Chapter - 2

Bituminous Materials

This type of asphalt can be obtained from seeps or pools of natural deposit such as Rock in
mountains or native in lakes an example of this sort of asphalt can be found several thousands of
years in Iraq, Trinidad, Bermuda, Los Angeles and California.

The asphalt materials obtained from the distillation of petroleum are in the form of different types
of asphalts, which include:
A. Asphalt Cements
B. Asphalt Cutbacks
C. Emulsified Asphalt
D. Blown Asphalt
1. Slow-curing liquid [Link]-curing cutback [Link]-curing cutback
asphalt asphalt asphalt
Can be obtained directly as slow Can be produced by fluxing or Can be obtained by blending
curing straight run asphalt cutting the residual asphalt asphalt cement with petroleum
through distillation of crude distillate that will evaporate
petroleum. easily.
Diesel or lubricating oil is used as Penetration usually between 120 Naphtha or gasoline is used as a
a solvent. to 150 solvent
Low volatility Kerosene oil or light fuel oil as a High volatility of solvent
solvent
Prime coat, dust control Harden faster than slow curing Tack coat, surface treatment
Curing is the evaporation of Can be used as surface treatment
solvent from cutbacks
RC is recommended for surface MC is recommended for SC is recommended for
dressing and patch work aggregates having less than 20% aggregates having more than
recommended with aggregates fine aggregates. 20% fine aggregates.
containing particularly no fine
aggregates (passing 2.36mm
sieve).

Steps of Working in Field

Same test use for now properties of binder:

Specific Gravity Test: Bitumen binder has specific gravity in the range of 0. 97 to 1.02. In
case bitumen contains mineral impurities, the specific gravity will be higher. Thus, it is possible
for a quantitative extraction of mineral impurity in bitumen.
(𝑐−𝑎)
Specific gravity of solid and semisolid materials = (𝑏−𝑎)−(𝑑−𝑐)
Penetration Test: The grades of the asphalt cement depending on the penetration in 1/10 mm are:
AC 20 – 30 (hard & not effect with temperature) used for inclined planes due to its high viscosity.
AC 40 – 50 used for filling isolation cracks & joints. AC [(60 – 70) hot weather, (80 – 100 & 120
– 150) cold weather] used for highway pavement. AC 200 – 300 for emulsions because his
flexibility.
Softening Point Test: is the temperature in which bitumen change from solid to liquid.
PI = 20(1-25A)/1 + 50A
A = log (pen) – log 800 / T softening point – T penetration

Ductility Test: The distance which bitumen elongates before it breaks a constant temperature.
The Flash Point of a bitumen material is the temperature at which the substance momentarily
takes fire in the form of a flash for a second under specified test conditions.

The Fire Point of a bitumen material is the lowest temperature at which the materials get ignited
and burns on the surface continuously for 5 second under specified test conditions.
Type of
Expected Flash Point, ˚C
Bitumen
AC 175-235
RC < 40
Cutbac MC 40-110
ks SC > 110

Flash Fire

Viscosity Test: Is the resistance to flow different temperature degrees. The purpose of the
Viscosity test is to determine the flow characteristics of asphalt in the range of temperatures
used during application. The Viscosity or Consistency of Asphalt Cement is measured by
either the Say bolt Fural Viscosity Test or the Kinematic Viscosity Test.
The classification The viscosity range The Using
(cst. )
RC , MC & SC 30 30 – 60 Prime coat
RC , MC & SC 70 70 – 140 Prime coat
RC , MC & SC 250 250 – 500 Tack coat
RC , MC & SC 800 800 – 1600 Seal coat
RC , MC & SC 3000 3000 – 6000 Use in cold mixture

Thin-Film Oven (TFO) Test: Simulates short-term aging by heating a film of asphalt binder in
an oven for 5 hours at 163° C (325° F). The effects of heat and air are determined from changes
incurred in physical properties measured before and after the oven treatment by other test
procedures.
Rolling Thin-Film Oven (RTFO)Test: Provides simulated short term aged asphalt binder for
physical property testing. Asphalt binder is exposed to elevated temperatures to simulate
manufacturing and placement aging. The RTFO also provides a quantitative measure of the
volatiles lost during the aging process.

