AKSUM UNIVERSITY SHIRE CAMPUS

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF WATER SUPPLY AND ENVIRONMENTAL
ENGINEERING
RESEARCH PROPOSAL ON ASSESSING HOUSEHOLD SATISFACTION
WITH WATER SUPPLY SERVIICES
CASE STUDY OF SHIRE TOWN

NAME ID NO

1 .KFLE ALEM………………………………………AKU1102712
2 .GIRMAY HAILEMARIAM……………………….AKU110
3 .HAILEMARIAM TESFAY………………………..AKU110
4 .ESAYAS GEBREHANS…………………………..AKU1101855
5 .BRHANE TEWELDE……………………………..AKU110
6 .NGSTI GEBREKIDAN…………………………...AKU110
  Introduction
Water is the lifeline of life. And it is contributed to sustain the life, and our general activities of
the environment. It is one of the precious gifts to human kind and most basic human needs.
Water plays a great role in socio-economic development of human beings and survivals and
economic developments. Domestic water supply is one of the fundamental requirements for
human life. Without water, life cannot be sustained beyond a few days and the lack of access to
adequate water supply leads to the spread of diseases. Women and children bear the greater
health burden and drudgery in collection of water and lots of opportunities because of the time
that water fetching consumes. Hence the provision of safe and adequate potable water in urban
areas in both developed and developing countries is essential for life (World health organization,
2017 Washington D.C). Access to water services is the major component in the UNDP human
poverty index for developing countries.
The problem is more heart in developing countries than others. There are many constraints to
make potable water easily accessible and it is the problems of the quantity, quality and
sustainability. The results are Limited Financial Markets, Institutions and Risks, Volume 4,
Issue 1, 2020 ISSN (online) – 2521-1242 ISSN (print) – 2521-1250 87 modernity, rapid
population growth and rapid urbanization. (UNDP 2015, WHO, Millennium Development
Goal, 2017).
The main reason for urban water supply, in less developed country like Ethiopia is the absence of
adequate finance is the main reason. Most of water supply projects are by their nature requiring
huge capitals. The study is an appraisal of the impact of urban expansion on water supply system
in shire town of tigray regional state of Ethiopia. In addition, most people’s see water as public
good that is supplied fairly. It has an impact on the sustainability of the project. In most towns
the revenue obtains from consumers do not cover the cost of providing the services.
Then it should be implemented cost recovery tax rate at which the revenue gained from the
services is fully covered all expenses incurred on water supply. Whether the citizens are able and
willing to pay for the services provided is important. This helps to understand the value of the
consumer places on the improved water services and for identifying those groups who are not
willing to pay and to establish a cost recovery tariff.
  Statement of the Problem
Water is crucial for human survival and economic development. Whereas, however, in the list
developed countries, actually there are numerous problems. For instance, lack of pure water,
technology, equal distribution, etc. However, those problems and obstacles were avoided. The
provision of adequate supply of portable water in the urban areas are as developed countries,
important to developing countries. For instance, in developing countries the privation of safe and
adequate potable water improver health by reducing incidence of water related illness such as
diaries, cholera etc. This also help to decrease mortality and morbidity rate and increase GDP by
reducing time lost in sic and by making available more health time for individual to participate in
labor market. Reducing demand for imported medicine and consumption of healthcare goods,
expenditure and there by easing balance of payment problems facing list developed countries
like that of Ethiopia (Grossman, Health economics).
The demand for such resources in urban areas of developing countries has been increasing over
time under such circumstances pining for efficient and equitable water delivery system in both
short and long run crucial to ensure adequate water supply. However, the problem here is the
wide spread failure of water supply in the urban areas of Ethiopia which attributed to the cost
inquired on water projects is too high. In most urban areas the revenue gained from water supply
is unable to cover the cost incurred on it shire town is one of the list urban towns in Ethiopia that
the revenue gained from water is unable to cover the expense incurred on water services
activities. This problem is further aggravated by rapid populations, maters of income such likes
of problems, unable to get the required quantity of water at desired time.
In order to satisfy the rapid growing population water demand as well as the required the
quantity required existing population new water project must be assigned as well as the
sustainability of existing water project must be maintained. The capital needed to supply water to
the town is too high.
This makes the investment on water is difficult. The finance requires to fill this financial problem
can be filled by NGO’s government and the society itself, but the most sustainable way is cost
recovery by the consumer itself to do this the tariff of the town should be at cost of recovery rate.
The main important value of these research proposal is to examine and to identify such problem
of assessing the water supply of the residents in shire town. In order to implement cost recovery
tariff in urban area of shire town by identifying or researching whether the households are able
and willingness to pay or not is very important this helps to understand the fundamental value the
consumer place on the improved water services. So that prices that reflect the ability and willing
to pay of the household for improved water services, as strategy for cost recovery can be
established.
  Objectives of the Study
The objectives of the study have two parts:
 The General objective
The General objectives of this study are to assess the household’s satisfaction wwith water
supply services at shire town.
 The specific objective
The specific of objective of the study include:
To examine the demand for improved water supply.
To assessing and identify the willingness to pay for water supply.
To identify and examine the role of households for satisfaction with water supply services.

