9/14/2024
Thomas’ Calculus: Early Transcendentals
Fifteenth Edition
Chapter 1
Functions
Slide - 1
Section 1.5
Inverse Functions and Logarithms
Example Exercises
1 – 5 , 8(a) 5,20,49 ,52,56, 65(d,e,f)
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One-to-One Functions The Horizontal Line Test
A function 𝑓 is called a one to one A function 𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑥) is one-to-one if
function and only if its graph intersects each
horizontal line at most once.
if 𝒇 𝒙𝟏 ≠ 𝒇 𝒙𝟐 whenever 𝒙𝟏 ≠ 𝒙𝟐
or if 𝒇 𝒙𝟏 = 𝒇 𝒙𝟐 ⇒ 𝒙𝟏 = 𝒙𝟐
𝑓(𝑥) is not one to one
since 𝑓 𝑥1 = 𝑓 𝑥2
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Example 1
Which of the following functions are one-to-one, and which are not?
𝑎 𝑦 = 𝑥3, 𝑏 𝑦= 𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑥3
𝑦= 𝑥
One-to-one
Graph meets each horizontal line at most once.
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Example 1
Which of the following functions are one-to-one, and which are not?
𝑐 𝑦 = 𝑥2 𝑑 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
Same 𝒚-value
Not one-to-one
Graph meets one or more horizontal lines more than once.
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Identifying One-to-One Functions Graphically
Exercise 5
1
Determine whether the function 𝑓 𝑥 = is one-to-one.
𝑥
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Inverse Functions
Let 𝑓 be a one-to-one function with domain 𝐷 and range 𝐵. Then the
inverse function 𝒇−𝟏 is defined by
𝑓 −1 𝑏 = 𝑎 ⇔ 𝑓 𝑎 = 𝑏
The domain of 𝑓 −1 is 𝐵 and the range of 𝑓 −1 is 𝐷.
domain of 𝑓 −1 = range of 𝑓
range of 𝑓 −1 = domain of 𝑓
Don’t mistake the (-1) in 𝑓 −1 for an
exponent. Thus:
−1
1
𝑓 𝑥 ≠ = 𝑓 𝑥 −1
𝑓(𝑥)
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Example 2
Suppose a one-to-one function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is given by a table of values
𝑥 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
𝑓(𝑥) 3 4.5 7 10.5 15 20.5 27 34.5
Find a table for the values of 𝑥 = 𝑓 −1 (𝑦) .
𝑦
𝑓 −1 (𝑦)
Cancellation Equations
Composing a function and its inverse has the same effect as doing nothing.
𝑓 −1 ∘ 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓 −1 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑥 ∈ 𝐷𝑓
𝑓 ∘ 𝑓 −1 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑓 −1 (𝑦)) = 𝑦, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑦 ∈ 𝐷 𝑓−1=𝑅 𝑓
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How to draw the graph of 𝑓 −1
The graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) is obtained
by reflecting the graph 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) about the line 𝑦 = 𝑥.
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Example The figure which represents a graph of a function and it’s
inverse at the same coordinates axes is
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11
How to Find the Inverse Function of a
𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝒕𝒐 𝒐𝒏𝒆 function
1 Write 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥
2 Solve this equation for 𝑥 in terms of 𝑦 if possible.
3 Express 𝑓 −1 as a function of 𝑥, interchange 𝑥 and 𝑦.
The resulting equation is 𝑦 = 𝑓 −1 (𝑥)
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Example 3
1
Find the inverse of 𝑦 = 2 𝑥 + 1, expressed as a function of 𝑥.
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Example 4
Find the inverse of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 , 𝑥 ≥ 0, expressed as a function of 𝑥.
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Exercise 20
Find a formula for 𝑓 −1 .
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 , 𝑥 ≤ 0
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Logarithmic Functions
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Logarithmic Functions
If 𝑎 > 0 , 𝑎 ≠ 1, then the exponential function with base 𝑎 , 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑥 is one
to one and has an inverse function 𝑓 −1 which is called the logarithmic
function with base 𝒂 and is denoted by 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎
𝑓 −1 𝑥 = 𝑦 ⇔ 𝑓 𝑦 = 𝑥
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑦 ⇔ 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑦
1 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑥 ∀ 𝑥∈ℝ
𝑫𝒐𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏 =
2 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑥 ∀ 𝑥>0 𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 =
Reflect about
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 𝒙
is the exponent to which the base 𝑎 must be raised to give 𝑥.
