CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

Health, as defined by the World Health Organization (WHO), is a state of complete

physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or
infirmity. This definition emphasizes the importance of a holistic approach to
health, encompassing all aspects of an individual's life and environment. However,
in many parts of the world, particularly in developing countries such as Nigeria,
achieving this ideal state of health remains a significant challenge. One of the
major factors undermining the health and well-being of the population is the
persistent and escalating problem of improper solid waste management.

Solid waste, according to the WHO (1971), refers to useless, unwanted, or

discarded materials that result from human activities. These materials are typically
not free-flowing and are considered to be of no immediate value to the generator.
The accumulation of such waste, when not managed properly, constitutes a serious
environmental and public health hazard. The indiscriminate disposal of solid waste
in open spaces, gutters, roadsides, and unregulated dumpsites is a common sight in
many urban and rural areas in Nigeria. This not only defaces the environment but
also creates conducive breeding grounds for disease-causing organisms and
vectors.

Open dumps of solid waste attract flies, mosquitoes, cockroaches, rodents, and
other vermin, all of which are known vectors for various infectious diseases. These
include typhoid fever, cholera, dysentery, trachoma, and intestinal parasitic
infections, among others. The situation is further compounded in communities

1
where housing conditions are poor and sanitation facilities are either inadequate or
entirely lacking. In such cases, open defecation becomes widespread, and fecal
matter often mixes with solid waste. This contamination creates an even more
hazardous environment, promoting the transmission of fecal-oral diseases through
vectors such as flies.

Mosquitoes, which breed in stagnant water often found in waste-filled areas, are
notorious for spreading diseases such as malaria, yellow fever, and filariasis.
Rodents such as rats and mice, which thrive in waste dumps, contribute to the
spread of plague, leptospirosis, food poisoning, and Lassa fever. These health risks
are not limited to the general population; waste collectors and handlers are
particularly vulnerable. They are frequently exposed to sharp objects, hazardous
chemicals, and even dangerous wildlife like snakes and scorpions, which can result
in serious injuries or infections. Moreover, they are also at risk of traffic accidents
due to unsafe working conditions (Okoronkwo & Onwunliri, 1999; SKAT, 2002).

In addition to the direct health impacts, improperly managed solid waste can have
severe environmental consequences. When industrial or household chemical by-
products are carelessly discarded, they can leach into the soil and water systems,
contaminating drinking water sources and agricultural land. This contamination
can affect local flora and fauna, disrupt ecosystems, and ultimately endanger
human health through the food chain.

While developed countries have established effective waste management systems

—characterized by regular waste collection, advanced recycling, treatment
technologies, and strict regulations—the situation in most developing countries
remains dire. In Nigeria, weak institutional frameworks, lack of public awareness,
poor funding, and inadequate infrastructure have hindered the development of

2
sustainable solid waste management systems. As a result, waste continues to
accumulate in communities, posing persistent threats to health and the
environment.

Given these realities, it is essential to assess the current state of solid waste
management in Nigeria, identify the challenges faced by local communities and
authorities, and explore feasible solutions that can improve public health outcomes
and environmental sustainability. A deeper understanding of these issues will
inform policies and practices aimed at enhancing waste management systems and
promoting healthier living conditions.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Indiscriminate solid waste disposal has become a public health problem since man's

existence. It has been a matter of concern to the country ay large. The health effect of

improper solid waste disposal results into different countries.

1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The purpose of the research work or study is to identify the effect or implication of

improper solid waste disposal in Kabong District of Jos North Local Government

Council, and to proper solution to solve such health problem.

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The researcher believes that embarking on a research topic of this nature will doubtfully

be of inhabitant of the study area. This will provide health education and awareness

proper disposal of solid waste in the study area. The research work is also very important

3
to the government sector, private sector, non-government organization, state and federal

ministry of

health, state and federal ministry of environment, research institute and those who wish to

study further.

1.5 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY

The research study is limited to cover Kabong District of Jos North Local Government

Area of Plateau State. The study is planned to look in to implication of indiscriminate

solid waste disposal in the study area.

