Cell phone services (2001 – 2010)

Method 1 Method 2
The average annual expenditure on cell phone There was a substantial increase in average annual
services increased substantially from around $200 expenditure on cell phone services from around
in 2001 to nearly $800 in 2010. $200 in 2001 to nearly $800 in 2010.

Cell phone services (2001)

Method 1 Method 2
In 2010, the average annual expenditure on cell In 2010, the average annual expenditure on cell
phone services stood at nearly $800, nearly phone services stood at nearly $800, compared to
double that of residential phone services (around only around $400 dollars on residential phone
$400 dollars). services.

Residential phone services (2001 – 2010)

Method 1 Method 2
The average annual expenditure on residential The average annual expenditure on residential
phone services declined dramatically from nearly phone services witnessed a dramatic decrease,
$700 in 2001 to only about $450 in 2010. from nearly $700 in 2001 to only about $450 in
2010.

Residential phone services (2001)

Method 1 Method 2
In 2001, the annual expenditure on residential In 2001, the annual expenditure on residential
phone services stood at nearly $700 dollars, more phone services stood at nearly $700 dollars, about
than triple that of cell phone services. $500 higher than that of cell phone services.
Compare the figures for Technology in Spain and the US
Method 1 Method 2
Spanish people spent around $350,000 on In terms of technology expenditure, Spain
technology, while the US spent $300,000 recorded a figure of 350,000, slightly higher than
the figure for the US ($300,000)

Compare the figures for Books in Spain and the US

Method 1 Method 2
The expenditure on books stood at $150,000 in At $300,000, the expenditure on books in Spain
Spain, compared to $300,000 for the US doubled that of the US

Compare the figures for Clothes in Spain and the US

Method 1 Method 2
The expenditure on clothes in Spain stood at more The expenditures on clothes in Spain stood at
than $350,000, around $175,000 higher than the more than $350,000, compared to only around
figure for the US $180,000 in the US
PARAPHRASE

• There has been a substantial decrease in the amount of money spent on dolls.

→ The amount of money spent on dolls has declined substantially.

→ The amount of money spent on dolls has shown a substantial decline.

• Rice exports from Asia fluctuated significantly over the period

→ There were significant fluctuations in rice export from Asia over the period.

• The number of COVID cases has risen considerably

→ There has been a considerable rise in the number of COVID cases.

• There are has been a slight decline in the amount of money spent on research development

→ The amount of money spent on research development has experienced a slight decline.

→ The amount of money spent on research development slightly declined

• Online tickers dropped rapidly last month

→ There was a rapid drop in online ticket sales last month.

• There was a small increase in the sales of oranges from 2012 to 2013

→ The sales of oranges witnessed a small increase from 2012 to 2013.

• The number of train passengers remained unchanged during the period

→ There was no change in the number of train passengers during the period.
INTRODUCTION

The line graph compares the number of bears, dolphins, and whales in the wild.

OVERVIEW

1. Trend
• bear populations ↑ (witnessed an upward trend)
• dolphins ↓ (declined)
• Whales (remained stable)

Overall, bear populations witnessed an upward trend, while the number of dolphins declined. Whales, on the
other hand, remained relatively stable.

2. Highest figure: Bears

It is also evident that the number of bears was highest from 2020 to 2022.
BODY 1. DOLPHINS

• 2017 (150 – highest)

• 2017 (150) → 2018 (80) (declined significantly to only 80)
• 2018 (80) → 2019 (> 30) (fall to more than 30)
• 2019 (> 30) → 2022 (1) (decreased significantly to only 1 million)

In 2017, the number of dolphins was highest, at 150 million in the wild. This figure declined significantly to
only 80 million one year later. From 2018 to 2019, there was another fall to more than 30 million in dolphin
populations. In the following two years, this figure decreased significantly to only 1 million in 2022.

BODY 2.

1. Bears
• 2017 (10 – the lowest figure in the chart) → rose significantly
• 2022 (180 – reached a high ~ increased substantially to 120)

In contrast, bear populations rose significantly. The number of bears in the wild stood at only 10 million (the
lowest figure in the chart). This figure, however, increased substantially to 120 million, and reached a high
of 180 million in 2022.

2. Whale (fluctuation from 80 to 100)

Finally, whale populations witnessed a significant fluctuation from 80 million to 100 million throughout the
period.
INTRODUCTION

• annual expenditures on → yearly amount of money spent on

• 2011 – 2020 → over a period of 9 years starting from 2011

The line graph illustrates the average yearly amount of money spent on books, technology and clothes in

Someland over a period of 9 years starting from 2011.

OVERVIEW

1. Trend: book ↑ (witnessed an upward trend) >< technology ↓ (the opposite was true for that of)

Overall, while the annual spending on books witnessed an upward trend, the opposite was true for

that of technology.

2. Lowest figure: clothes

Additionally, during most of the period, the lowest figure can be seen in clothes' spending.
BODY 1. Technology

• 2011 (350) (stood at around 350)

• 2016 (250) (fell by approximately $100)

• 2020 (<200) (declined to only $200) < 2011 (350 - significantly lower than the starting point)

In 2011, the yearly expenditure on technology stood at around $350 (the highest figure that year). Between

2011 and 2016, the average amount spent on technology fell by approximately $100. Over the next four

years, this figure declined to only $200, significantly lower than the starting point.

