/event name
invite...)

b. orientation: inform about what b. product/service/event

will or who will come purpose

c. date/time and place: when or

where the event
d. closing: willhope
writer's be held
to the
reader to come to their event,
optional RSVP (if it’s written on an c. product/service/event user
invitation, it means the host has
requested the guest's response
whether they plan to attend the
party or not)
- use words related to necessary
- tense: simple present tense,
information: unique, instantly,
simple future tense
available, etc.
- emphasizing invitation: use the
words invite, join, come, request,
- use words to indicate the target:
and etc. (spread all over the place,
guaranteed, pure and gentle
so if you want to find this is an
enough, etc.
invitation or not, please find them
first)
- formal invitation: a variety of
official languages ​whose purpose - use precise, logical, and
is to respect the invited person courteous words: a natural
(would you like to come…, would alcohol- free, available in bottles
you like to join us…, I would like to and wall dispensers, etc.
invite you…, etc.)
 - use words that have suggestions
- invitation response: yes, I’d like for the audience: it’s unique, it is
to…; yes, I’d love to…; I am sorry, formulated with a moisturizing
I’d like to, but…, etc. blend of aloe vera, chamomile,
and lavender extracts, etc.
NAL:
rpose and can be used in daily life
LABEL SHORT MESSAGE

a short text sent to tell someone

a small piece of paper, fabric, about something or news that is
plastic, or similar material important, as well as to do
attached to an object and giving something (to inform someone
information about it about something or ask someone
to do something)

to provide messages to friends,

to give detailed information about
family, or co-workers who cannot
a product
be found in person

a. product name

a. opening segment/opening:
b. brand name usually in the form of a short
greeting (Hi/Dear/Hello followed by
the name of the recipient of the
message)
c. product description

b. purpose/purpose of writing
d. the ingredients/contents messages: what we want to
convey to the recipient of the
message
e. nutrition facts
f. suggested uses/dosages
g. storage c. closing segment/closing:
thank you/Love/Yours followed by
a signature, then the name of the
h. expiry date sender of the message

- terms used in the product:

serving size, servings per
container, dosage, values, etc.

- imperative sentences: keep the

syrup in a dry place. Keep away
from children, Don’t accept the
product if the seal is broken, etc. - free and informal language: are
generally not addressed to
superiors or teachers, but rather to
close people or subordinates

- noun phrases: significant source,

dietary fiber, saturated fat, etc.
 superiors or teachers, but rather to
close people or subordinates

- noun phrases: significant source,

dietary fiber, saturated fat, etc.
 NOTICE
a type of short functional text
which contains a short and simple
form of information in the form of
writing/image/sign/symbol to
provide information, instructions
or warnings to the public and is
usually in the form of signs
to give
instruction/information/direction/w
arning, to
ask/advice/suggest/recommend/re
mind people to…, to
warn/ban/prohibit people from…

a. attention gather (optional)

b. information

c. closure (optional)

- use imperatives/commands

- use declarative references

- not necessarily sequenced in

time
- spoken/written language
LANGUAGE
GENERIC STRUCTURE PURPOSE DEFINITION
FEATURE
TEXT
TYPE
 SONG

a composition for voice performed by singing or a long side musical instrumen

- to entertain the listeners

- to teach moral value through the lyrics of the songs
- to arouse motivation
- to give inspiration
- o provide a way of managing the relationship between our public and private emotional life
- to express personal feeling and cultural values
- to give someone to not only shares their emotions with others, but also to have an emotional connection that j
other way
a. intro: establishes melodic, harmonic, and/or rhythmic related to the main body of song (it Includes the title)
b. verse: the section of the song structure that tells the story. This is the exposition, describing the scene or the
c. chorus/refrain: A chorus is the most repeated section, so it’s the easiest remembered. A chorus is the summ
verses have been leading up to the chorus, and is usually the part of the song people sing along with. A chorus c
song structure; it can also start in the middle, or come at the end. In fact, some songs don’t have choruses at al
confused to differentiate between choruses and refrain. A refrain is any line that repeats in the song lyric, while
repeat.
d. break: A break is actually a brief “rest” or “pause” for the core melody within a song used to add further dim
include a quick instrumental solo or drum interlude or it may be a brief moment of silence, or a combination of e
e. bridge: This is the part of the song that shifts. It can suddenly change tempo, or volume, or instrumentation.
f. outro/coda: This is the end of the road for the song. It can repeat the intro, chorus or a refrain as an outro, or
solo.
- alliteration: The occurance of the same letter or sound at the beginning or cosely connected. the color of gold.
- rhyming words: Songs usually use familiar and catchy tune
- lyric: Written in the first second and third person
- poetic devices: Such as figure or imaginary (the Five sense: sight, touch, hear smell, taste:Her blue eyes were
- word play & slang: ord Play is the manipulation of language; Slang or informal words or phrases is more comm
example gonna, wanna, ain’t
- theme/topic: love, friendship, peace, tragedy, motivation, life, family, etc.
 (a reading
TEXT
TYPE transactional: to exchange information, such as information-gathering interviews

