INTRODUCTION TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

• SUSTAINABILITY: Use of renewable resources at a rate within its capacity for renewal.
• DEVELOPMENT: holistic growth of natural and human environment towards autonomy
and freedom.
o Encapsulates quality + quantity.
• SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: Development which meets the needs of the present
without affecting the ability of our future generations to meet their own needs.
(Brundtland Commission, 1987)

OBJECTIVES OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT:

Sustainable development has some forward looking and broad-based objectives, which
transcend class, caste, language and regional barriers.

1. To conserve and protect earth’s natural resources: to conserve and protect earth’s natural
resources from misuse and wasteful consumption.
2. To innovate new technologies and scientific techniques which work on unison with the
law of nature and not against it.
3. To respect diversity and include local and indigenous communities for a more grassroot
oriented and relevant developmental policies.
a. It should include development of every group.
b. Currently, poor has to suffer twice, firstly, due to his own habits, and secondly,
due to fault of rich.
4. To decentralize government institutions and make them more resilient, transparent, and
accountable to people.
a. Locality is to be given prominence (micro > macro).
5. To plan international organizations which recognizes the needs of the poor nations and
support them to achieve their growth target without destroying their natural wealth and
environment.
6. To seek peaceful coexistence of all nations of the world because only peace can allow
them to work for the larger interest of the humanity.

CRITIQUES OF GROWTH MODEL

Points: Industrialization, urbanization, inequalities

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 • Industrialization:
o completely based on quantitative growth.
o If we can thank IR for giving us internal combustion engines, we can also
condemn it for the threatening effect it has had on social and ecological
relationships.

ORIGIN OF SD

• Sustainable development emerged as a concept in the early sixties when the ruthless
industrialisation in the developed countries started showing visible signs of natural
degradation and problems of pollution and ill health.
• The origin can be traced back to 1962 when Rachel Carson, in her book The Silent
Spring, drew attention to the destruction of wildlife by DDT pesticide. It highlighted
the connection between economy, environment, social wellbeing.
• Since then, the concept has slowly but continuously evolved (eco development →
sustainable society → SD).
• The term SD first emerged in the World Conservation Strategy, published by IUCN
(International Union of Conservation of Nature).
• Sustainable development became a wholesome word after the Brundtland Commission
Report of 1987 (Our Common Future).
• By 2000, the concept of SD became firmly settled as a guiding document in all
international organizations. UN states started publishing their status on SD.
• UN Commission for SD.

MDGS

• In September 2000, UNGA adopted the UN Millennium Declaration, which called for
a global partnership to reduce extreme poverty.
• To support the declaration, Kofi Annan established 8 objectives, which came to be
known as MDGs.
• Adopted by the UNGA in September 2000, It was the first attempt to formulate global
target.
• It had 8 goals, with the primary concern being eradication of extreme poverty.

CRITICISM:

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 1. Too narrow: MDGs were too narrow. They did not involve many important sectors like
economic growth, gender equality, etc.
2. Burden on Developing Nation: It put for change in just developing countries. It
overlooks that achieving SD requires cooperation of all.
3. Top-down approach: Developed countries were formulating policies to be followed by
developing nations, without their inputs. They applied only to the global South, which
in fact, had played a minimal role in designing them.
4. Scepticism: It didn’t take developing countries into confidence. It was seen as a way
for the developed nations to promote capitalism, etc., in disguise of helping developing
nations.

However, it was not a complete failure. Even then, SDGs were needed as 2008 crisis made
everyone realize that human development can’t be restricted to poverty related issues. There
are other issues as well (Eg: climate change).

SDG VIS-À-VIS MDG:

1. They are much more comprehensive than MDGs.

2. Much greater balance between economic and environmental goals. It is difficult to
interconnect goals in MDGs.
3. Most profound feature is its universality. They removed the “developed” v.
“developing” dichotomy.
4. Drafting: a UN Open Working Group (UN OWG) consisting of 70 countries involved
in negotiation process. As a result, developing countries can put their input.

SALIENT FEATURES OF SDG

1. Inter-generational equity:
a. It emphasizes that right of the current generation be met, without hampering the
needs of the future generation.
b. AP Pollution Control Board v. Union of India: When state govt has to make
attempt to balance environment and economic right, it should apply protective
principle. Polluter pay principle, and inter-generational equity.
2. Use and Conservation of Natural Resources
a. Earth’s natural resources should be used in such a way that they must be
conserved and enhanced for the future generation.