BODY 2.

1. Book

• 2011 (just over $100 – the smallest figure)

• 2016 (around $250 – nearly tripled)

• 2016 – 2020 (increase to nearly $380 – the highest figure)

In the first year examined, the amount of money spent on books stood at just over $100, which is the

smallest figure that year. From 2011 to 2016, this figure nearly tripled to around $250. (9) From the year

2016 onwards, yearly spending on books witnessed another increase to nearly $380, the highest figure in

the chart.

2. Clothes (No change – started at $125 & remained stable at around $150)

During the same period, there were no changes in the expense on clothes. (11) This figure started at $125

and remained stable at around $150 from 2012 to 2020.

INTRODUCTION

The given line graph presents a comparison of the annual average spending by Americans on mobile and

residential phone services from 2001 to 2010.

OVERVIEW

1. Trend: mobile phone ↑ (a significant increase) >< residential phone ↓ (a steady increase)

It is clear that there was a significant increase in mobile phone spending, while residential phone

expenditure witnessed a steady decrease over the 10-year period.

2. Higher figures

• 2001 – 2006: Residential phones

• 2006 onwards: Mobile phones

Furthermore, mobile phone spending recorded much higher figures than residential phones from 2006

onwards.
BODY 1. Cell phone services

• 2001 ($200 – lowest that year)

• 2006 (increase dramatically to $600 – surpassing the other service)

• 2006 – 2010 (increase – reaching approximately $800, the highest figure)

In 2001, the average American spent only $200 on cell phone services, which is the lowest expenditure in

the chart that year. However, this figure increased dramatically to almost $600 in 2006, surpassing the

other service. Spending on mobile services increased even more between 2006 and 2010, reaching

approximately $800 (the highest figure in the chart)

BODY 2. Residential phone services

• 2001 (close to $700)

• 2001 – 2006 (dropped by almost $200)

• 2006 – 2010 (has plummeted to just about 400 ~ half of the starting point)

On the other hand, residential phone services saw a different trend. In 2001, the average US consumer

spent close to $700 on these services, but over the next five years, yearly spending dropped by almost

$200. By 2010, this figure had plummeted to just about $400, which is only half of the starting point.
INTRODUCTION
The line chart illustrates the percentage of visitors to four places in Scotland including the Aquarium,
Castle, Zoo and Festival over a period of 30 years.

OVERVIEW
1. Trend: Castle & Zoo ↑ (increased) >< Aquarium & Festival ↓ (the opposite was true for)
It is clear that while the percentage of tourists visiting Castle and Zoo increased, the opposite was
true for Aquarium and Festival over the period.
2. Highest figure: Castle
It is also notable that Castle was the most popular tourist attraction in Scotland for most of the period.

BODY 1.
1. Castle
• 1980 (25%)
• 1980 – 1995 (45% - increase dramatically)
• 1995 – 2010 (considerable drop to just under 40%)
In 1980, the percentage of tourists who chose to visit Castle was nearly 25%. Over the following 20 years,
(1) the percentage of Castle visitors increased dramatically to about 45% in 1995. (2) After that, it witnessed
a considerable drop to just under 40% in 2010.
2. Zoo
• 1980 – 2000 (minor fluctuations around 10% to 15%)
• 2000 – 2010 (increase to 20%)
The figure for Zoo also increased to 20% in 2010, despite some minor fluctuations around 10% to 15%
between 1980 and 2000.

BODY 2.
3. Aquarium
• 1980 (20%) – 1985 (35% - reach a peak)
• 2010 (just under 10% - fell significantly)
Looking at the other attractions, the proportion of visitors to the Aquarium stood at 20% in 1980. Over the
next 5 years, the percentage of travelers paying a visit to the Aquarium reached a peak of nearly 35%.
However, since then, this figure fell significantly to just under 10% in 2010.
4. 1980 (30% - the highest) – 2010 (18%) – decreased throughout the period
The figure for Festival visitors also decreased throughout the period. It stood at 30% in 1980 (the highest
figure that year), but then experienced a gradual decrease to only 18% at the end of the period.
INTRODUCTION

The table compares the proportions of individuals using various functions of their mobile phones between

2006 and 2010.

OVERVIEW

1. Trend: All the examined features ↑ (a significant increase)

Overall, a significant increase can be seen in the popularity of almost all the examined features.

2. Highest figure: Mobile phone

Additionally, the primary purpose of mobile phone usage was making calls.
BODY 1.

1. Mobile phone: 2006 (100%) → 2010 (99%) (declined slightly by only 1%)

In 2006, 100% of mobile phone owners used their phones to make calls, and this figure declined slightly

by only 1% in 2010.

2. Text messaging (73% → 79%) & taking photos (66% → 76%)

Text messaging (73%) and taking photos (66%) were the next most popular functions. The figures for these

also rose to 79% and 76%, respectively, over the surveyed period.

3. Play game: (2006) 17% → 2010 (41%) ↔ tripled

Play music: (2006) 12% → 2010 (26%) ↔ doubled

Similarly, in the first year, less than 20% of owners played games or listened to music on their phones.