AGREEING/DISAGREEING
agreeing: means that we have a same opinion
DEFINITION

about something. It is used to express our

agreement about something
disagreeing: means that we have a different
opinion. It is used to say that we don’t agree
about something
a. agreeing:
- that's right!
- absolutely!
- exactly!
- me too!
- yes, I agree!
- I totally agree!
- I couldn’t agree more!
- I see what exactly you mean!
- You're right. That's a good point.
- etc.
b. disagreeing:
- I don’t agree!
- I totally disagree!
- absolutely not!
- that’s not right!
- I'm not sure about that
- etc.
EXPRESSION/LANGUAGE FEATURE
 TRANSACTIONAL AND INTERPERSO
(a reading text that is used to connect to other person/people in

information, such as information-gathering interviews, role plays, or debates so the speaker and the listene

APOLOGIZING PERMISSION

the act of expressing regret. It is used to say the act/expression of permitting/authorization

sorry about something to other person/people granted to do something

- I'm sorry a. asking:

- it's my fault - can I…
- my bad - is it okay if I…
- I messed up/I screwed up - may I…
- please don’t be angry/mad at me - do you mind if I…
- I didn’t mean that/it - would you mind if I…
- sorry, didn’t mean to hurt your feeling - I wonder if I could…
- I am telling you, I'm sorry - would it be alright if I…
- sorry, it was an accident - etc.
- please don’t take it personally b. giving:
- etc. - sure
- no problem
- yes, you can
- please feel free
- I don’t mind
- etc.
c. refussing:
- I have to say sorry, but that’s not possible
- no, you can't

- you couldn't do that

- sorry, you aren't permitted
- etc.
NAL AND INTERPERSONAL TEXT
ther person/people in order to get things from the usage of it)

peaker and the listener should try to share information in as efficient way as possible; interpersonal: to main

OFFERING THANKING

the act/expression of letting people know that

the act/expression of offering help/something to
you appreciate them for what they have done
someone
for you

- use modals: can, may, would a. casual/informal

a. giving: - thanks
- can I…? - cheers! (British)
- may I…? - etc.
- how about I…? b. formal
- would you…? - thank you
- do you need something? - thank you for helping me with my work
- do you need anything? - etc.
- I would love to help you… c. deeper gratitude
- I'd be glad to help you… - thank you very much
- etc. - thank you so much
b. accepting: - thank you a lot
- thank you, I appreciate your help - thanks a lot
- yes, please - cheers very much!
- yes please, that would be very lovely - etc.
- thank you, how kind of you d. more examples
- thanks - thanks for having me to this party
- yes please, if you could - I want to thank you for all your help
- I would like to thank you for your kindness all
- yes, if you don’t/wouldn’t mind
this time
- that is so nice of you, thank you - I really appreciate what you have done
- that would be great, thank you so much - that's very kind of you
- etc. - I can't tell how grateful I am for your help
c. declining: - it's lovely (if receiving something)
- no, thanks - etc.
- it's okay, I can do it by myself
- don’t worry, I will do it by myself
- thanks, but I prefer not to bother you
- etc.
nterpersonal: to maintain social relationships

COMPLIMENTING

the act/expression of giving compliments to

someone for their
appearance/character/abilities/efforts/possessio
ns

a. appearance
(you are/look + adjective (+noun))
- you are beautiful
- you look great today!
- you are a beautiful person
- etc.
(I like/love + noun)
- I love that bag
- I really like your hair
- etc.
(what a/an + adjective + noun)
- what a fun tie!
- what a pretty dress!
- etc.
b. characters/abilities/efforts
(you are + adjective + noun)
- you are (such) a hard worker
- you (really) are an amazing cook!
- etc.
*add strength to compliments: such, really,
very, so, etc.
(you can really + verb)
- wow, you can really sing!
- etc.
(you are great at + noun/gerund)
- you're great at bringing people together
- you're great at math
- etc.
(you make a/an + adjective + noun)
- you make a fine leader
- you make a very responsible partner
- etc.
c. possessions
(nice + noun)
- nice bike!
- nice phone!
- etc.
(I love/like your + noun)
- I like your dining set
- I love this painting
- etc.
(what a/an + adjective + noun)
- what a beautiful home
- what a beautiful home you have
- etc.
d. receiving
- that’s very kind of you
- how nice of you
- what a nice thing to say
- thank you
- etc.