 Research Questions
What is the demand for improved water supply in shire town?
 How to assess the household’s satisfaction with water supply services?
In what method the household’s satisfaction with water supply services assessed?
What is the role of household satisfaction with water supply services?

 Scope of the Study

The scope of the study is restricted to shire town due to limited time and financial constraints.
Mettu town is selected because of the town has naturally, the source of water is endowed. So, the
study is tried to examine and to analysis that, the gift of water is whether necessarily distributed
or not. And the study is restricted analyze assessing of willingness to pay and analyze the ability
to pay of households only for domestic purposes in the town. The study is also limited to demand
side information to water supply problem and on supply side it was including the cost of
providing improved water supply only.

 Review Literature
The issue that most important for water project designers and planners how to ensure the
financial sustainability of a projects. This can involve predicting and estimating what users will
be willing and able to pay for purposed water scheme in the future. This is because most water
projects in developing countries are financially unsustainable leading to water supply shortages
in many places.
Policy makers most of the time sees water supply provision using both demand and supply side.
As can be seen from the following chart supply side of water provision usually sees technical
alternatives used in water investment. While the demand side of water supply provision sees the
households’ WTP as the policy recommendation.
WTP is the maximum amount individual state they are willing to pay for particulars goods or
services based on its characteristics (example water supply: the difficult of obtaining, available
source, water quality and services level) (Doan Chan, Low paying, 2015).It is the amount a
person would be “willing to pay” to obtain a good or services. It is what the person is willing to
scarify to get the good. It is the amounts of the money a person can give up receive well and
have their utility the same. People are willing to pay very high price for basic minimum water
requirements to ensure the survival of households. Consumers are often willing to pay a higher
price for water than the tariffs charged. How much higher depends on how much water is being
used.
WTP diminishes rapidly with no levels of water use, therefore the relationships between WTP
and water uses can be shown by a downward sloping demand curve (Sansoon, 2013).
Another definition is one by cardoon and Fonseca and state that “willingness to pay is an
expression of the demand for a services and its strong pre-requisite for sustainable cost recovery
because it is the materialization
of the users’ satisfaction and of their desire to contribute its functioning” or Wolde mescal
march, 2015).
At this time most of water projects revenue unable to cover the cost incurred on it. So, this
willingness to pay survey is an important tool whether to state consumers’ preference to pay at
cost recovery rate.

 Materials and Methodology

 Study Area
Shire is a town situated in Tigray region in the northern tip of the Ethiopian Plateau. The town is
about 1,100 km away from the capital, Addis Ababa and about 290 km from mekelle and its
geographical conditions are 14°8'18"North, 38°24'10"East and its original name are shire. And
its average temperature of the study area found to be 26•c.
Location of shire town