These figures doubled and tripled to 41% and 26% in 2010.

BODY 2.

1. Seach the internet: (2006) no data → (2008) 41% → (2010) 73%

Record video (2006) no data → (2008) 9% → (2010) 35%

No data was available for users engaging in Internet searches or recording videos in 2006. However, the

percentage of people using their phones to access the Internet experienced a significant increase to 41% in

2008 and 73% in 2010. There was also a substantial rise in the figure for recording videos, reaching 35%

in 2010.
The table below gives information about international tourist arrivals to five countries in millions
Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons where
relevant. Write at least 150 words

Counties/Year 1995 2000 2005 2010

USA 70 85 90 87
France 30 60 70 87
Malaysia 20 30 35 51
Brazil 9 10 11 15
Egypt 9 11 15 20

PARAPHRASE
Graph name • Table
What? • International tourist arrivals
• The volume of foreign visitors
• How many foreigners traveled to + place
Where? • Five different countries: USA, France, Malaysia, Brazil Egypt
When? • From 1995 to 2010
• Between 1995 and 2010
• Over a period of fifteen years starting from 1995
Category? • USA, France, Malaysia, Brazil Egypt
Measurement? • million (people)
Tense? • Past tense (1995 – 2010)

INTRODUCTION
Subject Verb What Where When
Đề bài The table gives information international tourist arrivals to five from 1995 to 2010
about countries in millions
Paraphrase The table illustrates/compares ▪ The volume of foreign visitors over a period of
to five different countries fifteen years
▪ How many foreigners travelled starting from 1995
to five different nations

The table compares how many foreigners travelled to five different countries over a period of fifteen years
from 1995.
OVERVIEW
1. Trend: Increase
Overall, every country saw an increase in the total international arrivals over the given period.
2. Highest figures: the US, the most significant increase: France
In addition, the highest figure was seen in the United States while France recorded the most significant
increase.

BODY 1. (Các nước số liệu lớn hơn)

1. America (the US)
o (1995) more than 70 ↔ outnumbered that of their counterparts
o (1995) more than 70 → (2005) 90 ↔ a moderate increase
o (2005) 90 → (2010) 87 ↔ a slight decline of 3 million
o 2010 > 1995 (despite the decline)
In 1995, America welcomed more than 70 million tourists, which outnumbered that of their counterparts.
Ten years later, there was a moderate increase to 90 million, followed by a slight decline of 3 million in
2010. Despite the decline, the USA's 2010 figure was still significantly higher than it was in 1995.
2. France: (1995) 30 → (2010) 87 ↔ nearly three-fold growth of 57 million from the starting
point of 30 million
Similarly, France witnessed (a) nearly three-fold growth of 57 million from the starting point of 30 million
tourists during the same period.
3. Malaysia (1995) 20 → (2010) 52 (steadily rise to reach just over 50)
In terms of Malaysia, after standing at 20 million in the first year, the figure steadily went up to reach just
over 50 million in 2010.

BODY 2. (các nước có số liệu nhỏ hơn)

1. Chuyển ý sang Brazil và Egypt (hai nước có số liệu nhỏ hơn)
The other two countries witnessed the lowest rate of arrivals.
2. 1995 (under 10 million)
Both Brazil and Egypt showed an equal number of tourists at under 10 million in 1995,
3. Brazil (15) & Egypt (20) ↔ climb slowly
but then the figures climbed slowly to 15 million and 20 million, respectively at the end of the period.
INTRODUCTION

The table illustrates how many tourists paid a visit to a specific Caribbean island in millions between
2010 and 2017

OVERVIEW

1. Trend: An upward trend

(2) Overall, the aggregate arrivals to the island experienced an upward trend.

2. The highest figure: (2010-2015) On island & (2016 – 2017) Cruise ships

In addition, more people stayed on the island than on cruise ships between 2010 and 2015; however,
visitors preferred the latter from 2016 to the end of the period.

BODY 1. On island

Starting at a higher point than voyage ships, the island accommodated 0.5 million guests in the first year.

After that, the number experienced a three-fold increase to 1.5 million in 2017 despite a slight decrease of
0.25 million in 2016.
BODY 2.

1. Cruise ships

o Upward trend

An upward trend could also be witnessed in the figure for travelers staying offshore.

o 2010 (0.25) → 2013 (0.5) (a mild fluctuation)

2013 – 2014 (two-fold increase to 1 million)

From 2010 to 2013, there was a mild fluctuation between 0.25 and 0.5 million in the volume of visitors

on cruise ships, followed by a two-fold rise to 1 million in 2014.

o 2014 – 2017 (two-fold rise to 2 million – exceed islands)

In the following three years, it doubled to reach 2 million, which outnumbered that of on-land tourists.

2. Total (a significant increase to 3.5 million)

In total, one million tourists visited the Caribbean Island in 2010, then this figure showed a significant

increase to 3.5 million seven years later.

INTRODUCTION
Subject Verb What Where When
Đề bài The charts Show the distribution of money on music
in Northern Ireland
Paraphrase The three Illustrate/compare the allocation of money to in 2005, 2008 and
pie charts different forms of music 2011

The pie charts compare the allocation of money to different forms of music in three years in Northern

Ireland.

