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DES Algorithm Step-by-Step Guide

The document outlines the steps of a cryptographic algorithm, detailing the initial permutation, round operations, and transformations applied to the data. It describes the processes of XOR operations, S-box transformations, and straight permutations through multiple rounds. The final output is achieved after 16 rounds, with specific instructions on handling the last round without a swapper function.

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fortest1073
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26 views8 pages

DES Algorithm Step-by-Step Guide

The document outlines the steps of a cryptographic algorithm, detailing the initial permutation, round operations, and transformations applied to the data. It describes the processes of XOR operations, S-box transformations, and straight permutations through multiple rounds. The final output is achieved after 16 rounds, with specific instructions on handling the last round without a swapper function.

Uploaded by

fortest1073
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

STEP 1:

Plain Text
0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 Initial Permutation
1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1
1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1
0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1
0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
STEP 2:
Initial Permutation
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1
1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1
0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1
0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0

Round1:

Left - 32 Bits Right – 32 bits


1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1
1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
STEP 03: (On Right Side 32 bits)
Right – 32 bits (8 * 4 columns)
8
1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 16

0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 24

0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 32

Formula: Ri-1 XOR K


Expansion D box Round Key After R XOR K
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0
1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1
1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0
0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0
0 1 0 1 1 0
1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1
0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1
0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0
1 0 1 1 0 0
0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1
48bit (8 * 6 columns)
STEP 04 (Final Permutation of 1st round):

After R XOR K
00 for ROW in S - box
0 1 0 0 1 0 1001 for COLUMN in S – Box
0 1 1 0 0 1
1 0 1 1 1 0 1001 = 8 + 0 + 0 + 1 = 9
0 1 1 0 0 0 (convert 9 into binary)
0 0 0 1 0 1
0 1 0 1 0 1 After S – Boxes
1 0 1 0 1 1 S Box 1
1 0 1 1 0 0 S Box 2
S Box 3 0 0 0 0
S Box 4 1 0 1 1
S Box 5 0 0 1 0
S Box 6 1 1 0 1
S Box 7 0 1 0 0
S Box 8 1 1 1 0
STEP 05:
(Making Straight Permutation Table from S-Boxes)
After S – Boxes
4 S Box 1 1 0 1 0
8 S Box 2 0 1 1 0 After Straight Permutation
12 S Box 3 0 0 0 0 (using S box values)
16 S Box 4 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0
20 S Box 5 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0
24
S Box 6 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
28
S Box 7 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
32
S Box 8 1 1 1 0
STEP 06: (On LEFT Side 32 bits)

Left - 32 Bits
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1
1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1
0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0

After Straight Permutation


(using S box values)
1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0
1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0

XOR of (S- Boxes & Left side of plain text)


XOR Mixer’s output used as Left Side Now
0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1
0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1
0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1
1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0
Now Swap L (Mixer’s Output) with Right – 32 bits

Mixer’s output from the last step Right – 32 bits


Now used as Left Side Now (R from the start)
0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1
0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0
1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0

Swapper Function

SAME STEPS FOR ROUND 02


Left 02 – 32 bits Right 02 – 32 bits
1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1
0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1
0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1
0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0

After all 16 rounds


IMPORTANT:
No swapper function in Round 16
ROUND 16
Left 02 – 32 bits Right 02 – 32 bits

Merged l16 left and R 16bits

Rearrange using the final


permuatation Table

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