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 b. There is a dire need to develop technologies which may need minimum
utilization of natural resources.
c. It states that the state should prevent and reduce unsustainable exploitation of
resources.
d. In A Jagannath v. UOI, SC mentioned that industrial practices which are against
this principle should be discarded.
3. Environmental protection:
a. It is an integral part of SD. Most nations have enacted environmental protection
laws to ensure SD within their territories.
b. Inadequate protection of environment affects the poorest of the society.
c. In India, we have Environmental (Protection) Act, 1986 as the central act.
4. The precautionary principle:
a. Defined under Principle 15 of Rio Declaration, 1992.
b. It seeks to ensure that a substance or activity which can cause threat to the
environment is prevented from causing environmental damage, even if there is
no scientific proof of linking that substance to environmental damage.
c. Any substance or human activity which can have negative impact on
environment, should be prevented at all the cost.
d. Onus of proof is on the industrialist to show that his action is benign.
e. It has now become an integral part of the UNEP.
f. It is based on the principle that prevention is better than cure.
g. It is being consistently recognised by the Indian courts as a principle of Indian
environmental laws, after the case of Vellore Citizens’ Welfare Forum v. Union
of India.
h. Rules laid down in Vellore case:
i. The State Governments and local authorities are supposed to anticipate
and then prevent the cause of environmental degradation. They are
supposed to check the activity which is damaging for environment;
ii. Merely because there is a lack of scientific knowledge as to whether a
particular activity is causing degradation, it should not stand in the way
of the Government;
iii. The onus of proof is on the actor (i.e. person who does the activity) or
the developer/industrialist to show that the action was environmentally
friendly.

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 i. Narmada Bachao Aandolan v. Union of India: when there is a state of
uncertainty due to lack of material about the extent of damage which will be
caused, then in order to maintain ecological balance, the burden of proof that
the said balance will be maintained, must necessarily be on the industry or the
unit which is likely to cause pollution.
5. The “Polluter Pays” principle:
a. The principle was first enacted by the OECD council in 1971, where it said that
those countries who cause pollution should pay its cost. It was included to
discourage subsidies that could be detrimental for trade.
b. It is mentioned under Principle 16 of the Rio Declaration as well, and states that
“National authorities should endeavour to promote the internationalisation of
environmental costs and the use of economic instruments taking into account
the approach that the polluter should in principle bear the cost of pollution with
due regard to the public interest and without distorting international trade and
investment.”
c. It could be considered one of the best approach to prevent environmental
pollution, but there might arise difficulty in determining the limit of payment.
d. OECD report itself mentioned that prevention is better than cure.
e. In MC Mehta v. Kamal Nath, court observed that the principle of polluter pay is
an integral part of India’s environmental policies.
f. Vellore Citizens’ Welfare Forum: Supreme Court directed the govt to create a
body under EA, 1987 which would implement the precautionary principle and
polluter pay principle.
g. As a matter of fact, this principle was already accepted and included as Principle
4 of the Stockholm Declaration in 1972 but it was legally and internationally
recognised as a substantive principle of environmental law under Principle 16
of the Rio Declaration, 1992.
6. Principle of liability to help and co-operate:
a. States should cooperate to strengthen indigenous capacity building for
sustainable development.
b. In order to address environmental degradation, it is best if all the states
cooperate and work together.
7. Poverty eradication

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 a. It is the worst contributory factor of polluting the environment. It reduces
people’s capacity to use resources in a sustainable manner.
8. Principle of ‘public trust’

PILLARS OF SD:

Three main pillars of SD are social progress, economic growth, environmental protection.
These three collectively forms triple bottom line approach to SD.

GLOBAL SCENARIO:

1. Because of the diversity of environmental problems, the legal regime at the

international level is necessarily fragmented, with over 200 Multilateral Environmental
Agreements (MEAs) each dealing with different environmental problems.
2. Stockholm Conference, 1972:
a. It was the first step towards putting environmental concerns on the global
agenda. Issues such as air and water pollution and chemical toxicity were
discussed in a global forum for the first time. Out of 100 nations, only 2 states
were represented by Head of State (one being India). Mrs. Indira Gandhi
emphasized that poverty is the biggest polluter.
b. Stockholm Declaration passed with 26 principles for environmental protection.
c. It also resulted in setting up of UN Environmental Programme.
3. Rio Earth Summit, 1992:
a. Attended by over 100 Head of States.
b. There was increased awareness, but clear division between North & South.
c. It led to the release of Agenda 21.
d. Rio 5,
e. Rio 10 (to review progress achieved in Agenda 21 aims). Johannesburg
Declaration on SD.

CHALLENGES

1. Targets established by the SDGs are seen as the “ceiling” for achievement, rather than
the “floor” which is necessary for international sustainability.
2. Missing out on integrational potential: Nations might choose to focus only on goals
which aligns with their existing development agenda. Since SDGs are inter-connected,
neglecting one can compromise collective success.

