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Cell Structure: Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic

The document outlines the two main types of cells: prokaryotic, which lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, and eukaryotic, which have a nucleus and complex structures. It details various cell organelles and their functions, such as the nucleus controlling cell activities and mitochondria producing energy. Additionally, it compares plant and animal cells, highlighting differences in features like cell walls and chloroplasts.

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2 views2 pages

Cell Structure: Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic

The document outlines the two main types of cells: prokaryotic, which lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, and eukaryotic, which have a nucleus and complex structures. It details various cell organelles and their functions, such as the nucleus controlling cell activities and mitochondria producing energy. Additionally, it compares plant and animal cells, highlighting differences in features like cell walls and chloroplasts.

Uploaded by

jerenie
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Class Notes – Biology​

Date: May 13, 2025​


Topic: Cell Structure and Function

Two Main Cell Types:

1.​ Prokaryotic Cells


○​ No nucleus
○​ Simple structure (ex: bacteria)
○​ DNA floats freely in cytoplasm
○​ No membrane-bound organelles
2.​ Eukaryotic Cells
○​ Have a nucleus
○​ More complex (ex: plant & animal cells)
○​ DNA inside nucleus
○​ Have membrane-bound organelles

Cell Organelles & Functions:

Organelle Function

Nucleus Contains DNA, controls cell activities

Mitochondria "Powerhouse" – produces energy (ATP)


through respiration

Ribosomes Make proteins

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

●​ ​
Rough ER: has ribosomes, processes proteins
●​ Smooth ER: makes lipids, detoxifies​
| Golgi Apparatus | Packages and ships proteins and lipids |​
| Lysosomes | Break down waste and old cell parts |​
| Chloroplasts (plant cells only) | Photosynthesis – converts sunlight to energy |​
| Cell Wall (plants) | Rigid outer layer – support & protection |​
| Cell Membrane | Controls what enters/leaves the cell |​
| Cytoplasm | Jelly-like substance that holds organelles |​
| Vacuole | Stores water, nutrients, and waste |
Differences: Plant vs. Animal Cells

Feature Plant Cells Animal Cells

Cell wall Yes No

Chloroplasts Yes No

Shape Rectangular Round/Irregular

Vacuole Large, central Small, scattered

Microscope Notes:

●​ Total magnification = eyepiece × objective lens


●​ Always start with low power when focusing
●​ Use fine adjustment knob for detailed focus on high power

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