Pavement Design
Department of Highway Engineering Technology
By
Bafreen Chalabi Zero
[Link]. Civil Engineering
[Link]. Highway & Bridge Engineering
Erbil-Kurdistan
2023-2024
Practical Module Syllabus
1. Introduction
2. Embankment & Sub-grade materials
3. Bituminous Materials
4. Soil Stabilization
5. Flexible Pavement Design
6. Rigid Pavement Design
7. design of Overlay
Recommended Sources
The following books are recommended as relevant to the subject area of the course:
➢ Thom, N.H. (2008) ‘Principles of Pavement Engineering’, Thomas Telford.
➢ ‘The Shell Bitumen Handbook’, Thomas Telford, 2003.
➢ Robinson, H. L. (2004) 'Polymers in Asphalt'. Rapra Review Report 15 (11), 23-29.
➢ Mallick, R. B. and El-Korchi, T. (2013) ‘Pavement Engineering Principles and Practice’, CRC Press.
➢ Huang, Y. H. (2012) ‘Pavement Analysis and Design’, 1st edn. USA: Pearson.
E-mail:
[Link]@[Link] bafrinchalabi@[Link]
Chapter-1
Introduction
Pavement design is one of the most important parts of transportation engineering. To carry
traffic from one place to another place comfortably, economically, and safely, an engineering
design of pavements is essential. In this textbook, the required background knowledge about
pavement materials, structural design of pavements, pavement design software, geometric
design of pavements, and pavement maintenance procedures is discussed. Students are
expected to be competent in pavement engineering after mastering this book. A highway
pavement is a structure consisting of layers of natural and processed materials above the natural
ground (often called subgrade). A pavement's primary function
1. Sufficient thickness to distribute the wheel
induced stresses to a reduced value on the
subgrade soil
2. Structurally adequate to keep the cracking
and deformation within tolerable limits
3. Structurally strong to withstand all types of stresses imposed upon it
4. Adequate coefficient of friction to prevent skidding of vehicles
5. Smooth surface to provide comfort to road users even at the expected speed
6. Produces least noise from moving vehicles
7. Dust and waterproof surface for avoiding reduced visibility
8. Drains water laterally or vertically without washing layer particles
9. Long service life with a desirable level of comfort considering the economy.
Pavement Types:
Two types of pavements are generally recognized: flexible pavement and rigid pavement.
combination of these two pavements is also possible, and is termed composite pavement.
Simply, a layer of asphalt layer can be placed on top of a concrete layer to create a composite
pavement.
1. Flexible Pavements
Flexible pavements are usually surfaced with asphalt materials. These pavements are called
flexible because the pavement structures can flex or bend under a traffic loading. A flexible
pavement structure requires several layers of materials because these layers
are not stiff enough to distribute the wheel load to a large area (Fig. 1.2). Beneath the asphalt
layer, a crushed aggregate base layer is commonly seen. Below the base layer, a subbase layer
is also used based on the subgrade strength. The natural subgrade soil can be improved by
compaction or mixing of some improved soil, asphalt millings, low-quality aggregate based
on the availability of these materials, and degree of improvement required.
Cross Section of Flexible Pavement
2. Rigid Pavements
Rigid pavements are composed of reinforced or non-reinforced Portland cement concrete (PCC)
surface course. Such pavements are stiffer than flexible pavements due to the high modulus of
elasticity [typically 3,000--4,000 ksi (21-28 GPa) for PCC and 500-1,000
within the pavement layers. Rigid pavements can be classified into four types:
1. Jointed plain concrete pavement OPCP)
2. Jointed reinforced concrete pavement (JRCP)
3. Continuously reinforced concrete pavement (CRCP)
4. Prestressed concrete pavement (PCP)
Typical Cross Section of Rigid Pavement
FUNCTIONS
1. Sufficient thickness to distribute the wheel load stresses to a safe value on the sub-grade soil,
2. Structurally strong to withstand all types of stresses imposed upon it,
3. Adequate coefficient of friction to prevent skidding of vehicles,
4. Smooth surface to provide comfort to road users even at high speed,
5. Impervious surface, so that sub-grade soil is well protected, and
6. Long design life with low maintenance cost.
Load Distribution Concept
● The load (from a vehicle) is transferred to the pavement through load- bearing axles and
pressurized tires. The resulting pressure or stress on the pavement, at any depth, is dependent
on many factors, such as total load, the number of axles and tires, and the condition of the
tires.
● The stress on the surface of the pavement gets distributed in an inverted V form from the
surface downward. In other words, the stress intensity decreases along the depth of the
pavement.
MaJor Pavement Design Methods
Two major pavement design guides used in the United States are the. American Association of State
Highway and Transportation Officials (AASIITO) 1993 pavement design guide and the
AASHTOW are pavement mechanistic-empirical (ME) design guide, also known as pavement ME
design. They are briefly described in this section.
Testing of Material
SOIL AGGREGATE BITUMEN DESIFN
(SUBGRADE) 1. Specific gravity 1. Specific gravity 1. Flexible
1. Sieve Analysis and Water test 2. Riged
(Gradation). absorption test.
2. Penetration test
2. Atterberg limits 2. Bulk density of
aggregate. 3. Ductility test
and indices (LL, PL,
PI, SL). 4. Softening point
3. Abrasion Test
(L.A. abrasion test
3. Laboratory
Compaction (MDD test). 5. Viscosity
and OMC). 4. Aggregate 6. Flash & Fire
4. Field density test. impact test. point
5. Aggregate 7. Loss on heating
5. CBR Test.
gradation and
6. Sand cone test. blending. 8. Solubility
BITUMINIOUS MIX apter-2
7. Another test DESIGN- Marshal
Method