1.6 BROAD OBJECTIVE

The broad objective of this study is to identify the health effect of poor solid waste

disposal in Kabong District of Jos Local Government Area of Plateau State.

1.7 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

i. To identify the waste disposal methods amongst the residents of the study area.

ii. To identify the relationship between poor solid waste management and health in

kabong district.

iii. To determine the level of awareness of the people of the area of dangers of poor

waste disposal.

iv. To identify measures for the improvement of solid waste disposal in the study

area. 1

1.8 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

i. What are the waste disposal methods amongst the resident of kabong District?

ii. What are the health implication of indiscriminate solid waste disposal?

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iii. What is the literacy level of the inhabitants of kabong District?

iv. What is the relationship between solid waste disposal and ill health in Kabong

District?

1.9 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS

1. Disposal. This can be define as a deviation from the normal state of health to an

abnormal state, due to the condition or situation that lead to it.

2. Environmental sanitation- This is the act or science thatdeals with the process of

controlling man's total environment, which may have deleterious effects on

man'shealth.

3. Disposal-This simply refers to putting away.

4. Garbage-there are animals and vegetable waste resulting from handling preparation,

cooking and serving of food?

5. Waste- this refers to anything, solid liquid or gaseous, which has been either

overused or underused, which is considered as worthless, and therefore discarded,

which if not properly disposed, could be dangerous to health serving of food.

6. Health-According to world health organization (W.H.O), it is a state of complete

physical, mental and social wellbeing of an individual and not merely the absence of

disease or infirmity.

7. Incineration- This 'is the method of refuse disposal whereby the refuse is burnt to

ashes in order to reduce the volume of the refuse.

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8. Refuse- This refers to any solid waste from a community which could either be put

risible or non-putrescible and combustible, which when present, will in one way or,

the other constitutes danger to health.

9. Rubbish- This refers to all non-putrescible waste, combustible and non-combustible

materials, except ashes such as paper, cans, broken glass, and cardboard. etc.

10. Nuisance- This refers to an act, thing, omission or condition whose presence in one

way or the other may be injurious or dangerous to health of man or property.

11. Waste management- This is the act and science that deals with the study of how

waste is generated, collected, stored, removed, transported and disposed off in a

sanitary manner in order to prevent the occurrence or re-occurrence of nuisance.

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 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 INTRODUCTION

In this project research is being conducted and various literatures related to the topic is

consulted to bring out vital information regarding the basic problems of indiscriminate

solid waste disposal to the community members. It will also provide a guide on the

danger associated with the indiscriminate solid waste disposal in order to avoid, them and

therefore reduces dissemination of diseases or infection that may occur due to the

problems, but generally, failure to manage and dispose of wasted properly exposes people

to increased risk of infectious diseases (Lucas and Gills, 2003).

According to WHO expert committee, solid waste are "useless unwanted or discarded

materials that arises from activities and are not free flowing". On the other hand, 6th earth

watch (2003) viewed solid waste as an asset or liability depending on how it is perceived.

They arise from unavoidable agricultural, institutional or industrial activities.

Solid waste is otherwise called refuse and it is found in the human environment. Waste

disposal and environmental hazard control (WAHEB).

According to Oreyemi, (2008), solid waste management is the collection, storage,

transportation, treatment and disposal of waste in such a way as to render it not injurious

to human and animal lives, ecology and the environment generally. On the other hand,

Peter and Ashioma (2005)

viewed solid waste management as the discipline associated with the control of

generation, transfer, transport, processing and disposal of solid waste in a manner that is

7
accord with the principle of public health economy, engineering and other environmental

consideration,' and that is also responsible to public attitude.

2.1 TYPES OF SOLID WASTE

Williams (1998) states that waste must be produced as long as human being lives. The

types of solid waste generated are many andthey vary. Therefore, they are divided into

several groups, class and types as follows.