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Natural Logarithmic Functions
The logarithm with base ⅇ is called natural logarithm
and it has a special notation
𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 ,
𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑥 = ⅇ 𝑦
1 𝑙𝑛 ⅇ 𝑥 = 𝑥 ∀ 𝑥∈ℝ
𝒍𝒏 𝒆 =− −
𝒍𝒏 𝟏 =− −
2 ⅇ 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑥 ∀ 𝑥>0
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Properties of Logarithms
If 𝑥 and 𝑦 are positive numbers, then: 4 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥 𝑟 = 𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑎𝑟 = 𝑟
1 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑦 𝒍𝒏 𝒙𝒓 = 𝒓 𝒍𝒏 𝒙 𝒍𝒏 𝒆𝒓 = 𝒓
𝒍𝒏 𝒙𝒚 = 𝒍𝒏 𝒙 + 𝒍𝒏 𝒚
𝑥
5 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑦
2 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥
𝒙
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒆 𝒙 = 𝒍𝒏 𝒙 𝒍𝒏 𝒚 = 𝒍𝒏 𝒙 − 𝒍𝒏 𝒚
1
3 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 1 = 0 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑎 = 1 6 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 = − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥
𝑥
𝟏
𝒍𝒏 𝟏 = 𝟎 𝒍𝒏𝒆 = 𝟏 𝒍𝒏 = − 𝒍𝒏 𝒙
𝒙
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Example 5
Use the properties of logarithms to rewrite the following expressions :
𝑎 𝑙𝑛4 + ln 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 =
𝑥+1
𝑏 𝑙𝑛 =
2𝑥 − 3
1
𝑐 𝑙𝑛 =
8
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Exercise 49 Exercise 52
Solve for 𝑦 in terms of 𝑡. Solve for 𝑦 in terms of 𝑡.
ln 𝑐 − 2𝑦 = 𝑡
𝑙𝑛𝑦 = 2𝑡 + 4
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Exercise 56 Exercise 65
Solve for 𝑘. Simplify the following expressions
5𝑘
1
𝑎 ⅇ = 𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑔4 16
4
𝑏 80ⅇ 𝑘 = 1 ⅇ 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 3
1
𝑙𝑛0.8 𝑘 𝑓 𝑙𝑜𝑔4
𝑐 ⅇ = 0.8 4
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Exercise
Simplify the following expressions
1 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 1000 =−− − 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 0.001 =−−− −
3 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 4 = −−−−− − 4 𝑙𝑜𝑔9 3 =−−−−− −
1 6 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 1 =−− −
5 𝑙𝑜𝑔5 =−−−−− −
25
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Exercise 81
Start with the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛𝑥 . Find an equation of the graph that
results from
a. shifting down 3 units.
b. shifting right 1 unit.
c. shifting left 1, up 3 units.
d. shifting down 4, right 2 units.
e. reflecting about the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
f. reflecting about 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
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Inverse Trigonometric Functions
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Domain restrictions that make the trigonometric
functions one-to-one
Since these restricted functions are now one-to-one, they have inverses,
which we denote by
−1
1
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 ≠ = 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥
1 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
−1
1
−1
2 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 ≠ = 𝑠ⅇ𝑐𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
1
3 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 ≠ = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥
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(1) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
From the graph, 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 is not 1 − 1 function by the horizontal line test, but if we
𝜋 𝜋
restrict the domain to − 2 , 2 , then it will be 1 − 1 and we can define an inverse
function 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥.
The graph of 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 is obtained by reflecting the graph of the restricted 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
through the line 𝑦 = 𝑥.
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 𝒙
Domain= Domain=
Range= Range=
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function Slide - 26
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𝜋
𝜋 𝜋 2
− 2 ≤ 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 ≤ 2 , therefore 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 is either in the
1𝑠𝑡 qurarter
4𝑡ℎ quarter
𝜋
−
2
1
𝜋 𝜋
𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 𝑥 − 2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2 , 𝑥 ∈ 𝐷𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
Example
−1
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 =𝑥 −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1, 𝑥 ∈ 𝐷 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥
Find 𝐷𝑓 , 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥 − 1)
𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 = 𝑦 ⇔ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 = 𝑥
𝜋 𝜋
−1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1 , − ≤ 𝑦 ≤
2 2
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(2) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 𝒙
𝐃𝐨𝐦𝐚𝐢𝐧 =
𝐃𝐨𝐦𝐚𝐢𝐧 =
Range=
𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥 = 𝑦 ⇔ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 = 𝑥 Range=
−1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1, 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝜋
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1𝑠𝑡 qurarter
𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 𝒙 is either in the
2𝑛𝑑 quarter
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 𝑥 , 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋 , 𝑥 ∈ 𝐷𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥 = 𝑥 , −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1, 𝐷𝑐𝑜𝑠−1𝑥
𝜋−𝜃 𝜃
𝜋+𝜃 2𝜋 − 𝜃
−𝜃
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(3) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒙
𝑫=
𝑫= 𝑹=
𝑹=
Odd function
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𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 ⇔ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑦 = 𝑥
𝜋 𝜋
𝑥 ∈ −∞, ∞ , − < 𝑦 <
2 2
𝜋
2
1𝑠𝑡 qurarter
𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒙 is either in the
4𝑡ℎ quarter
𝜋
−
2
𝜋 𝜋
1 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 = 𝑥 − < 𝑥 < , 𝐷𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
2 2
2 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑥 ∈ ℝ, 𝐷𝑡𝑎𝑛−1𝑥
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Example 8 (a)
3
Evaluate 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛
2
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33
Exercise
Simplify the expression cos tan−1 𝑥 .
𝑥
𝜃
1
Exercise
Simplify the expression sin 2𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 .
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HOMEWORK
1,3,7,19,25,41,47,51,59,66 (d,e.f)
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