OVERVIEW

1. Trend: Digital downloads: ↑ (an upward trend) & CDs and concerts: ↓ (decreased)

Overall, digital downloads spending witnessed an upward trend, while CDs and concerts decreased.

2. The highest figure: 2005 – 2008: CDs & 2011: digital downloads

Additionally, the highest figure was recorded in the proportion of money spent on CDs in the initial two

years, but it was overtaken by digital downloads in 2011.

BODY 1.

1. CDs

o 2005 (61%) → 2008 (45%) (decline by a fifth)

o 2008 (45%) → 2011 (25%) (dropping to only over a fourth)

In detail, the percentage of money allocated to CDs comprised a considerable 61% in 2005 before

declining by a fifth in 2008 and dropping further to only over a fourth in 2011.

2. Concerts

o 2005 (at around 31% - the second most popular)

o 2008 (25% - decrease by a slight 6%)

o 2011 (28% - increase)

Similarly, although concerts were the second most popular music expenditure, at around 31% of total

music expenditures in 2005, this spending decreased by a slight 6% in 2008. (6) Concerts then increased

in popularity and reached 28% in the final year.

BODY 2.

1. Other (2% - a tiny amount – same in the whole period)

In contrast, at about 2%, a tiny amount of expenditure was distributed to other music sources throughout

the whole period.

2. Digital downloads

o 2005 (6% - a modest figure)

o 2008 (28% - increased by approximately four times)

o 2011 (44% - an extra 16%)

Digital downloads also started at a modest figure, 6%, before its figure increased by approximately four times

in 2008. (9) After three years, an extra 16% of the proportion of the money was allocated to digital downloads.
INTRODUCTION

The pie charts compare how much money was spent on the six different categories by Someland local
authorities in 1980, 1990, and 2000.

OVERVIEW

1. The highest figure: Higher education

Overall, higher education made up the largest cost,

2. Trend: Transportation and environmental services: ↑ (increase)

Health and human resources and K-12 edication: ↓ (decreased)

and while spending for transportation and environmental services increased, there were drops in
expenditure on health and human resources and K-12 education.
BODY 1.

1. Education (25% + 35% = 60% = 2/3 = a considerable two-thirds of the total)

In all three years, education was always the largest expenditure, accounting for about a considerable two-
thirds of the total.

2. Higher education
o (1980) 35% → (1990) 45% (increased by 10% from 35%)
o (1990) 45% → (2000) 40% (dropping slightly to 40% - 5% higher than initial figure)

In detail, the funds allocated to higher education increased by 10% from 35% in 1990 before dropping
slightly to 40% (5% higher than the initial figure) in 2000.

3. K-12 education: a gradual fall (1980) 25% → 1990 (20%) → 2000 (18%)

However, that of K-12 education saw a gradual fall from 25% to 20% and 18% in 1980, 1990, and 2000,
respectively.

BODY 2.

1. Environmental services: 1980 (4% - the smallest) → 2000 (9% - the second smallest)

As for other categories, there was a slight increase of 5% in the expenditure on environmental services,
from the smallest budget initially to the second smallest one at 9% in 2000.

2. Transportation:
o 1980 (16%) → 2000 (22%): rise
o 1980 (16%) → 1990 (6%): a sharp decline to 6%

Similarly, transportation expenses rose from 16% to 22%, after a sharp decline to 6% in 1990.

3. Health and human resources

o 1980 (14%) → 1990 (20%): 6% increase
o 1990 (20%) → 2000 (10%): fell to 10% - 4% lower than the first examined year’s

In contrast, despite a 6% increase in the first decade, spending on health and human resources fell to 10%
in the end (4% lower than the first examined year's).
 The three pie charts below show the changes in annual spending by a particular UK school

INTRODUCTION
The pie charts compare the expenditure of a school in the UK in three ten-year periods starting from 1981.

OVERVIEW
1. The highest figure: Teachers’ salaries >< The smallest figure: Insurance
Overall, teachers' salaries made up the largest proportion of the school's spending while insurance
was the smallest cost.
2. Trend: Resources and other workers’ salaries: ↓ & All other expenditures: ↑
In addition, except for resources and other workers' salaries, all other expenditures increased.

BODY 1

1. Teacher:
o (1981) 40% → (1991) 50% (rising)
o 1991 (50%) → 2001 (45%) (falling by 5%)
Initially, 40% of the school's budget was allocated to teachers' salaries, before rising to 50% in
1991 and falling by 5% in 2001.
2. Other: (1981) 28% → 1991 (22%) → 2001 (15%) (fell steadily)
Spending on other workers' wages fell steadily over the 20 years, from 28% in 1981 to only 15% in 2001.
BODY 2.

1. Insurance
o 1981 (2% - a minor percentage of the total)
o 2001 (8% - a four-fold increase to 8%)
As for the remaining expenses, expenditure on insurance accounted for only a minor percentage
(2%) of the total in 1981, followed by a four-fold increase to 8% in 2001.