Albor and Ollrunda, (2006) explained some types of solid waste as follows:

i. Domestic solid waste: these are solid waste resulting from household preparation,

cooking and consumption of food (garbage) examples are yam peeling, banana

peelings, remnants of vegetables, etc.

ii. Hospital solid waste: these are solid wastes 'generated from hospital and medical

laboratories, examples are discarded, disposable needles, syringes, disused

dressing materials, discarded bandages, swabs and disused slides, pads and rolls,

etc.

iii. Municipal solid waste: these are waste generated by pubic. of which are not

attached to any persons responsibilities, these consist of street liters, abandoned

old trucks dead animals.

iv. Agricultural solid waste, these are generated from agricultural activities or from

agricultural producers processing industries with examples such as maize cobs,

rice and beans chaff, cocoa pods and leaves.

2.2 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT AND

HEALTH

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Solid waste collection, transportation and disposal are directly related to the protection of

health and welfare of the community WHO. (2002).

Improper removal and disposal of solid waste is a proven cause of health hazards, which

may even spread epidemics, like plague and water borne diseases. The "main diseases

that may spread out and infect people arises from the breeding of flies and rats. It has

been estimated that in warm climates, exposed garbage may generate as many flies as up

to 25,000 per m² of garbage dump per week. The refuse dump also serves as a source of

food for rat and small rodents which quickly proliferate and spread to neighboring areas,

(Nokshuwan et al (2015).

Open dumps are veritable causes of land pollution and attracts food and shelter disease

carrying insects, rodents and vermin. Too frequent, solid waste contains faecal matter and

the handling and disposal presents the same potential risk for disease transmission asthe

disposal of excreta and sewage schadetal, (1983). Flies from solid waste and faeco-oral

contaminants can transmit typhoid fever, cholera, dysentery, intestinal worms and other

illnesses. Rats and mice around refuse dumps have been reported to cause plague, food

poisoning, endemic typhus, leptospirosis, rat bite fever and some other vital infections

WHO (2002), Kazantizis and Macdonald, (198-6); Straw 55, (2000).

In a study carried out by Okworonkwo and Owunliri, (2000), workers engaged in

handling of municipal solid waste and refuse treatment are exposed to a variety of

biological, physical and chemical factors which may present health risk of work is the

fact that the acute effect are not usually known.

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Apart from causing diseases, for which flies and rats acts as carrier, the handling and

transfer of biological waste poses an infection threat to workers, as well as to those who

come in contact with such infected workers. The infections to the workers may pass from

the waste though direct contact with the waste, through infections of sores or through

vectors.

The hazardous wastes thus prove injurious to human health. Some waste may produce

acute ill-effect, while others may cause diseases after prolonged period of exposure.

Improper disposal of municipal solid waste, have result in spread of epidemics, causing

large scale human deaths through contamination of water supplies or crops, (Nokshuwan

et al (2015).

2.3 METHODS OF SOLID WASTE OR REFUSE DISPOSAL

G.S Gemson, (2005) enumerated the method of refuse disposal as follows:

1. Controlled tipping or sanitary land fill.

2. Incineration

3. Composting

4. Recycling

5. Pulverization

6. Earth burial

Toma Reng in Hudson et al (2009) explained the various methods of solid waste disposal

as follows:

1. Control Tipping: West African Health Examination Board WAHEB (1991)

agreed that this is the best and reliable method of solid waste disposal, it is a

10
 method of spreading refuse in layers and compacting them in a manner that will

minimize environmental pollution. It is the only method of waste disposal that

provides for the complete disposal of solid waste without living any residue.

Control tipping is the systematic disposition of refuse in compacted layers with

provision of daily covering of the refuse with soil or any inert material.

2. Composting: this is the process of converting inorganic materials into organic or

stable fertilizer. The method is cheap and can be used in the rural and sub-urban

communities. It involves the mixing of refuse with night sailor excreta. But most

places tend to use animal dung and that of chicken with the end product as

manure used in forms.

3. Incineration: this is a process whereby refuse is disposed byburning it into ashes

in an incinerator.

4. Recycling: this process deals with converting waste intoanother form for

commercial purposes.

5. Pulverization: this is the method of reducing the quantity of refuse into fine

powder or dust using a pulverizing machine.