Material Value Specification Property of Concern

Unaged binder Mass loss1 ≤ 1.0% None

TABlE 2: Properties of the Regular Asphalt Binder (40–50) Grades

Test method Regular asphalt
Penetration at 25°C ASTM D5 48
Flash point ASTM D92 296°C
Fire point ASTM D92 345°C
Softening point ASTM D36 48°C
Ductility at 25°C ASTM D113 150 CM
Elastic recovery at 25°C ASTM D6084 16.66%
Sp. Gr. at 25°C ASTM D70 1.05

Test of Aggregate
Aggregates shall be of uniform quality, crushed to size as necessary and shall be composed
of sound, tough, durable particles, or mineral fillers, as required. All materials shall be
clean, free from injurious amounts of clay balls and claycoated particles, gypsum, organic
matter and other deleterious substances.

Sieve Analysis (Gradation)Test: Normal testing would include grain size analysis
because the size of the grains and the distribution of those sizes are important properties.
Basically, mixtures of binder or leveling course consisting of stone, gravel, or slag with
natural or crushed sand and fine mineral particles passing a No. 200 (75-µm) sieve
according to conforming to the requirements of types sub-base.

Specification
Specifications limit ([Link] Iraqi specifications)
Sieve No.
A B C D
3” 100 100 - -
2” 100 100 - -
1’ - 75 – 95 100 100
3/8” 30 – 65 40 – 75 50 – 85 60-100
No. 4 25 – 55 30 – 60 35 – 65 50 - 85
No. 10 15 – 40 20 – 45 25 – 50 40 - 70
No. 40 8 – 20 15 – 30 15 – 30 25 - 45
No. 200 2–8 5 – 15 5 – 15 8 - 15

Los Angeles Abrasion Test: Los Angeles abrasion test on aggregates is the measure of
aggregate toughness and abrasion resistance such as crushing, degradation and
disintegration. This test is carried out by AASHTO T 96 or ASTM C 131: Resistance to
Degradation of Small-Size Coarse Aggregate by Abrasion and Impact in the Los Angeles
Machine.
Aggregate Abrasion Value = ((A-B)/A) X 100

Before After

Specific Gravity Test: Specific gravity of an aggregate has several definitions to account
for the treatment of the surface voids of the aggregate. Based on the type of void being
considered the specific gravity is defined as bulk, apparent and effective. Mark Bulk
Specific Gravity (Gsb) is the ratio of the mass in air of a unit volume of aggregate to the
mass of an equal volume of gas-free distilled water at a specific temperature. The surface
voids of the aggregate are included with the volume of the aggregate.

For large size:

Bulk Specific Gravity (Gsb) = A / B – C

For small size:

Apparent Specific Gravity: (W2 – W1) / [(W4 – W1) - (W3 - W2)]

Mix Design Specification

Table-1 R9/2B Requirement for Penetration- Grade Asphalt Cement

Penetration Grade of Asphalt

Property
40/50 50/60 60/70
1. Penetration at 25 oC, 100gm, 5sec (1/10mm) 40-50 50-60 60-70
2. Ductility at 25 oC, 5cm/min, (cm) >100 >100 >100
 3. Flash point, oC >232 >232 >232
4. Solubility in trichloroethylene, % >99 >99 >99
5. Residue from thin-film oven test
- Retained penetration, % of original >55 >53 >52
- Ductility at 25 oC, 5 cm/min (cm) >25 >40 >50

Table-2 R9/3 Asphalt Mixture

Type I Type II Type IIIA Type IIIB
Binder
Base o
Sieve size mm Surface or Wearing Course
Course rLeveling
Course
% Passing by Weight of Total aggregate + Filler
1 ½ in 37.5 100
1 25.0 90-100 100
¾ 19.0 76-90 90-100 100
½ 12.5 56-80 76-90 90-100 100
⅜ 9.5 48-74 56-80 76-90 90-100
No. 4 4.75 29-59 35-65 44-74 55-85
No. 8 2.36 19-45 23-49 28-58 32-67
No. 50 300 µm 5-17 5-19 5-21 7-23
No. 200 75 µm 2-8 3-9 4-10 4-10
Asphalt Cement (% weightof total mix) 3-5.5 4-6 4-6 4-6

Table-3 R9/4 JOB-MIX FORMULA Tolerances

Tolerance
Aggregate passing sieve 4.75mm (No. 4) or larger ±6%
Aggregate passing sieve 2.36mm (No. 8) to 0.3mm (No. ±4%
50)Filler passing sieve 0.075mm (No. 200) ±2.0%
Asphalt cement ±0.3%
Mix temperature ±15oC

Table 4 Gradation of Aggregate

Sieve Size Weight in gm. of Test Sample for Grade
Passing Retained
A B C D E F G
(mm) on (mm)
80 63 2500
63 50 2500
50 40 5000 5000
 40 25 1250 5000 5000
25 20 1250 5000
20 12.5 1250 2500
12.5 10 1250 2500
10 6.3 2500
6.3 4.75 2500
4.75 2.36 5000
Number of Charges as per Grading of Aggregate
Grading Number of Weight of charge
spheres (gm)
A 12 5000 ± 25
B 11 4584 ± 25
C 8 3330 ± 20
D 6 2500 ± 15
E 12 5000 ± 25
F 12 5000 ± 25
G 12 5000 ± 25