2. Resource & Furniture/equipment: Fluctuated

Percentages for resources and furniture/equipment fluctuated.
1. Resource
o (1981) 15% → 1991 (20%) (peak)
o 1991 (20%) → 2001 (9% - dropped by more than half)
The percentage of the former grew from 15% to peak at 20% in 1991 but then dropped by more
than half in 2001.
2. Furniture
o (1981) 15% → (1991) 5% - a drop of 10%
o (1991) 5% → (2001) 23% - reached its peak
In contrast, there was a drop of 10% from 15% in the proportion of money distributed to furniture
and equipment in the first decade, but then it reached its peak in 2001, at 23%.
The chart below shows information about students studying six main subjects at a US university in 2010

INTRODUCTION

Subject Verb What Where When

Đề bài The chart shows students studying six main subjects in 2010
below information at a US university
about
Paraphrase The bar Illustrates/ the number of male and female in the year 2010
chat compares undergraduates selecting
six different subjects as their major
in a US college

The bar chart compares the number of male and female undergraduates selecting six different subjects as
their major in a US college in the year 2010.

OVERVIEW

1. The highest figure: Finance >< The smallest figure: Engineering

Overall, finance was the most chosen area of qualifications among both sexes, whereas the opposite was
true for engineering

2. The most significant difference: mathematics

In addition, the most significant difference was in the number of males and females enrolling in
mathematics.
BODY 1.

1. Finance (female = male = 230)

In detail, at approximately 230 students, the number of female finance students was as high as
male enrollment.
2. Accounting & marketing
As opposed to this, accounting and marketing attracted more females.
o Accounting (females = 200 > males = 170)
The numbers of females pursuing the former subject were 200, 30 students higher than their male
counterparts.
o Marketing (females = 120 > male students = 80)
Similarly, enrollment for the latter stood at about 120 females, in comparison with only 80 male
students.

BODY 2.

1. Mathematics (male students = 200 > 3 x 60 = females – more than triple)

As for the remaining subjects, male mathematics students stood at 200, more than triple that of
females.
2. Economics (male = 150 = 2 x female – almost twice as many as …)
Similarly, the figure for male economics students was 150, almost twice as many as female
economics students.
3. Engineering (males = 55 ~ female = 52)
The numbers of males and females who studied engineering were relatively smaller, with around
55 and 52 students, respectively.
The graph below shows the numbers of male and female research students studying six computer
science subjects at US university in 2011

INTRODUCTION
The bar chart compares the numbers of male and female students enrolling in six different
information technology subjects at an American university in 2011.

OVERVIEW
1. The highest figure: Male students (except for Linguistics and Natural Sciences)
Overall, male students were predominant in all courses, except for Linguistics and Natural
Sciences.
2. The most significant difference: Mathematics
In addition, the most significant difference in the number of male and female learners was
recorded in Mathematics.

BODY 1.
1. Mathematics & Mathematics
o Male (200)
As for male-dominated subjects, at 200 entries, the number of male undergraduates pursuing
Mathematics was equal to that of Psychology.
o Psychology: (total = 375 ; male = 175 = 25 females fewer → the gender gap was smaller)
However, the gender gap in Psychology was smaller, with 25 females fewer within the total 375
students,
o Mathematics (male = 30 → female ~ 7 x male)
while male learners majoring in Mathematics were almost seven times as many as their female
counterparts.

2. Engineering and Programming

o 150 male & 75 females
Engineering and Programming attracted similar numbers of learners of both genders,
standing at 150 males as opposed to about 75 females.

BODY 2.

1. Linguistics (120 females > 60 males)

In contrast, Linguistics experienced a completely opposite gender pattern, as female
enrollments were higher, with approximately 120 females compared to 60 males.

2. Natural sciences (male = female = 200) ↔ the most chosen area of qualifications
The number of female and male students choosing Natural Sciences was the same at 200,
making it the most chosen area of qualifications for both genders.
INTRODUCTION

The bar chart compares the number of men and women majoring in six arts-related disciplines at a

UK institution in 2011.

OVERVIEW

1. The highest figure (English language & Literature)

Overall, English language & Literature was the most attractive area of qualification among both

sexes.

2. Trend (female > male; except for Art & Design)

In addition, except for Art & Design, almost all of the courses recorded a predominance of female

students.

3. The largest gap: Philosophy

Philosophy had the largest gender gap.

BODY 1. Three most popular subjects

1. English language & Literature (the highest figure - 250 females, 230 male learners)

As for the three most popular subjects, females majoring in English language & Literature made up 250
people, as opposed to about 230 male learners.

2. Linguistics (the second highest number – 240 females & 180 males)

Linguistics secured the second highest number of students, with 240 females and 180 males.

3. Communication & Media Study (the third biggest number – 210 males and 270 females)

Similar to this, Communication & Media Study attracted the third biggest number of students, at around
210 males and 270 females.

BODY 2. Subjects record a much smaller number of students

Regarding other subjects, History & Archeology, Art & Design, and Philosophy recorded a much smaller
number of students.

1. History & Archeology and Philosophy (125 and 150 women = three times x men)

History & Archeology and Philosophy recorded the fewest female students, at around 125 and 150 women;
but they were still two to three times as high as men.