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 3. Data and monitoring challenge

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 MODULE 2
Sociology is based on the understanding that the social matters. it studies that how our lives
are affected not just by our own characteristics, but by our place in the social world.

Functionalism, Conflict Theory, and Symbolic Interactionalism:

FUNCTIONALISM:

• Herbert Spencer, Emile Durkheim, etc.

• Society is relatively stable, which means that things occur in society for a specific
function and those functions help maintain society.
• In human body, every organ has its own function, which is interdependent on other. In
order for the body to function properly, it is necessary for every organ to function
effectively. Similarly in order to maintain stability in society, it is necessary for its every
organ to function properly.
• Organs of society: family, economy, political system, education system, values &
norms, etc.

EMILE DURKHEIM:

• One of the first true sociologists as he used data to test theories.

• Solidarity is a vital component that holds society together
o Mechanical and organic solidarity.
• Solidarity: Level of connectedness a person feels towards others in their environment.
• Social control: Social mechanisms that regulate a person’s actions.
• Kinds of Suicide:
o Egoist: When people lacks solidarity. Eg: Mentally ill, lonely.
▪ Motivation: Depression
o Altruistic: Results when the level of solidarity is exceptionally high.
▪ Eg: Kamikaze pilots, suicide bombers.
▪ Motivation: Obligation to the group.
o Fatalistic: Results from too much social control. Eg: inmates, elderly.
▪ Motivation: Hopelessness.
o Anomic: Occur as a result of rapid change, usually economic. Eg: 1929 stock
market crash.
▪ Motivation: Insecurity.

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CONFLICT THEORY:

• Key proponent: Karl Marx.

• It focusses on how society change and adapt over time due to conflict.
• It views society in a struggle for scarce resources.
• Two main concerns: economic wealth, and power.
• As per him, every society is divided into class, and has oppression and suppression.
• The suppressed (proletariat) can’t change their fate since they lack understanding of
their position in society.

SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONALISM:

• Brainchild of HB Mead.
• Everything has value, because we agreed that it has/should have value.
• The concept of front-stage and back-stage: It depicts that the behaviour of an individual
depends on his outside interaction.
• One might be a good student, but he might behave differently in class.

Functionalism Conflict Theory Symbolic Interactionalism

What keeps society How are resources How do people co-create the
functioning smoothly? distributed in society? society? Do people change
behaviour from one setting to
another?

SOCIAL CHANGE:

• Observable difference in any social phenomenon over a period of time.

CHARACTERISTICS:

1. Universal Phenomenon: Happens in all societies.

2. Community change: does not refers to change in some individual, but a change in
community as a whole. Social change is social and not individual.
3. Speed of Social Change is not uniform: In most societies, it occurs so slowly that it is
not often noticed by those who live in them.
4. Definite prediction not possible: No inherent law of social change.
5. Nature and speed of social change is affected by time factor.

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CAUSES OF SOCIAL CHANGE

1. Invention: The creation of new technologies, tools, or processes that change how
people live, work, and interact. Inventions disrupt existing norms and systems, leading
to shifts in social structures and lifestyles. Example: Internet and social media.
2. Discovery: It includes taking note of certain elements of a culture. Discoveries
challenge existing beliefs, expand understanding, and introduce new possibilities.
Advancements resulting from discoveries impact society. Example: Discovery of
penicillin revolutionizing healthcare.
3. Diffusion: The spread of ideas, innovations, or cultural practices from one society to
another. Diffusion leads to the adoption and integration of new practices, which can
bring about social change. Example: The spread of Western fashion and music
worldwide.
4. Conflict and Social Change: Social conflicts, such as political struggles, protests, or
revolutions, can result in significant social change. Eg: Civil rights movements.
5. Ideas and Change: The introduction and acceptance of new ideas can drive social
change. Concepts like equality, democracy, or environmental sustainability can inspire
movements and reshape societal values, norms, and institutions. Example: Feminist
movement advocating for gender equality.
6. Demographic Change: Changes in population size, composition, and demographics
can bring about social change. Example: Increasing urbanization leading to changes in
lifestyle and community dynamics.

CULTURE

• Culture refers to a set of patterns of human activities within a community or social

group. Eg: Culture of students in class, mess, etc.