Maximum Permissible Abrasion

Maximum
Permissible
Type of pavement
Abrasion
Value, %
WBM sub base course 60
WBM base course with bituminous surfacing or bituminous bound macadam 50
WMB surfacing course or bituminous penetration macadam 40
Dense bitumen macadam or bituminous surface dressing or cement concrete
35
surface course
Bituminous surface concrete course 30

R9/5 Properties of Asphalt Concrete Mixtures

Property Base Course Binder Course Surface Course
Resistance to plastic flow (ASTM D 1559)
75Blows/End
- Marshall Stability (KN), min 5 7 8
- Marshall Flow (mm) 2-4 2-4 2-4
Voids in Marshall specimen (%) 3-6 3-5 3-5
Voids in mineral aggregate (%), mm. 12 13 14
Immersion-Compression (ASTM D
1075)Index of Retained Strength (%), min. 70 70 70
 R9/5 Number of Blows
Type Of Traffic Low traffic Medium Traffic Heavy Traffic

Volume Of Traffic ESAL<10^4 10^4<ESAL<10^6 ESAL>10^6

No. of Blow/ Face 35 50 75

Volumetric Properties

𝐺𝑚𝑚 − 𝐺𝑚𝑏 𝐺𝑠𝑒−𝐺𝑠𝑏

A.v = Pba = 100 ×Gb
𝐺𝑚𝑚 𝐺𝑠𝑒 ×𝐺𝑠𝑏

100 − 𝑃𝑏
Gse = 100 𝑃𝑏 Pbe = Pb – Pba
−
𝐺𝑚𝑚 𝐺𝑏

100 𝐺𝑚𝑏 ×𝑃𝑠

Gsb = 𝑃𝑠 𝑃𝑏 VMA = 100 –
− 𝐺𝑠𝑏
𝐺𝑠𝑏 𝐺𝑏

𝑉𝑀𝐴−𝐴𝑉 𝑃𝑏
VFA = Dust =
𝑉𝑀𝐴 𝑁𝑜.200

Example: Compute VMA, VFA, dust to asphalt ratio, based on the following information

Mixture bulk specific gravity (Gmb) = 2.428

Asphalt binder specific gravity (Gb) = 1.014
Effective specific gravity of aggregate (Gse) = 2.728
Percent passing No. 200 = 4.5%
Substitute air voids Av due to NAPA guid.
Solution:

Gmm = 2.529 Pb = 4.65%

 Ps = 95.35% Gsb = 2.605

Pbe = 2.895 VMA = 16.65%

VFA = 76% Dust = 1.56%

Example: According to the available data shown in the table 1 and 2 below, compute: Volume-mass
properties of compacted asphalt mix (Gb= 1.03...) using USA asphalt institute procedure to find
the OCA%, after using graph papers to calculate the missing data.

Table-1
Gsb 2.628 2.666 2.674 2.654 2.659 2.662
Blending 6% 34% 28% 21% 11% 100%

Table-2
Asphalt content, W. in air, W. in water, W. SSD, Gmm, Stability, KN Flow,
% gm gm gm gm/cm³ mm
3.5 1240 731 1244 2.520 13.3 2.3
4.0 1243 734 1245 2.502 14.1 2.8
4.5 1247 739 1251 2.483 13.4 3.7
5.0 1248 739 1250 2.465 12.5 4.5
5.5 1249 738 1250 2.447 11.5 6.2

Find by test, Gb = 1.03 and Gsb = 2.662

Gmb, gm/cm³ Stability, KN

2.445 15
2.44 14
2.435 13
Stability
Gmb

2.43 12
2.425 11
2.42 10
2.415 9
3 4 5 6 3 4 5 6
A.C
A.C
 Va,%
5
4
3
Va

2
1
0
3 4 5 6
A.C

Find by figure, Asphalt content =Stability + Unit weight + Air void/3

= 4.15 + 4.75 + 4.25 / 3
= 4.383%

Table-3
Asphalt content,% VMA,% VFA,% Va,%
3.5 12.382 66.330 4.087
4.0 12.295 76.811 2.797
4.5 12.644 84.130 1.933
5.0 12.852 92.234 0.933
5.5 13.417 97.068 0.326

