Subject: Object Oriented Programming [C++]

Name: ANKIT SUNIL KHARADE

using namespace std;

// Function to read the numbers into the array

void readArray(int arr[], int size) {

cout << "Enter " << size << " numbers:" << endl;

for (int i = 0; i < size; ++i) {

cin >> arr[i];

// Function to display the array

void displayArray(int arr[], int size) {

cout << "Array elements: ";

for (int i = 0; i < size; ++i) {

cout << arr[i] << " ";

cout << endl;

// Function to swap two elements

void swap(int &a, int &b) {

int temp = a;

a = b;

b = temp;

// Function to sort the array using Bubble Sort

void sortArray(int arr[], int size) {

for (int i = 0; i < size - 1; ++i) {

for (int j = 0; j < size - i - 1; ++j) {

if (arr[j] > arr[j + 1]) {

swap(arr[j], arr[j + 1]); // Swap if elements are in the wrong order

}}}}

int main() {
 int size;

// Ask user for the size of the array

cout << "Enter the size of the array: ";

cin >> size;

int arr[size]; // Declare the array

// Call functions

readArray(arr, size); // Read the array

cout << "Before sorting:" << endl;

displayArray(arr, size); // Display the unsorted array

sortArray(arr, size); // Sort the array

cout << "After sorting:" << endl;

displayArray(arr, size); // Display the sorted array

return 0;

Call By value
#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

void callByValue(int num) {

num = num + 10; // Modify the copy of num

cout << "Inside callByValue, num = " << num << endl;

int main() {

int x = 5;

cout << "Before callByValue, x = " << x << endl;

callByValue(x); // Pass by value

cout << "After callByValue, x = " << x << endl; // x is not changed

return 0;

}
Call By reference
#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

void callByReference(int &num) {

num = num + 10; // Modify the original num

cout << "Inside callByReference, num = " << num << endl;

int main() {

int x = 5;

cout << "Before callByReference, x = " << x << endl;

callByReference(x); // Pass by reference

cout << "After callByReference, x = " << x << endl; // x is changed

return 0;

}
 Subject: Object Oriented Programming [C++]
Name: ANKIT SUNIL KHARADE
Roll No: 53
Practical No: 2- Write a C++ program that illustrates the concept of Function over
loading.
#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

// Function to add two integers

int add(int a, int b) {

return a + b;}

// Function to add three integers

int add(int a, int b, int c) {

return a + b + c; }

// Function to add two floating-point numbers

float add(float a, float b) {

return a + b; }

int main() {

int x = 10, y = 20, z = 30;

float p = 10.5, q = 20.3;

// Calling the overloaded add function for integers (2 arguments)

cout << "Sum of " << x << " and " << y << " = " << add(x, y) << endl;

// Calling the overloaded add function for integers (3 arguments)

cout << "Sum of " << x << ", " << y << " and " << z << " = " << add(x, y, z) << endl;

// Calling the overloaded add function for floats

cout << "Sum of " << p << " and " << q << " = " << add(p, q) << endl;

return 0;}
 Subject: Object Oriented Programming [C++]
Name: ANKIT SUNIL KHARADE
Roll No: 53
Practical No: 3- Write a program in C++ to perform following operations on complex
numbers Add, Subtract, Multiply, Divide, Complex conjugate. Design the class for
complex number representation and the operations to be performed.
#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

class Complex {

private:

float real, imag;

public:

// Constructor to initialize real and imaginary parts

Complex(float r = 0, float i = 0) : real(r), imag(i) {}

// Function to display the complex number

void display() const {

cout << real;

if (imag >= 0) cout << " + " << imag << "i";

else cout << " - " << -imag << "i";

cout << endl;

// Overload the + operator to add two complex numbers

Complex operator + (const Complex &other) {

return Complex(real + [Link], imag + [Link]);

// Overload the - operator to subtract two complex numbers

Complex operator - (const Complex &other) {

return Complex(real - [Link], imag - [Link]);

// Overload the * operator to multiply two complex numbers

Complex operator * (const Complex &other) {

return Complex(real * [Link] - imag * [Link],

real * [Link] + imag * [Link]);

// Overload the / operator to divide two complex numbers

float denominator = [Link] * [Link] + [Link] * [Link];

float realPart = (real * [Link] + imag * [Link]) / denominator;

float imagPart = (imag * [Link] - real * [Link]) / denominator;

return Complex(realPart, imagPart);

// Function to find the complex conjugate

Complex conjugate() {

return Complex(real, -imag);

};

int main() {

Complex num1(4, 5), num2(2, 3);

cout << "Complex Number 1: ";

[Link]();

cout << "Complex Number 2: ";

[Link]();

// Add the complex numbers

Complex sum = num1 + num2;

cout << "Sum: ";

[Link]();

// Subtract the complex numbers

Complex diff = num1 - num2;

cout << "Difference: ";

[Link]();

// Multiply the complex numbers

Complex product = num1 * num2;

cout << "Product: ";

[Link]();

// Divide the complex numbers

Complex quotient = num1 / num2;

cout << "Quotient: ";

[Link]();