6. Earth Burial: - this is the method in which the dead bodies are buried in the

ground.

2.4 PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED MANAGEMENT GENERALLY. WITH SOLID

WASTE

Obviously many problems have been associated with accumulation of solid

wastematerials and unwholesome method s of disposal. The dumping of wastes in land

11
and sea/rivers and other surfaces and burning into the air has posed a great hazard to

health. WAHEB, Waste Disposal and Control of Hazard Lucas and Gills (1990).

Records such as slag heaps form lines land, noxious refuse dumped into water all causes

water pollution. WAHEB (1991) says that "indiscriminate disposal of waste cause hazard

to individual community and also causes water, land and environmental pollution".

Records had identified that man has suffered in no small way from diseases associated

with solid waste. There is no gain saying. From the fact that collection, storage point and

disposal site carry with them much diseases (Waste Disposal and Environmental Hazard

control by WAHEB), Oreyemi (1979).

Dumping of waste on land, the indiscriminate disposal of waste into river and other water

surfaces of water causes destruction of the natural fauna and flora. Carl. W. Montgomery

(1992).

From dump soils polluted with faeces of human beings the problem is sever especially in

places (rural centers that don't have tollets) and people are defecating indiscriminately

Uno Winbland (1985). Inorganic Pollutants: many of the industrial pollutants of

particular.

2.4 PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED MANAGEMENT GENERALLY. WITH SOLID

WASTE

Obviously many problems have been associated with accumulation of solid waste

materials and unwholesome method s of disposal. The dumping of wastes in land and

sea/rivers and other surfaces and burning into the air has posed a great hazard to health.

WAHEB, Waste Disposal and Control of Hazard Lucas and Gills (1990).

12
Records such as slag heaps form lines land, noxious refuse dumped into water all causes

water pollution. WAHEB (1991) saysthat "indiscriminate disposal of waste cause hazard

to individual community and also causes water, land and environmental pollution".

Records had identified that man has suffered in no small way from diseases associated

with solid waste. There is no gain saying. From the fact that collection, storage point and

disposal site carry with them much diseases (Waste Disposal and Environmental Hazard

control by WAHEB), Oreyemi (1979).

Dumping of waste on land, the indiscriminate disposal of waste into river and other water

surfaces of water causes destruction of the natural fauna and flora. Carl. W. Montgomery

(1992).

From dump soils polluted with faeces of human beings the problem is sever especially in

places (rural centers that don't have tollets) and people are defecating indiscriminately

Uno Winbland (1985).

Inorganic Pollutants: many of the industrial pollutants of particular

concern are toxic materials, Manufacturing mining and mineral processing activities can

all increase the influences of these naturally occurring substances into the environment

and locally increased theirconcentration from harmless substances to toxic. Carla. W.

Montgomery (1992).

Example of metallic pollutants/waste released from various industries are: organic,

beryllium, arsenic, barium, chromium, copper, load, etc. Carla W. Montgomery (1992).

13
Other organic compounds have adverse effects on man and the environment. The

majority of now chemical compound made each year are organic (carbon and hydrogen

containing compound).

Thousands of those compounds naturally occurring and synthetic are widely used as

herbicides and pesticides, as well as in variety of industrial processes. There negative

effect vary with particular type of compounds. Some are. carcinogenic, some are directly

toxic to humans or other organisms and others makes water unpalatable Carla. W.

Montgomery (1992).

2.6 DISEASE ASSOCIATED WITH POOR WASTE MANAGEMENT

1. Fly transmitted diseases Typhoid fever, Cholera, diarrhea,

dysentery, myasiz, T.B, Onchocerciasis,

enthrax, yaws catarrh, salmonellosis.

2. Rodent transmitted diseases Lassa fever, Plague , enchionstomiasis,

histo marine tyrus, haemorrheaaic, rat bite,

dermatitis twichionosis relapsing fever and

rabies.

3. Mosquito borne diseases Malaria, dengue, Yellow fever,

Encephalitis, filariasis.

4. Water borne disease Typhoid fever, paratyphoid, cholera,

dysentery, poliomyelitis infection,

hepatitis.

