Name: ________________________ Class: ___________________ Date: __________ ID: A
Unit 1/2 Test
Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
This question is based on the map below.
Spanish Explorations in North America, 1528–1542
Nancy A. Hewitt and Steven F. Lawson, Exploring American Histories, Bedford/St. Martin's, p.
22. Reprinted by permission.
____ 1. The process illustrated in the map above
a. triggered extensive demographic and social change.
b. ended American Indian resistance.
c. changed American Indian beliefs on the environment.
d. led to the development of a hunter–gatherer economy.
____ 2. The most devastating impact of the Spanish conquest and exploration was
a. American Indian resistance and conflict.
b. the subjugation of American Indians.
c. the forced conversion of natives to Christianity.
d. the spread of deadly epidemics.
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Name: ________________________ ID: A
____ 3. Which of the following Spanish imperial goals were least advanced by the conquest and
exploration illustrated above?
a. Enlarging the Spanish empire
b. Gaining new sources of wealth
c. Shifting from feudalism to capitalism
d. Converting natives to Christianity
This question is based on the quotation below.
“Kitche Manitou (The Great Spirit) beheld a vision. In this dream he saw a vast sky filled with
stars, sun, moon, and earth. He saw an earth made of mountains and valleys, islands and lakes,
plains and forests. He saw trees and flowers, grasses and vegetables. He saw walking, flying,
swimming, and crawling beings. He witnessed the birth and end of things. At the same time he saw
other things live on.…He touched rain and wind. He felt love and hate, fear and courage, joy and
sadness. Kitche Manitou meditated to understand his vision. In his wisdom Kitche Manitou
understood that his vision had to be fulfilled. Kitche Manitou was to bring into being and existence
what he had seen, heard, and felt.”
Basil Johnson, Ojibway Heritage
Basil Johnston, Ojibway Heritage (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1976), 12.
____ 4. Which of the following resulted from the differing worldviews of American Indians and Europeans
as illustrated in the excerpt above?
a. Environmental concerns due to the exploitation of natural resources
b. An emphasis on the search for wealth, power, and status
c. American Indians embracing new European social and economic relationships
d. Debates over how American Indians should be treated and “civilized”
____ 5. Between the 16th and 18th centuries, which aspect of American Indian and European cultures was
most similar?
a. Gender roles
b. Trade and commerce
c. Religious beliefs
d. Environmental practices
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Name: ________________________ ID: A
This question is based on the following quotation.
“For I knew that they were a people who could be more easily freed and converted to our holy faith
by love than by force, gave to some of them red caps, and glass beads to put round their necks, and
many other things of little value, which gave them great pleasure, and made them so much our
friends.…It appeared to me to be a race of people very poor in everything.…They have no iron,
their darts being wands without iron, some of them having a fish’s tooth at the end….They should
be good servants and intelligent, for I observed that they quickly took in what was said to them,
and I believe that they would easily be made Christians as it appeared to me that they had no
religion.”
Christopher Columbus upon reaching the West Indies, 1492
The Journal of Christopher Columbus (during his First Voyage, 1492–93) and Documents
Relating to the Voyages of John Cabot and Gaspar Corte Real (London: Hakluyt Society, 1893),
37–38.
____ 6. In the passage above, Columbus likely mentioned the American Indians’ interest in glass beads and
weapons
a. to demonstrate the social diversification among societies in these areas.
b. as an example of their largely mobile and nomadic lifestyles.
c. to prove the cultural inferiority of racially mixed populations.
d. because it exemplified the very different worldview of American Indians.
____ 7. After Columbus’s arrival in the West Indies, Spanish religion and Christian conversion were often
used as a rationale to
a. racially mix populations.
b. trigger extensive demographic change.
c. transform the diverse environment.
d. justify the subjugation of American Indians.
____ 8. The sentiments expressed by Columbus in the excerpt above best support which future Spanish
goal?
a. Shifting the Spanish economy from feudalism to capitalism
b. Organizing new methods for conducting international trade
c. Implementing a plantation-based agricultural system
d. Attempting to change American Indians’ beliefs and worldviews
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Name: ________________________ ID: A
This question is based on the following quotation.