// Complex conjugate of num1

Complex conj1 = [Link]();

cout << "Complex Conjugate of num1: ";

return 0;

}
 Subject: Object Oriented Programming [C++]
Name: ANKIT SUNIL KHARADE
Roll No: 53
Practical No: 4- Write a program in C++ to implement Stack. Design the class for
stack and the operations to be performed on stack.
#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

class Stack {

private:

int *arr; // Array to store stack elements

int top; // Index of the top element in the stack

int capacity; // Maximum capacity of the stack

public:

// Constructor to initialize the stack with a given capacity

Stack(int size) {

capacity = size;

arr = new int[capacity]; // Dynamically allocate memory for the stack

top = -1; // Stack is empty initially

// Destructor to free dynamically allocated memory

~Stack() {

delete[] arr;

// Function to check if the stack is empty

bool isEmpty() {

return top == -1;

// Function to check if the stack is full

bool isFull() {

return top == capacity - 1;

// Function to add an element to the stack (push)

void push(int value) {

if (isFull()) {

cout << "Stack Overflow! Unable to push " << value << endl;

} else {
 arr[++top] = value; // Increment top and add the value to the stack

cout << value << " pushed to stack." << endl;

// Function to remove the top element from the stack (pop)

int pop() {

if (isEmpty()) {

cout << "Stack Underflow! Unable to pop." << endl;

return -1;

} else {

int poppedValue = arr[top--]; // Return the top value and decrement top

return poppedValue;

// Function to return the top element of the stack (peek)

int peek() {

if (isEmpty()) {

cout << "Stack is empty!" << endl;

return -1;

} else {

return arr[top]; // Return the top element without removing it

// Function to display all the elements in the stack

void display() {

if (isEmpty()) {

cout << "Stack is empty!" << endl;

} else {

cout << "Stack elements: ";

for (int i = 0; i <= top; i++) {

cout << arr[i] << " ";

cout << endl;

};
int main() {

// Create a stack of capacity 5

Stack stack(5);

// Perform operations on the stack

[Link](10);

[Link](20);

[Link](30);

[Link](40);

[Link](50);

[Link](60); // This should cause a Stack Overflow

[Link]();

cout << "Top element is: " << [Link]() << endl;

cout << "Popped element: " << [Link]() << endl;

cout << "Popped element: " << [Link]() << endl;

[Link]();

[Link](60);

[Link]();

return 0;

}
 Subject: Object Oriented Programming [C++]
Name: ANKIT SUNIL KHARADE
Roll No: 53
Practical No: 5- Write a program in C++ to perform following operations on complex
numbers Add, Subtract, Multiply, Divide. Use operator overloading for these
operations.
#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

class Complex {

private:

float real, imag; // real and imaginary parts

public:

// Constructor to initialize the complex number

Complex(float r = 0, float i = 0) : real(r), imag(i) {}

// Overload the + operator to add two complex numbers

Complex operator + (const Complex &other) {

return Complex(real + [Link], imag + [Link]);

// Overload the - operator to subtract two complex numbers

Complex operator - (const Complex &other) {

return Complex(real - [Link], imag - [Link]);

// Overload the * operator to multiply two complex numbers

Complex operator * (const Complex &other) {

return Complex(real * [Link] - imag * [Link],

real * [Link] + imag * [Link]);

Complex operator / (const Complex &other) {

float denominator = [Link] * [Link] + [Link] * [Link];

float realPart = (real * [Link] + imag * [Link]) / denominator;

float imagPart = (imag * [Link] - real * [Link]) / denominator;

return Complex(realPart, imagPart);

void display() const {

cout << real;

else cout << " - " << -imag << "i";

cout << endl;

}};

int main() {

// Create two complex numbers

Complex num1(4, 5), num2(2, 3);

cout << "Complex Number 1: ";

[Link]();

cout << "Complex Number 2: ";

[Link]();

// Add the complex numbers

Complex sum = num1 + num2;

cout << "Sum: ";

[Link]();

// Subtract the complex numbers

Complex diff = num1 - num2;

cout << "Difference: ";

[Link]();

// Multiply the complex numbers

Complex product = num1 * num2;

cout << "Product: ";

[Link]();

// Divide the complex numbers

Complex quotient = num1 / num2;

cout << "Quotient: ";

[Link]();

return 0;
 Subject: Object Oriented Programming [C++]
Name: ANKIT SUNIL KHARADE
Roll No: 53
Practical No: 6- Write a program in C++ to Read and Display the information of
Employee using Multiple Inheritance. Use Basic Info and Department Info as a base
class.
#include <iostream>

#include <string>

using namespace std;

// Base class for storing basic employee information

class BasicInfo {

protected:

string name;

int employeeID;

int age;

public:

// Constructor to initialize basic information

BasicInfo(string n, int id, int a) : name(n), employeeID(id), age(a) {}

// Function to display basic information

void displayBasicInfo() const {

cout << "Name: " << name << endl;

cout << "Employee ID: " << employeeID << endl;

cout << "Age: " << age << endl;

};

// Base class for storing department-related information

class DepartmentInfo {

protected:

string departmentName;

string position;

public:

// Constructor to initialize department information

DepartmentInfo(string deptName, string pos) : departmentName(deptName), position(pos) {}

// Function to display department information

void displayDepartmentInfo() const {

cout << "Department: " << departmentName << endl;

};

// Derived class that inherits from both BasicInfo and DepartmentInfo

class Employee : public BasicInfo, public DepartmentInfo {

public:

// Constructor to initialize all information

Employee(string n, int id, int a, string deptName, string pos)

: BasicInfo(n, id, a), DepartmentInfo(deptName, pos) {}

// Function to display all employee information

void displayEmployeeInfo() const {

displayBasicInfo(); // Display basic information from BasicInfo

displayDepartmentInfo(); // Display department information from DepartmentInfo

};

int main() {

// Create an Employee object

Employee emp("John Doe", 101, 30, "Software Development", "Software Engineer");

// Display the employee's information

cout << "Employee Information:\n";

[Link]();

return 0;

}
 Subject: Object Oriented Programming [C++]
Name: ANKIT SUNIL KHARADE
Roll No: 53
Practical No: 7- Write a program in C++ to implement string class. Write constructors,
destructor, Accepts function and Display function.
#include <iostream>

#include <cstring>

using namespace std;class MyString {

private:

char* str; // Pointer to hold the dynamically allocated string

public:

// Constructor: Initializes the string to an empty string

MyString() {

str = new char[1]; // Allocating memory for an empty string

str[0] = '\0'; // Null-terminate the string

// Constructor: Initializes the string with a given string

MyString(const char* inputStr) {

str = new char[strlen(inputStr) + 1]; // Allocating memory for the string

strcpy(str, inputStr); // Copy the given string into str

// Destructor: Deallocates the memory used by the string

~MyString() {

delete[] str; // Free the allocated memory

// Function to accept a string from the user

void Accepts() {

char temp[100]; // Temporary array to store the input string

cout << "Enter a string: ";

[Link](temp, 100); // Read the string from user

delete[] str; // Free the previous memory

str = new char[strlen(temp) + 1]; // Allocate memory for the new string

strcpy(str, temp); // Copy the new string into str

// Function to display the string

void Display() const {

};

int main() {

// Create a MyString object using default constructor

MyString str1;

[Link](); // Accept input for str1

[Link](); // Display str1

// Create a MyString object using parameterized constructor

MyString str2("Hello, World!");

[Link](); // Display str2

return 0;

}
 Subject: Object Oriented Programming [C++]
Name: ANKIT SUNIL KHARADE
Roll No: 53
Practical No: 8- : Write a C++ program that illustrates run time polymorphism by using
virtual functions.
#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

// Base class

class Shape {

public:

// Virtual function to calculate area (will be overridden by derived classes)

virtual void area() {

cout << "Calculating area of shape..." << endl;

};

// Derived class for Circle

class Circle : public Shape {

private:

double radius;

public:

// Constructor to initialize radius

Circle(double r) : radius(r) {}

// Overriding area function for Circle

void area() override {

cout << "Area of Circle: " << 3.14 * radius * radius << endl; }};

// Derived class for Rectangle

class Rectangle : public Shape {

private:

double length, width;

public:

// Constructor to initialize length and width

Rectangle(double l, double w) : length(l), width(w) {}

// Overriding area function for Rectangle

void area() override {

cout << "Area of Rectangle: " << length * width << endl;}};

class Triangle : public Shape {

double base, height;

public:

// Constructor to initialize base and height

Triangle(double b, double h) : base(b), height(h) {}

// Overriding area function for Triangle

void area() override {

cout << "Area of Triangle: " << 0.5 * base * height << endl; }};

int main() {

// Creating objects of derived classes

Circle circle(5);

Rectangle rectangle(4, 6);

Triangle triangle(3, 7);

// Base class pointers to derived class objects

Shape* shapePtr;

// Pointing to Circle and calling area

shapePtr = &circle;

shapePtr->area(); // Calls Circle's area()

// Pointing to Rectangle and calling area

shapePtr = &rectangle;

shapePtr->area(); // Calls Rectangle's area()

// Pointing to Triangle and calling area

shapePtr = &triangle;

shapePtr->area(); // Calls Triangle's area()

return 0;

}
 Subject: Object Oriented Programming [C++]
Name: ANKIT SUNIL KHARADE
Roll No: 53
Practical No: 9- : Write a C++ program which use try and catch for exception handling.
#include <iostream>

#include <stdexcept> // For standard exceptions

using namespace std;

class DivisionByZeroException : public exception {

public:

const char* what() const noexcept override {

return "Error: Division by zero!";

};

int divide(int a, int b) {

if (b == 0) {

throw DivisionByZeroException(); // Throw custom exception if division by zero

return a / b;

int main() {

int x, y;

cout << "Enter two integers: ";

cin >> x >> y;

try {

// Attempt division and handle any exceptions thrown

int result = divide(x, y);

cout << "Result: " << result << endl;

} catch (const DivisionByZeroException& e) {

// Catching custom exception for division by zero

cout << [Link]() << endl;

} catch (const exception& e) {

// Catching any other standard exceptions

cout << "An error occurred: " << [Link]() << endl;

return 0;