2. Art & Design (180 males and 160 females) (ONLY subject males > females)

Art & Design, conversely, was the only subject where male students outnumbered females (180 males and
160 females).
Paraphrase

• Countryside → rural area

• Shop → store
• Housing → accommodation/housing area
• Car park → parking lot
• Dual carriageway → Highway/divided highway
• Bus station → bus stop
• Pedestrians only → pedestrian precinct
• Shopping center → shopping mall

INTRODUCTION
Subject Verb What Where When
Đề bài The maps show The center of a small town In 2010 and 2015
called Islip
Paraphrase The maps/ illustrate/ • The layout/changes of the Between
the diagrams compare town center of Islip 2010 and 2015
• How Islip town center
changed/developed

The maps illustrate the layout of the town center of Islip between 2010 and 2015
OVERVIEW

Thay đổi chung (completely transformed) Overall, the town of Islip was completely
transformed …

Sự thay đổi nổi bật (new facilities & more housing … with new facilities built and more housing
provided) provided

BODY 1.

Vị trí và phương hướng của đường chính In 2010, there was a main road running from east to west

(Main road – running from east to west & across the center of Islip.

lined by stores)
The road was lined with two rows of stores.

Miêu tả khu vực phía Bắc (A rural area) The northern side of the main road was a rural area.

Miêu tả khu vực phía Nam

o Housing (two parallel housing areas) On the opposite side, there were two parallel housing areas.

o School & Park & side road (đường

A school was located to the left of these accommodations,
nhánh)
while a park stood on the right. Both the school and the park

were connected to the main road by side roads.

BODY 2.

Chuyển đoạn với từ nối chỉ thời gian Five years lates, the most notable change was the

o Thời gian: Five years lates construction of a highway circling the town.

o Thay đổi nhiều nhất: Construction –

Highway circling the town

Sự thay đổi của khu vực trung tâm The main road was converted into a pedestrian

(main road → a pedestrian precinct) precinct and

Sự thay đổi của khu vực phía Bắc

o Stores → demolished the stores to the north of it were demolished.

o Bus stop, parking lot: build In their place, a bus stop and a parking lot were

o Shopping mall: in the middle - constructed built with a newly constructed shopping mall in the

middle

Sự thay đổi của khu vực phía Nam

o Accommodation: was built – the south of More accommodation was also built to the south of

pedestrian zone the pedestrian zone. The park was made smaller to

o Park: was made smaller make way for this development while the school on

o School (on the left) remained the same the left remained the same.
INTRODUCTION

The pictures illustrate how the library layout changed between 5 years ago and today.

OVERVIEW

Thay đổi chung (completely transformed) Overall, the library has been completely changed.

Sự thay đổi nổi bật (new facilities & more housing In addition, more facilities have been added and
provided) several rooms have been repurposed.
BODY 1

Sự thay đổi The library had a different layout five years ago.

A long desk → computer usage On the upper right-hand side, a long desk was
reserved for computer usage.

Spacious library office (opposite corner) On the opposite corner, there was a spacious
library office. Two bookshelves stood on the front
Two bookshelves (stood on the front and the back)
and the back of the library, with four sets of private

Four sets of private studying tables (in between) studying tables in between.

3 adjacent rooms On the west end, there were three adjacent rooms:
a classroom, a meeting room, and a room for book
borrowing and returning.
BODY 2

Add facilities (most on the east) At present, more facilities have been added, with

the most dramatic change taking place on the east

of the library.

On the top right corner: The computer desk → The computer desk on the top right corner is now

students’ personal laptops used for students' personal laptops, while the

library office has been replaced by a conference

Library office → a conference
room.

Bookshelf (on the northern): no change There was no change to the northern bookshelf, but

the shelf on the south has been demolished to make

Bookshelf (on the south) demolished → laptop desk
way for another laptop desk.

Add more sets of tables Two more sets of tables have been added next to

the old ones to cater to more visitors.

The meeting room: remained On the left-hand side, the meeting room remained

the same.

The returning desk & borrowing desk → separated However, next to it, the returning desk and

into 2 rooms borrowing desk were separated into two rooms.

Classroom → a recording studio The classroom has been converted into a recording

studio.
INTRODUCTION

The pictures illustrate the transformation of a coastal land into a park

OVERVIEW

Overall, major changes/significant changes have occurred in the area, including the addition of
more green spaces and the introduction of various facilities
BODY 1. Before development

A road Before development, there was a road running

from east to west of the area. This road was
o Running from east to west
connected to two farm buildings in the center of
o Connected to two farm buildings through a
the area through a side road.
side road (thông qua một con đường phụ)

o The left: wasteland (đất hoang) & animal Wasteland and animal shelters were located to the
shelters (trại động vật) left of these structures, while farmland was on the
o The right: farmland (đất công nghiệp) opposite side.

o A cliff (vách đá) ↔ separating it from the A cliff stood in front of this area, separating it from
beach (ngăn cách nó khỏi bãi biển) the beach.