“It is to be understood, that the people which now inhabit the regions of the coast of Guinea, and
the middle parts of Africa, as Libya the inner, and Nubia, with diverse other great and large regions
about the same, were in old time called Ethiopians and Nigritae, which we now call Moores,
Moorens, or Negros, a people of beastly living, without a god, law, religion, or common wealth,
and so scorched and vexed with the heat of the sun, that in many places they curse it when it
rises….There are also other people of Libya called Garamantes, whose women are common: for
the contract on matrimony, neither have respect to chastity.”
John Lok, Second Voyage to Guinea, 1554
“The Second Voyage of M. John Lok to Guinea, Anno 1554,” in Richard Hakluyt, The Principal
Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques & Discoveries of the English Nation (Glasgow: James
MacLehose and Sons, 1904), 6:167–68.
____ 9. The passage above from a 16th-century British source best demonstrates
a. debates over how to “civilize” these groups to European standards.
b. the relationship of people to the natural environment.
c. the extensive demographic and social change during this time.
d. European belief in white superiority to justify subjugation of Africans.
____ 10. In the British North American colonies at the end of the 17th century, the ideas expressed in the
passage above led to the emergence of significant
a. racially mixed populations.
b. racial stereotyping and the development of strict racial categories.
c. problems of slavery and the slave trade.
d. labor-intensive production based on white indentured servants.
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Name: ________________________ ID: A
This question is based on the map below.
Map of Approximate Tribal Locations at First Sustained Contact with Europeans
Colin Calloway, First Peoples: A Document Survey of American Indian History, p. 5. Reprinted by
permission.
____ 11. Based on the map above, in which region were American Indians the most mobile?
a. The American Southwest
b. The Great Basin and Western Plains
c. California and the Northwest
d. The Northeast and the Atlantic Seaboard
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Name: ________________________ ID: A
____ 12. In the map above, Southwest American Indian communities benefited most from
a. the spread of the maize culture.
b. the introduction of livestock.
c. a more mobile lifestyle.
d. the encomienda system.
This question is based on the map below.
Map Depicting the Columbian Exchange
Henretta et al., America’s History, Seventh Edition, Bedford/St. Martin's, p. 31. Reprinted by
permission.
____ 13. As a consequence of the new European crops and livestock brought to America as part of the
Colombian Exchange illustrated above,
a. American Indians began the spread of maize cultivation from present-day Mexico
northward into the American Southwest.
b. most native societies developed a mixed agricultural and hunter–gatherer
economy.
c. there were far-reaching effects on native settlement patterns as well as on
economic, social, and political developments.
d. native peoples and Africans in America maintained their political and cultural
autonomy.
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Name: ________________________ ID: A
____ 14. As a result of the process illustrated above, what major shift occurred in the Spanish colonies’
encomienda system?
a. There were many new converts to Christianity.
b. The Spanish began debating the proper treatment of American Indians.
c. Social, religious, political, and economic competition with other European nations
developed.
d. Indian labor was gradually replaced with African slavery.
____ 15. Which of the following most directly resulted from the arrival of American crops in the Old
World?
a. European population growth
b. Widespread deadly epidemics
c. The development of permanent villages
d. Growing mistrust on both sides of the Atlantic
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Name: ________________________ ID: A
This question is based on the following song.
“In excelsis gloria.
Within a lodge of broken bark
The tender babe was found
A ragged robe of rabbit skin
En-wrapped His beauty round
But as the hunter braves drew nigh
The angel song rang loud and high
[Refrain]
Jesus your King is born
Jesus is born
The earliest moon of wintertime
Is not so round and fair
As was the ring of glory
On the helpless Infant there
The chiefs from far before Him knelt
With gifts of fox and beaver pelt
[Refrain]”
Huron Carol or “Twas in the moon of wintertime," composed by Jean de Brébeuf in the Native
American language of the Huron people in 1643, translated by Jesse Edgar Middleton
"Jesous Ahatonhia (The Huron Carol)" in Canadian Poetry in English, compiled by Bliss Carman,
Lorne Pierce, and V.B. Rhodenizer (Toronto: Ryerson Press, 1954).