o Materials Used
The available materials used to conduct this research are listed below: -
 Software (GIS used for determining the map and location of the town).
 Mobile
 Laptop
 Computer
o Methodology
In order to achieve the aim of how to design distribute water supply system in shire town or how
can distribute the water in different methods.
A. Primary Data
We have collected our primary data from observation and interview
B. Secondary source
The secondary source of data collection is gather from books, handout and internet.
 o Methodology to estimate water supply distribution
 Design Period
A water supply scheme shall, almost without exception, furnish for a requirement which is
continuously increasing with the coming years. Hence a new water supply scheme is normally
made large enough to meet the needs of growing communities for an economically justifiable
number of years in future. Huge and costly construction works like dams, reservoirs, treatment
works and distribution pipelines are required for a complete water supply scheme,
 Population Forecasting
After deciding the design period, the next step is forecasting the population in which the project
is going to feed without shortage of supply in the future. Plenty of methods of population
forecasting are exercised. The methods are selected if they are most appropriate and they can fit
for the given project. The selection is usually done by comparing which method is suitable for
the given design and city or town. The methods of forecasting future population are discussed
below
 Methods of Forecasting Population
-Arithmetic increase method
From the above methods we have selected Arithmetic increase method for shire town forecasting
because the condition of the growth rate is matched with this method.
The equation of this method is given by
Pn=Po x kn
Where, Pn=population at n years
Po=initial population while forecasting
 n= the difference between two years
K= is the average increase in population
 water demand
The design and execution of any water supply scheme requires an estimation of the total amount
of water required by community.
A water supply system capable of supplying sufficient quantity of portable water is necessary for
city or town. In order to estimate the total demand of a particular community as correct as
possible, all kinds of demands should be considering.
Water Demand Calculation
In projecting the domestic water demand of shire town the following main steps must be
followed. population percentage distribution by mode of service
Establishment of per capital water demand of each mode of service
Projection of domestic water demand
 Domestic Water Demand
The water demand for actual household activity is known as domestic water demand. It includes water for
drinking, cooking, bathing, washing, flushing toilet, etc. The demand will depend on many factors, the
most important of which are economic, social and Climatic factors.
 Non-Domestic Water Demand
Depending on the relative importance, size, economic conditions of a city, the rate of
Water demand will always be associated with non-domestic need also.
Non - domestic consumption includes light industrial, commercial and public water demand. Light
industries including small manufacturing and processing plants that require relatively small amounts of
water. Commercial includes all the hotels, business and trade establishes mint. Public include
governments offices, hospitals, schools and public services such as churches, street flushing, parks,
maintenance etc.
 Total Average Daily Water Demand
It is the total sum of domestic, non-domestic and an accounted for water demand.
 Maximum Day Demand (Mdd)
The maximum day demand is the highest demand of any one of 24 hours’ period over any a year. It
represents the changes in demand with seasons, the local population makes of their water sources such as
wells, rivers, streams, etc.
 Water source selection
All sources of water can be broadly classified as: -
 Surface water sources
  Ground water sources and

 Springs
In shire town the available sources of water are;
 The existing spring source
 Surfaces source
 Ground water source
 Criteria for Selecting Potential Water Sources
Appropriate selection of the source determines the adequacy, reliability, good quality (potable)
and sustainability of the potential source.
The selection of the source of water supply to a town or city depends on the following factors: -
 Location of the water sources
 Quantity of water
 Quality of water
 The cost of the water supply scheme.
 DISTRIBUTION NETWORK AND ITS LAYOUT
 DEAD END DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
we have selected dead end distribution system layout to shire town due to the topographic
arrangement area

 There is one main supply pipe from which a number of sub-main pipes originate.
 Each sub-main then subdivides into several branch pipes called laterals.
 From laterals, service connections are given to the consumers.
 It may be adopted for older towns and in areas where the settlement pattern is rather
scattered.

o TIME FRAME AND WORK SCHEDULE

The proposal should be bounded between (7-21) days to design and collect available
  First day from (7-12) we assess needed information from books and hand out regard to
our proposal given by our teacher.
 Next we gathered information from the community from the day (13-18)
 Finally, we edited all of the gathered information from the day (19-22)

PROJECT BUDGETS
The following are the project cost of this proposal paper will take to complete within the given
period of time.
Table 6.1 Budget Summary
[Link] Activity Cost estimation in
birr
1 Salary for staff 200,000 birr
2 transport 20,000 birr
3 Purchase of equipment 500,000 birr
4 printing 20,000 birr
5 Consultancy charges 150,000 birr
6 Institutional over head 200,000 birr

7 Total cost 1,090,000 birr

 REFERENCES
 Water Supply and sanitary Installation soft copy
 Proposal method soft copy
 Water supply engineering. S.K. Garg.
 Internet accessory.
 We have asked from community from shire town