BODY 2. After development

o The road ↔ remains unchanged Currently, the road remains unchanged, but the
o Farm buildings → A parking lot farm buildings have been replaced with a parking
lot

o Establish a new coffee shop A new coffee shop was also established between
this place and the main road.

o Build a footpath (lối đi bộ) A footpath was built from west to east, surrounding
a new lake to the west and woodland (rừng cây) to
the east (ở phía đông).

o Plant trees → provide additional shade Trees are planted around the lake to provide
(bóng râm) additional shade for visitors.

o Add steps (thêm bậc thang) on the cliff Finally, on the cliff, steps were added, opening a
(trên vách đá) path to the beach.
INTRODUCTION

The plans illustrate how the first floor of an art gallery changed from 2005 to present day

OVERVIEW

1. Thay đổi chung (completely transformed)

Overall, the gallery has been completely transformed.

2. Thay đổi nổi bật (add facilities and rooms)

In addition, several facilities and rooms have been added to this location
BODY 1. Art gallery 2005

• Hall (enter through entrance – to the south)

In 2005, visitors could enter the art gallery hall through the main entrance to the south.

• A reception desk (far end of hall, in front of Stair – at the back)

There was a reception desk at the far end of the hall, in front of the stairs at the back.

• Exhibition rooms 1-3: side by side – east wing

On the east wing of the gallery, three exhibition rooms were situated side by side.

• Café, gallery office, exhibition room 4: on the opposite side

On the opposite side, there was only one exhibition room, a cafe, and a gallery office.

▪ Café: located – upper west corner, next to Office

The cafe was located on the upper west corner, next to the office.

▪ Exhibition room 4: biggest room on west wing – take up entire southwest corner

Exhibition room 4 was the biggest room on the west ring, taking up the entire southwest

corner.
BODY 2. Art gallery now

• Wheelchair ramp: added outside – lead to entrance

At present, a wheelchair ramp leading to the entrance has been added outside the gallery.
• Reception desk: moved – middle of grand hall → convenient for visitors
The reception desk has been moved to the middle of the grand hall, which has made it more
convenient for visitors.
• Lift: constructed – next to stairs
A new lift has been constructed next to the old stairs.
• Exhibition rooms 1-3: right-hand side – stayed the name
The exhibition rooms on the right-hand side have stayed the same.
• West wing
The most noticeable change takes place on the west wing.
• Café: made smaller → gallery shop
The cafe has been made smaller and converted into a gallery shop.
• Gallery office: demolished → vending machines
Next to this, the gallery office has been demolished to make way for a vending machine.
• Exhibition room → 2 rooms
On the bottom left corner, exhibition room 4 has been divided into two rooms, namely a children's
area, which is on the lower left-hand side corner, and a temporary exhibition next to that.
 INTRODUCTION

Graph name Verb What

Đề bài The diagram below shows how ethanol fuel is produced from corn

Paragraphs The picture/process illustrates/details the steps involved in producing ethanol fuel from corn

The picture details the steps involved in producing ethanol fuel from corn

OVERVIEW

1. Đặc điểm chung nhất (General detail)

o 9 steps (9 bước)

o Thời lượng: 57 hours

o Các bước chính: mechanical processing

Overall, this process includes 9 steps in total, with about 57 hours of mechanical processing,

2. Đặc điểm cụ thể (specific detail)

o Bước đầu: harvesting (thu hoạch)

o Bước cuối: delivering the final product to gas stations

beginning with harvesting the plants and concluding with delivering the final product to gas stations
BODY 1. Step 1 – Step 4

Step 1. Harvested & Step 2. Stored in a barn

At the first stage of the process, the corn is harvested before being stored in a barn

Câu chuyển ý sang step 3 (different machines)

Next, the crop is processed under different machines

Step 3. Use a milling machine & step 4. Cooking (4 hours)

Firstly, the milling machine is used to turn the corn into flour, which is then cooked for 4 hours

Nguyên liệu phụ của step 4 (add water)

Water is added in the cooking step

BODY 2. Step 5 – step 9

Chuyển ý sang bước 5

Once the corn (now flour) is cooked, it is fermented for two days using another machine

Step 6. Separated = liquid (removed) + solid by-product (Step 7. purified → ethanol)

After the fermentation process, it is separated into both liquid and solid. While the sold is

removed the liquid is purified to produce ethanol

Step 8,9. Stored into trucks → shipped to gas stations

Finally, the final product is stored into truck, and ready to be shipped to gas stations
 The diagram shows the stages involved in the process of making leather goods

INTRODUCTION

The diagram depicts the main stages in the process of converting animal hide into leather goods

OVERVIEW 11 steps (Bước đầu: Drying → Bước cuối: Product manufacture)

Overall, the process of making leather goods goes through 11 steps, starting from drying and

ending with product manufacture

BODY

Step 1. Dry animal skin

At the first step of the process, the hide is dried in open air

Step 2. Transport to factories (for processing)

Next, lorries transport the dried hide to factories for processing

Step 3. Washing = lime water → Step 4. soaking in lime

After arriving at the factory, the skin is cleaned in lime water and then soaked in lime

Step 4. Send to a large roller to flatten

Subsequently, the hide is sent to a large roller where it is flattened

Step 5. Tannin = water + vegetable matter

At the following stage, workers submerged the flattened animal skin in a liquid called tannin, a

mixture of vegetable matter and water

Step 6. Polishing

This is followed by a polishing stage where other rollers but smaller than in the precious step are used

Step 7. Transport to factory → Manufacture into various products (shoes, handbags, sports equipment)

Finally, the leather is transported to a different factory where it is manufactured into various

products such as shoes, handbags and sport equipment.