____ 16. The song above was most likely a 17th-century artifact from European colonization efforts of the
a. English.
b. French.
c. Portuguese.
d. Spanish.
____ 17. The European colonization model evidenced by the song above
a. used trade alliances and intermarriage with American Indians to acquire products
for export to Europe.
b. established tight control over the colonization process to convert and/or exploit
the population.
c. sent colonists to acquire land and populate their settlements while having
relatively hostile relationships with American Indians.
d. integrated a coherent hierarchal imperial structure and pursued economic aims.
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Name: ________________________ ID: A
This question is based on the following passage.
“And it is further enacted by the authority aforesaid, that…no sugars, tobacco, cotton-wool, indigo,
ginger, fustic or other dying wood, of growth, production, or manufacture of any English
plantations in America, Asia, or Africa, shall be shipped, carried conveyed or transported, from any
of the said English plantations to any land, island, territory, dominion, port or place whatsoever,
other than to such other English plantations as do belong to his Majesty…under the penalty of the
forfeiture of said goods, or the full value thereof, and also the ship, with all her guns, tackle,
apparel, ammunition and furniture.”
The Navigation Act of 1660
____ 18. The policies stated in the above law can best be seen as an example of
a. Enlightenment thinking.
b. capitalism.
c. communism.
d. mercantilism.
____ 19. What accounts most for the scant success of the above law in modifying English colonial behavior
in North America?
a. Weak economic growth and the lack of external competition
b. Decades of the British government’s relative indifference to colonial governance
c. The presence of slavery and growing colonial wars
d. The rejection of Anglicanism in the colonies
____ 20. Which of the following had the most impact in shaping colonial resistance to the above law?
a. Political thought shaped by the Enlightenment
b. Conflicts with American Indian groups
c. The growth of the African slave trade
d. Colonial dedication to mercantilist principles
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Name: ________________________ ID: A
This question is based on the following passage.
“Objection 5: But what warrant have we to take that land, which is and has been of long time
possessed of others, the sons of Adam?
“Answer: That which is common to all is proper to none. This savage people rule over many lands
without title or property; for they enclose no ground, neither have they cattle to maintain it, but
remove their dwellings as they have occasion, or as they can prevail against their neighbors. And
why may not Christians have liberty to go and dwell amongst them in their waste lands and
woods….Secondly, there is more than enough for them and us. Thirdly, God has consumed the
natives with a miraculous plague, whereby the greater part of the country is left void of inhabitants.
Fourthly, we shall come in with good leave of the natives.”
John Winthrop, General Considerations for the Plantation in New England with an Answer to
Several Objections…, 1629
____ 21. Which European approach to colonization is most consistent with the arguments in the excerpt
above?
a. Using trade alliances and intermarriage with American Indians to acquire products
for export to Europe
b. Establishing tight control over the colonization process to convert and/or exploit
the native populations
c. Sending men and women to acquire land and populate settlements while having
relatively hostile relationships with the native inhabitants
d. Integrating a coherent hierarchal imperial structure and pursing economic aims
____ 22. The author of the excerpt above was most interested in
a. participating in the fur trade with the native communities.
b. generating great wealth for the king in England.
c. converting American Indians to Christianity.
d. justifying the takeover of American Indian lands.
____ 23. The North American colonial settlements referenced in the passage above tended to
a. be economically, religiously, and ethnically diverse.
b. establish like-minded, close-knit, homogeneous communities.
c. be dedicated to converting American Indians to Christianity.
d. develop staple crop economies based on slave labor.
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Name: ________________________ ID: A
This question is based on the map below.