5. Helminthic infection Enterobiasis, ascriasis, truchamis

14
 ancyclostomlasls, schistosomiasis,

taeniasis, diphyriobothrasis.

6. Occupational diseases of solid waste Arthritis, Cardiovascular disease, skin

collectors disease, and uremia

(Waste disposal and environmental hazard control by WAHEB)

The existence of the above diseases can be favored by either biological, physical and

mechanical means, air borne related to the socio economic status of a given population

Paul Anne (1972), (WAHEB pg. 11).

2.6 REMEDY TO POOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

As far as human beings exist, it will be difficult to prevent this problems of waste rather

control measures are preferable. To solve the problem, technical, human and

environmental factors needs to be put into consideration.

To make sure that the 'collection and disposal of solid waste do not lead to epidemics,

pollution of land, soil and air. Policy makers of all the three (3) tiers of government and

non-government organizations and individuals/communities alike must put their

resources together towards finding suitable and affordable waste disposal system

(Oreyemi, 1999).

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 CHAPTER THREE

3.0 FRESEARCH METODOLOGY

The success of any research work will be defeated if there is no method of data

collection. Therefore, in carrying out research of this nature, one must adopt a way

through which information is collected for proper presentation. The method adopted in

this study is to study the population though sampling technique for data collection,

accurate presentation and analysis as well as to enable readers find adequate and

necessary information's.

3.1 STUDY DESIGN

The researcher used descriptive methods of study design.

3.2 STUDY SETTING

The study setting is Kabong District.

According to the National Population Commission of Nigeria, Census 2006 estimated

that the population of the study area is 17,000 (Seventeen thousand).

3.3 SAMPLE AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

The Researcher selected (300) respondents as the sample size used in the study area for

this research work. Random sampling was used as the sampling technique to select 100

households in the three areas of Alheri, Uttan and Rukuba Road of Kabon District. (Study

Area).

3.4 INSTRUMENT DESIGN

The researcher employed the use of questionnaire and observation for data collection in

this research work.

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3.5 METHOD OF VALIDATING INSTRUMENT

For effective and reliable data collection, the researcher carefully designed questions in a

simple and clearer language for the respondents to answer. Following throughanalysis of

the instrument(questionnaires), a copy was given to the research supervisor, for

appropriate corrections and approval. Therefore, the instrument used in this research

work was validated by my supervisor.

3.6 METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION

The method used for the collection of data was structured questionnaires administered

among the respondents ranging from 18 years and above, by traveling to the two areas of

Kabong District to distribute the questionnaires for the data collection.

3.7 METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS

The researcher analyzed the data obtained and presented it in a tabular form using figures

and percentage. The frequency tables were used to determine the number of respondents,

from the sampled people.

The formula used to calculate the percentage is given as X/Y x 100/1

Where X = means number of respondents

And Y = means total number of questionnaires retrieved.

3.8 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

This research is limited to the "implication of indiscriminate solid waste disposal in

Kabong district of Jos North Local Government Area, Plateau State.

17
 CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents the findings via the questionnaires distributed. The results are

presented based on the research questions and responses from the respondents in a tabular

form.

Out of 300 questionnaires distributed, only 290 were retrieved for analysis.

Table 1: Distribution and collection of questionnaire.

RESPONDENT NUMBER PERCENTAGE NUMBER PERCENTAGE

DISTRIBUTE RETRIVED

Civil servant 55 18% 50 17%

Farmer 65 22% 60 21%

Student 85 28% 85 29%

Teachers 95 32% 95 33%

Total 300 100% 290% 100%

The table above shows the distribution and collection of questionnaire. Where 18% of

respondents are civil servant, 22% are students, 28% are traders and 32% are farmers,

while SO people presenting 17% are civil

servant retrieved, 85 people representing 29% are traders retrieved and 95 people

representing 22% are farmers retrieved.

Table 2: Age Distribution

18
AGE NUMBER OF RESPONDENT PERCENTAGE

18-24 Years 120 41%

25-30 Years 85 29%

36 above 86 30%

Total 290 100%

The table above reveals age distribution. The respondent age ranges between 18-24 years

have 120 with 410/0, between 25-30 years have 85 With 290/0 while 36 and above have'

86 with 30%.