INTRODUCTION

The diagram details/illustrates the design of contemporary landfill for domestic waste and how it works

OVERVIEW (4 stages ; bước đầu: digging a hole, bước cuối: adding gases into the waste pit)

Overall, the process can be divided into 4 stages, beginning with digging a hole and ending with adding

gases into the waste pit to decompose the waste

BODY 1

Step 1. Create storage for household waste (tạo kho chứa rác thải sinh hoạt) = manually dig (đào

đất thủ công) → artificial crater (hố nhân tạo)

At the first stage of the process, to create storage for household waste, people manually dig the ground

until an artificial crater is formed.

Step 2. Cover the hole = a layer of synthetic lining (lớp phủ tổng hợp) + a layer of clay (một lớp phủ

đất sét)

Next, the sides of this hole are covered with a layer of synthetic lining, before a layer of clay is applied.

Step 3. Install a system of drainage pipes (lắp đặt hệ thống ống thoát nước) + draignage tank (bể

thoát nước) underneath (bên dưới hệ thống này)

On the bottom of the hole, a system of drainage pipes is installed. At the same time, a drainage tank is

placed underneath.

BODY 2

• Transport household waste to landfill → release directly into the hole

At the subsequent step, trucks transport household waste to the land fill and release it directly into

the hole

• Liquid from the waste

Then, liquid from the waste trickles down (chảy nhỏ giọt xuống) into the drainage tank (vào bể

thoát nước)

• Shut the hole (bịt kín miệng hố) = a clay lid (một lớp đất sét)

After being filled with waste, the hole is completely shut using a clay lid.

• Transfer gases (dẫn gas) = into the sealed landfill (vào bãi chôn lấp đã được bịt kín) →

decompose the waste (để phân hủy rác thải)

Finally, a pipe transfers gases into the sealed landfill to decompose the waste.
 The diagram shows how sugar is made from sugar canes

INTRODUCTION

The diagram depicts the steps involved in producing sugar from sugar canes.

OVERVIEW (7 stages; bước đầu: growing sugar cane; drying and cooling the final product)

Overall, the process can be divided into seven stages, starting with growing sugar cane, and ending with

drying and cooling the final product.

BODY 1.

Step 1. Grow sugar canes

At the first stage, sugar canes are grown in plantations.

Step 2. Harvested (after 12-18 months, by hand/by machine)

After 12 to 18 months, they are harvested either by hand or by machine.

Step 3. Crush (ép, nghiền) the harvested canes → squeeze out (ép ra, vắt ra) the juice

The harvested canes are then crushed in a machine to squeeze out the juice.

BODY 2.

Step 4. Pour juice into a funnel (đổ vào phễu) + limestone filter (bộ lọc đá vôi) → purification (tinh

lọc, làm sạch)

At the following stage, the juice from sugar canes is poured into a funnel with a limestone filter

for purification.

Step 4. Heat (đun nóng) the juice → evaporate the water (làm bay hơi nước) → form a syrup (tạo

thành siro)

Next, the juice is heated to evaporate the water and form a syrup.

Step 5. Separate the sugar crystals (tách tinh thể đường) (To separate … from …: để tách … khỏi … )

Once this is done (khi bước này hoàn tất), the syrup is spun in a centrifuge (được quay trong máy

ly tâm) to separate the sugar crystals (tinh thể đường) from the remaining liquid (phần chất lỏng

còn lại).

Step 6. Dry and cool sugar crystals

Finally, sugar crystals are dried (được làm khô) and cooled before they are ready for consumption.
INTRODUCTION

The diagram details the process of composting domestic waste.

OVERVIEW (6 months ; 5 steps ; bước đầu: preparing a compost bin ; bước cuối: creating fertilier)

Overall, waste takes 6 months to decompose. The process can be divided into 5 steps, starting with

preparing a compost bin and ending with creating fertilizer.

BODY 1

Step 1. Prepare a plastic container (2m3) + pierce its side (đục các mặt bên) → create vents (tạo các lỗ

thông khí)

In the first step, farmers prepare a plastic container with a volume of 2 cubic meters. They also pierce

its sides to create vents to allow free air flow.

Step 2. Shredded (xé nhỏ) waste into small pieces + Layered on top of each other (được xếp thành từng

lớp chồng lên nhau)

Then, waste is shredded into small pieces and subsequently layered on top of each other inside the bin.

Thứ tự các lớp

Food goes to the bottom, then grass clippings (lớp cỏ cắt) and newspaper pieces (mẩu báo) on top.

Đặc điểm của các lớp (15 centimeters in thickness)

Each of these layers should be approximately 15 centimeters in thickness.

BODY 2

Step 3. Begin decomposition (bắt đầu phân hủy): add 2 substances (nitrogen + hot water)

In the following steps, two substances are added to the compost pile to begin decomposition: nitrogen

and hot water.

Step 4. Top sealed

Heat produced → escapes through the vents (thoát ra qua các lỗ thông khí)

The top is then sealed and the heat produced from the reaction escapes through the vents.

Step 5. Waste becomes fertilizer ( 6 months later)

Finally, 6 months later, the waste becomes fertilizer for gardening purposes.