Map of British- and American-controlled trade, 1750
Henretta et al., America’s History, Seventh Edition, Bedford/St. Martin's, p. 95. Reprinted by
permission.
____ 24. Which of the following best describes the role of Britain’s more northern colonies in the global
trade as illustrated in the map above?
a. They took advantage of long growing seasons by using slave labor to grow staple
crops.
b. They relied solely on the cultivation of tobacco.
c. They had an export economy based on food products and raw materials.
d. They primarily exported furs and manufactured goods.
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Name: ________________________ ID: A
This question is based on the image below.
John Collet, George Whitefield Preaching¸18th Century
Private Collection / The Bridgeman Art Library
____ 25. Which colonial trend from the 17th and 18th centuries is best illustrated by the image above?
a. The spread of Enlightenment thought
b. The Anglicanization of the British colonies
c. Puritans seeking to establish a community of religious believers
d. Protestant evangelism
____ 26. By the mid-18th century, the fervor illustrated in the image above
a. contributed to resistance toward imperial control.
b. stimulated the growth of ideas on race, leading to racial stereotyping.
c. led to the growth of autonomous political communities based on English models.
d. supported accommodation with some aspects of American Indian culture.
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Name: ________________________ ID: A
This question is based on the following quotation.
“In the early part of the seventeenth century the Ojibways had already commenced the customs of
yearly visiting Quebec, and afterwards Montreal, taking them packs of beaver skins and returning
with firearms, blankets, trinkets and firewater of the whites….It was many years before
the…traders located a permanent trading post among the Ojibways…this tribe became supplied
with firearms, and killed off the beaver in vicinity…they radiated out westward and
southward…this was the country of the Dakotas and Foxes, bravely did they battle to beat back the
encroaching Ojibways from their best hunting grounds, but in vain; for the invaders, besides
having increased in numbers, had become possessed of fearful weapons, against which they feared
to battle with their primitive bow and arrow.”
William Warren, History of the Ojibway People, 1885
William W. Warren, History of the Ojibway People, Second Edition (St. Paul: Minnesota
Historical Society Press, 1984).
____ 27. Which of the following was NOT a consequence of the fur trade described in the quote above?
a. There was an increased intensity and destructiveness of American Indian warfare.
b. European traders rarely intermarried with native peoples.
c. The trade stimulated cultural and demographic change.
d. Alcohol became a regular part of the fur trade.
____ 28. The quote above best illustrates European nations’ interest in
a. acquiring commodities that were valued in Europe.
b. the development of strict racial categories.
c. establishing racial and cultural superiority.
d. ending political instability.
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Name: ________________________ ID: A
This question refers to the following quotation.
“…Whereas the enforcing of the conscience in matters of religion has frequently fallen out to be of
dangerous consequence in those commonwealths where it has been practiced, and for the more
quiet and peaceable government of this Province, and the better to preserve mutual love and amity
among the inhabitants thereof. Be it therefore enacted that no person or persons whatever in the
Province…professing to believe in Jesus Christ, shall from henceforth be any ways troubled,
molested, or discountenanced for or in respect of his or her religion nor in the free exercise thereof
within the Province…nor in any way compelled to the belief or exercise of any other religion
against his or her consent, so [long] as they not be unfaithful to the Lord Proprietary, or molest or
conspire against the civil government established in this Province under him…”
Maryland Act Concerning Religion, 1644
William Hand Browne, ed., Archives of Maryland (Baltimore: Maryland Historical Society, 1883).
____ 29. The passage above was most likely written in response to
a. the growth of autonomous political communities based on English models.
b. Protestant evangelism in North America.
c. the ethnic and religious diversity of the middle colonies.
d. the expanding social networks of the Atlantic World.
____ 30. The ideas expressed in the passage above most clearly show the influence of which of the
following?
a. Resistance to imperial control in the British colonies
b. The British government’s indifference to colonial governance
c. Greater religious independence in the colonies
d. A strong belief in British cultural superiority
____ 31. The ideas expressed in the passage above most directly led to political controversies over
a. Britain’s indifference to colonial governance.
b. Britain’s efforts to pursue mercantilist economic aims.
c. the presence of slavery in the colonies.
d. the spread of European Enlightenment ideas.