Table 3: Level of awareness of solid waste.

Table 3: Do you know what solid waste is?

RESPONSES FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

Yes 220 76%

No 70 24%

Total 290 100%

The table shows the level of awareness of solid waste.

Out of two hundred and ninety (290) respondents, two hundred and twenty (220) which

make up 76% said yes they know what solid waste is, while seventy (70) which make up

24% said they do not know what solid waste is.

Table 4: People's knowledge on methods of solid waste disposals.

How do you dispose your solid waste?

RESPONSES FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

Open dumping 120 41%

19
Burning 97 33%

Recycling 50 17%

Sanitary landfill 23 8%

Total 290 100%

The above table indicates people's knowledge about methods of solid waste disposal.

Out of 120 which forms 41% of the respondent said they dispose off their solid waste by

open dumping, while 97 make up 330/0 said by burning, 50 that make up 17% said

recycling and 23 make up 80/0 said by sanitary land fill.

Table 5: Sources of solid waste.

Where do you generate your solid waste from?

RESPONSES FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

Kitchen 80 28%

Cooking 70 24%

Sweeping 90 31%

Farming 50 17%

Others 0 0%

Total 290 100%

The table above indicates sources of solid waste generation.

Out or 80 respondent which represents 28% generates solid waste tram the kitchen, while

70 which represents 24% generates their solid waste when cooking followed by sweeping

waste which is 90 representing 31%ana forming is 50 representing 17% and others 0%.

Table 6: Government involvement in solid waste disposal.

20
Do governments collect and dispose off your solid waste always?

RESPONSES FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

Yes 70 24%

No 220 76%

Total 290 100%

The table above shows government involvement in their solid waste disposal.

Out of 70 respondents representing 24% said that government do collect and dispose off

their solid Waste always, while 220 representing 76% said that government do not collect

and dispose off their waste always.

Table 7: Opinions of people on the when last them saw a waste disposal van.

When last did you saw a waste disposal van in your area?

RESPONSES FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

2 weeks ago 30 10%

3 weeks ago 70 24%

4 weeks ago 190 66%

Others 0 0%

Total 290 100%

The table above shows when last a refuse van was seen.

Out of 290 respondents, 30 representing 10% said 2 weeks ago, 70 representing 24% said

3 weeks ago, 190 representing 66% said 4 weeks while others none.

Table 8: Responses of people whether there is any health worker in their area:

21
DO you have health workers in your area?

RESPONSES FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

Yes 60 21%

No 230 79%

Total 290 100%

The table above reveals the level of awareness of the people on solid waste disposal.

Out of 290 respondents, 50 representing 17% said yes, they have been given health

education, while 240 representing 83% said no they have not been health education.

Table 9:Responsesof the people whether they often receive health education from the

health workers or not.

Do they give you health education?

RESPONSES FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

Yes 50 17%

No 240 83%

Total 290 100%

The table above reveals the level of awareness of the people on solid waste disposal.

Out of 290 respondents, 50 representing 17% said Yes, they have been given health

education, while 240 representing 83% said No they have not been health education.

Table 10: Distribution of people on how often they dispose off their solid waste.

How often do you dispose off your solid waste?

RESPONSES FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

Daily 90 31%

22
Weekly 190 66%

Monthly 10 3%

Others 0 0%

Total 290 100%

The above table shows the distribution of people on how often they dispose off solid

waste.

90 respondent representing 31% dispose of their waste daily, 190 respondents

representing 66% dispose off their waste on a weekly bases while 10 representing 3%

said they dispose off their waste monthly and others none.

Table 11: Opinions of people on rules guiding the disposal of solid waste. Is there any

rules guiding the disposal of solid waste in your area?

RESPONSES FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

Yes 80 28%

No 110 72%

Total 290 100%

The table above shows opinions on rules guiding the disposal of solid waste.