Flow, mm VFA,%
8 120
100
6
80
Flow

VFA

4 60
40
2
20
0 0
3 4 5 6 3 4 5 6
A.C A.C
 VMA,%
13.6
13.4
13.2
13
VMA

12.8
12.6
12.4
12.2
3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6
A.C

Find Blending for Aggregate:

Sieve Analysis Use for Binder Course (Type II)
0-4, mm 4-9, mm 9-19, mm 19-25, mm
Sieve size Specification limits
(D) (C) (B) (A)
25.0 100 100 100 100 100
19.0 100 100 100 55 90-100
12.5 100 100 50 2 70-90
9.5 100 100 4 0 56-80
4.75 100 35 0 0 35-65
2.36 73 3 0 0 23-49
0.300 30 0 0 0 5-19
0.075 87 0 0 0 3-9
Blending 40% 28% 21% 11% 100%
 100

90

80

70
Percentage Passing, %

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
0 5 10 Sieve Size, mm
15 20 25

0-4, mm 4-9, mm 9-19, mm 19-25, mm

Aggregate Gradations Curve

Percentage of Aggregate for Job Mix Formula

Sieve Limitatio Job Mix Specification
A B C D
size n Formula limits
25.4 40 28 21 11 100 100 100
19.1 40 28 21 6 95 89-100 90-100
12.7 40 28 11 0.22 79 74-85 70-90
9.5 40 28 0.84 0 69 63-75 56-80
4.75 40 10 0 0 50 44-56 35-65
2.36 29 0.84 0 0 30 26-34 23-49
0.30 12 0 0 0 12 8-16 5-19
0.075 1 0 0 0 1 0-3 3-9
1. Trial and Error method use for blending:
100A + 100B + 100C + 100D = 100
100A + 100B + 100c + 55D = 95
45D = 5 D = 11.11%

100A + 100B + 100C + 55*0.1111 = 95

100A + 100B + 50c + 2*0.1111 = 80
50C + 5.83 = 15 C = 18%

100A + 100B + 50C + 2*0.1111 = 80 18 + 25.6/ 2 = 21%

100A + 100B + 4C + 0*0.1111 = 68
46C + 0.222 = 12 C = 25.6%

100A + 100B + 4*0.21 + 0 = 68

100A + 35B + 0 + 0 = 50
65B + 0.84= 18 B = 26.4%

100A + 100B + 100*0.21 + 55*0.1111 = 95

100A + 35B + 0 + 0 = 50
28%
65B + 21 + 6.105= 45 B = 27.5%

100A + 100B + 100*0.21 + 100*0.11 = 100

100A + 35B + 0 + 0 = 50
65B + 21 + 11= 50 B = 27.7%

A = 100 – (11 + 21 + 28) = 40%

Table-1
0-4, mm 4-9, mm 9-19, mm 19-25, mm
Sieve size Specification limits
A B C D
25.4 100 100 100 100 100
19.1 100 100 100 55 90-100
12.7 100 100 50 2 70-90
9.5 100 100 4 0 56-80
4.75 100 35 0 0 35-65
2.36 73 3 0 0 23-49
0.30 30 0 0 0 5-19
 0.075 2 0 0 0 3-9

Table-2
Differed
Sieve Specificat Limitation of
A B C D Limitation with mid-
size ion limits standard
point

25.4 100 100 100 100 100 = 100

19.1 100 100 100 55 95 = 95
12.7 100 100 50 2 79 -1 80 ±6
9.5 100 100 4 0 69 +1 68
4.75 100 35 0 0 50 = 50
2.36 73 3 0 0 30 -6 36
±4
0.30 30 0 0 0 12 = 12
0.075 2 0 0 0 1 -5 6 ±2

Table-3
Job Mix Specification
Sieve size A B C D Limitation
Formula limits
25.4 40 28 21 11 100 100 100
19.1 40 28 21 6 95 89-100 90-100
12.7 40 28 11 0.22 79 74-85 70-90
9.5 40 28 0.84 0 69 63-75 56-80
4.75 40 10 0 0 50 44-56 35-65
2.36 29 0.84 0 0 30 26-34 23-49
0.30 12 0 0 0 12 8-16 5-19
0.075 1 0 0 0 1 0-3 3-9

1. By Graph calculate blending:

A + B + C + D = 9 +23 + 30 + 38 = 100
Table-4
Differed
Sieve Specificat Limitation of
A B C D Limitation with mid-
size ion limits standard
point
25.4 38 30 23 9 100 = 100
±6
19.1 38 30 23 4.95 95 = 95
 12.7 38 30 12.19 0.18 80.37 = 80
9.5 38 30 0.92 0 69 +1 68
4.75 38 10.5 0 0 49 -1 50
2.36 27.74 0.9 0 0 28 -8 36
±4
0.30 11.4 0 0 0 11 -1 12
0.075 0.76 0 0 0 1 -5 6 ±2