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Name: ________________________ ID: A
This question refers to the following quotation.
“Not to look back further than the troubles that were between the Colony of New Plymouth and
Philip, sachem [tribal chief] of Mount Hope, in the year 1671, it may be remembered that…[he]
was the…offending party; and that Plymouth had just cause to take up arms against him; and it was
then agreed that he should pay that colony a certain sum of money, in part of their damage and
charge by him….But sometime last winter the Governor of Plymouth was informed by Sassamon,
a faithful Indian, that the said Philip was undoubtedly endeavoring to raise new troubles, and was
endeavoring to engage all the sachems round about in a war against us.…About a week after John
Sassamon had given his information, he was barbarously murdered by some Indians for his
faithfulness to the interest of God and of the English.…Philip and his men continued constantly in
arms, many strange Indians from several places flocked in to him…earnest for a war…given leave
to kill Englishmen’s cattle and rob their houses…on 14th June our Council wrote an amicable
friendly letter to Philip therein showing our dislike of his practices; and advising him…not to
suffer himself…concerning us, who intended no wrong or hurt towards him…thus slow were we
and unwilling to engage ourselves and our neighbors in a war; having many insolencies almost
intolerable from them, of whose hands we had deserved better.”
Josiah Winslow and Thomas Hinckley, Commissioners of the Plymouth Colony, 1675
Francis Baylies, An Historical Memoir of the Colony of New Plymouth (Boston: Hilliard, Gray,
Little, and Wilkins, 1830).
____ 32. The ideas expressed in the passage above most directly reflect which of the following continuities
in United States history?
a. The racial stereotyping and categorization of American Indian groups
b. A divergence in the interests of leaders and colonial citizens
c. Migration, followed by trade, settlement, and economic development
d. The growth of autonomous political communities based on English models
____ 33. The beliefs and concerns expressed in the excerpt above most immediately resulted in which of the
following?
a. The formation of new political alliances between various tribes and European
powers
b. Greater religious evangelism and diversity
c. An accommodation with some aspects of American Indian culture
d. Increased intensity and destructiveness in European–American Indian warfare
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Name: ________________________ ID: A
This question refers to the following quotation.
“The Negroes are very numerous, some gentlemen having hundreds of them of all sorts, to whom
they bring great profit…though some masters, careless of their own interest or reputation, are too
cruel and negligent….Several of them are taught to be sawyers, carpenters, smiths, coopers,
etc…yet they are by nature cut out for hard labour and fatigue, and will perform tolerably
well…and those Negroes make the best servants, that have been slaves in their own country; for
they that have been kings and great men are generally lazy, haughty, and obstinate; whereas the
others are sharper, better humored, and more laborious…[indentured] servants are but an
insignificant number, when compared with the vast shoals of Negroes who are employed as
slaves…with only this difference, that the Negroes eat wholesomer bread and better pork with
more plenty and ease; and when they are sick, their owners interest and purse are deeply engaged in
their recovery, who likewise are obligated to take all the care imaginable of their slaves for their
own great profit; so that the Negroes, though they work moderately, yet can live plentifully, have
no families to provide for, no danger of beggary, no care for the morrow.”
Hugh Jones, The Present State of Virginia, 1724
____ 34. The sentiments expressed in the excerpt above were most directly a result of which of the
following?
a. Cultural and demographic changes among native communities
b. The development of overt and covert means to resist slavery by Africans
c. The development of strict racial categories among British colonists
d. Regional differences in the British colonies
____ 35. The ideas expressed in the passage above most clearly show the influence of which of the
following?
a. A strong belief in British cultural superiority
b. The growth of an Atlantic economy with a shared labor market
c. Altered African gender and kinship relationships in the colonies
d. The pursuit of mercantilist aims within the British Empire
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