Out of 290 respondents, 80 representing 28% said there are rules guiding the disposal of

solid waste, while 110 representing 72% said there are no guiding disposal wastes.

Table 12: Opinions of respondents on types of equipment used in the collection of solid

waste.

What type of equipment do you use in collecting solid waste?

23
RESPONSES FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

Drums 80 28%

Metal Bins 90 31%

Plastic bins 70 24%

Basket 50 17%

Total 290 100%

The table above shows opinions of respondents on types of equipment used for collecting

solid waste.

In the table above, 80 respondents representing 28% uses drums for collecting solid

waste, 90 representing 31% uses metal bins, 70 representing 24% uses plastic bins and 50

representing 17% uses basket.

Table 13: Frequency of the facilities used in management of solid waste disposal.

Are there facilities provided for the management of solid waste disposal in your area?

RESPONSES FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

Yes 70 24%

No 220 76%

Total 290 100%

The table above shows the frequency of facilities for solid waste management.

220 respondents representing 76% said no facilities for management of solid waste, while

70 representing 24% said there are facilities for management of solid waste.

24
25
 CHAPTER FIVE

51 DISCUSSION OF FINDING

Based on the data analysis done, improper solid waste disposal remain the problem of the

public health. Study has revealed that poor solid waste management and disposal

encourage the spread of communicable diseases; some of the problems resulting from

poor solid waste management/ disposal are sudden increase in number of disease vectors

such as rodent infestation, flies infestation and other problems like fire outbreak,

contamination of water body, ordour nuisance and unsightliness among others. The

factors which influence poor solid waste management/ disposal are:

Illiteracy, lack of health education as indicated in table 9, lack of equipment as illustrated

in table 13.

The study also shows the populace do not practice the ideal methods of solid waste

disposal, instead they uses open dumping and sea dumping which is not adequate, as

shows in table 4.

It also shows that the method of collection, transportation. The populations used are not

hygienic as illustrated in table 12.

According to Oreyemi (2005) in view of the above. Proper and efficient solid waste

management is known for ensuring healthy environment that will prevent diseases and

promote health. So refuse must be sanitary disposed. In which choice of a particular

method for disposing the solid waste depends on the following factors such as cost,

availability of land, skills, and personnel among others. Some of these methods includes:

Sanitary land fill, composting, incineration pulverization e. t. c.

26
IMPLICATION OF STUDY.

In the study area, it was discovered that the people generates a lot ofsolid waste but do

not know the hygienic method of disposing the waste.

In the households, it was notice that most people in the study are used dustbin that is not

up to standard, which produces bad odour encourages flies and rodents infestation. Also

there is no adequate health personnel visiting the people of the study area, to health

educate them on the proper management of solid waste.

5.4 RECOMMENDATIONS

The problem of solid waste management is very difficult to be prevented, as the

generation of solid waste has remain constant, but rather control measures is to be

encouraged.

The following are some of the strategies recommended for the control of solid waste.

Policy makers of all the three tiers of government, nongovernmental organizations and

individuals/ communities should put their resources together towards funding suitable

and affordable waste disposal system.

More trained personnel should be employed by the government to the area of study.

• Enforcement of sanitation law with sanctions by the government will also go a long way

in combating the problem.

• The environmental health officers and community health workers have the obligation to

health education the people for a safer and affordable method of waste disposal.

27
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 APPENDIX

Department Community Health,

College of Health Science and

Technology

Zawan,

PlateauState.

10 October, 2022.

Dear Respondents,

RESEARCH QUESTIONNAIRE

I am a student of College of Health Science and Technology Zawan, conducting

a research on "The implication of indiscriminate solid waste disposal a case study of

kabong district of Jos north local government Plateau state "which is one of the

Requirements in Partial fulfillment for the Award Diploma in Environmental Health

Technician (EVT).

It will be appreciated if you kindly answer the questionnaire below clearly and

objectively. The exercise is entirely for academic purposes.

I assure you that any information obtained from you shall be treated confidentially.

Thank you in anticipation.

Yours faithfully.

Aisha Ibrahim Agbo

INDEX No: 21/EVZA/080

"Researcher"

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