100

90
38%
80

70
Percentage Passing, %

60

50 30%

40

30

20 23%

10
9%
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Sieve Size, mm
0-4, mm 4-9, mm 9-19, mm 19-25, mm

By Graph Calculate Blending Aggregate

 100
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60 Intermudiat limit
55
percentage Passing, %

50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

Sieve Size, mm
Limitation Job Mix Formula (Lower Limit) Job Mix Formula (Uper Limit)

Job Mix Formula After Blending Aggregate

Specific Gravity of Coarse Aggregate (Crushed)

Observed values (Binder or Leveling Course)
No. Description
19mm 12.5mm 9.5mm 4.75mm 2.36mm
Weight of oven dry aggregates in
1 1964 1960 1956 1959 1971
air: A g
Weight of saturated aggregates in
2 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000
air: B g
Weight of saturated aggregate
3 1230.9 1212.5 1226.5 1239.7 1289.4
and basket in water: C g
4 Apparent Specific Gravity: 769.1 787.5 773.5 760.3 710.6
Bulk Specific Gravity
5 2.554 2.489 2.529 2.577 2.774
(Gsb)= A/B-C
Result (Gsb) 2.554 2.489 2.529 2.577 2.774

Specific Gravity of Fine Aggregate

No. Description Observed values
 0.03mm
1 Weight of Pycnometer in air: W1 g 0.1208
2 Weight of aggregates and Pycnometer: W2 g 0.3756
3 Weight of aggregates, Pycnometer and water: W3 g 0.7546
4 Weight of water and Pycnometer in air: W4 g 0.5968
Apparent Specific Gravity: (W2 – W1) / [(W4 – W1) – (W3 –
5 2.627
W2 )]

Crushed Aggregate Abrasion Value (Type-B)

Observed Observed
No. Description
values1 values2
2 Weight in gm of oven-dried sample (A)g 5000 5000
Weight in gm of fraction retained on 1.70 mm IS
3 Sieves after washing and oven-dried up to constant 4168 4465
weight (B)g
4 Aggregate Abrasion Value (%) 0.1674 0.107

Average Value of Test (%) 13.72

Weight of Aggregate and Asphalt in Mixture

Fraction, (mm) Blending, (%) Calculation Required weight, (gm)

19-25mm 11 0.11 * 0.96 * 5000 528

9-19 mm 21 0.21 * 0.96 * 5000 1008

4-9 mm 28 0.28 * 0.96 * 5000 1344

0-4 mm 40 0.40 * 0.96 * 5000 1920

Asphalt 4% 0.04 * 5000 200

Fraction, (mm) Blending, (%) Calculation Required weight, (gm)

19-25mm 11 0.11 * 0.955 * 5000 525.25

9-19 mm 21 0.21 * 0.955 * 5000 1002.75

4-9 mm 28 0.28 * 0.955 * 5000 1337

0-4 mm 40 0.40 * 0.955 * 5000 1910

Asphalt 4.5% 0.045 * 5000 225

 Fraction, (mm) Blending, (%) Calculation Required weight, (gm)

19-25mm 11 0.11 * 0.95 * 5000 522.5

9-19 mm 21 0.21 * 0.95 * 5000 997.5

4-9 mm 28 0.28 * 0.95 * 5000 1330

0-4 mm 40 0.40 * 0.95 * 5000 1900

Asphalt 5% 0.05 * 5000 250

Fraction, (mm) Blending, (%) Calculation Required weight, (gm)

19-25mm 11 0.11 * 0.945 * 5000 519.75

9-19 mm 21 0.21 * 0.945 * 5000 992.25

4-9 mm 28 0.28 * 0.945 * 5000 1323

0-4 mm 40 0.40 * 0.945 * 5000 1890

Asphalt 5.5% 0.055 * 5000 275

Fraction, (mm) Blending, (%) Calculation Required weight, (gm)

19-25mm 11 0.11 * 0.940 * 5000 517

9-19 mm 21 0.21 * 0.940 * 5000 987

4-9 mm 28 0.28 * 0.940 * 5000 1316

0-4 mm 40 0.40* 0.940 * 5000 1880

Asphalt 6% 0.060 * 5000 300

*Note: For each Molde need 1900gm.

Weight of the Asphalt

Asphalt content, % Weight of (Asphalt) gm in Mix Design
4.0% 200
4.5% 225
5.0% 250
5.5% 275
6.0% 300