CHARACTERISTICS:

1. It is learned, shared, and transmitted from one generation to the next.

2. Culture is dynamic.
3. Culture is gratifying.

(# elements of culture)

TERMINOLOGY:

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 1. Sub-culture
2. Culture shock: witnessing cultural practices never witnessed earlier.
3. Ethnocentrism: “My culture is superior”
4. Cultural relativism: Respecting, and relating with other culture.
5. Acculturation: It is a form of cultural diffusion. It happens when there is a power gap
between various cultures. This involves a one way change, as the dominant culture
influences the subordinate one.
6. Cultural Diffusion: Cultural diffusion refers to the spread or transfer of cultural traits,
ideas, customs, and practices from one society or group to another. It emphasizes the
exchange and sharing of cultural elements between different cultures. Cultural diffusion
can occur through various means such as trade, migration, communication, or
technological advancements.
7. Cultural Lag: Time gap that occurs when one aspect of a culture changes more rapidly
than another. It suggests that different element of culture changes at different time.

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 INDEGENOUS PEOPLE

INTRODUCTION

• Indigenous peoples are ethnic groups who are the original or earliest known inhabitants
of an area.
• Around 8% of India’s population consists of tribal people.
• It is the second largest tribal population in the world, after Africa.
• Around 90% of this tribal population lives in rural areas.
• Every year, August 9 is celebrated as the International Day of the world’s Indigenous
people to protect and promote the rights of the world’s indigenous population.

WHY TO STUDY INDIGENOUS POPULATION?

• For centuries, they have suffered from invasion and oppression.

• They have managed to survive for centuries by adapting in different ways, which shows
that they have diverse forms of knowledge.
• UN acknowledges the importance of indigenous knowledge in the report Realizing the
Future We Want, 2015.
• Therefore, in light of the new post 2015 agenda, it is important to study linkages
between SD and indigenous knowledge.
• Indigenous knowledge: Knowledge unique to a given society or culture, which
encompasses its culture’s values, including taboos, that are part of the customary law
of a specific group.

BUEN VIVIR

• It is a social philosophy inspiring movement in South America.

• Buen Viver → Spanish → Good living.
• It describes a way of doing things that is community-centric, ecologically-balanced and
culturally-sensitive.
• It challenges the dominant Western paradigm of development, which prioritizes
economic growth and material accumulation, often at the expense of social and
environmental well-being.

CHARACTERISTICS:

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 • Human and Nature: Buen vivir emphasizes the sustainable and respectful relationship
between humans and the environment. It promotes practices that preserve ecological
balance and the integrity of ecosystems, recognizing that human well-being is
intimately tied to the health of the natural world.
• Cultural Diversity and Plurinationalism: Buen vivir recognizes and celebrates the
diversity of cultures and promotes respect for indigenous knowledge, languages, and
practices. It values the coexistence of multiple worldviews and promotes the idea of
plurinational states that recognize and protect the rights of indigenous peoples.
• Community and Solidarity: Buen vivir emphasizes the importance of collective well-
being and community cohesion. It emphasizes cooperation, reciprocity, and mutual
support among individuals and communities, fostering social harmony and resilience.
• Opposite to Capitalism
• Small is beautiful: Small production is likely to reflect local culture, to include people,
and to protect the environment.
• Responsibility and Profits

Indigenous Knowledge Maintenance & Transmission:

• Evidence shows that they conceive education as learning for life experience.

INDIGENOUS IN INDIA:

FOREST RIGHTS ACT, 2006

• Earlier, forest was considered a sustainable resource.

• However, during British time, it became a commercial interest. It continued even after
independence.
• They also brought in the concept of land ownership.
• It is as late as in 2006, the government brought Forest Rights Act, 2006.
• Watershed movement in the political setup. It tried to restore historical injustices.
• It is restoring the rights of the tribal over the land.
• Gram Sabha will be responsible.
• RIGHTS:
o Ownership rights: up to 4 hectares. They should be living and using that land
for at least 3 generations.
o Use rights

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 o Development Rights
o Forest Management Rights
• AIM:
o Socio-economic development of tribals: If land will be in their name, it will help
them get other benefits as well.
o Sustainable development model: Gives tribals the rights. If they will use it, they
will take care of it. Not just this, they will even regenerate it.
o Good governance model: Power to Gram Sabha.

PROCESS OF RECOGNITION- 3 STEPS

IMPACT?

• The act has been inexistence for 16 years, but many forest dwellers across India are still
in vulnerable condition due to improper implementation.
• 2019 case to declare Forest Rights Act as unconstitutional.

CORE ISSUES:

1. Noncompliance of procedure: Though Gram Sabha has the power, it can’t transfer it.
Bureaucracy still involved.
2. Lack of transparency: Eg, there is ambiguity in the formation of Forest Rights
Committee.
3. Deliberate focus on individual rather than community rights.
4. No recognition of rights in Protected Areas.
5. Documentation hassle- Proof of evidence.
6. Lack of awareness- Right to Appeal.

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 7. Rights of Women: Are their same rights of ownership for women?
8. High rejections: Especially among those who comes under other forest dwelling
communities.
9. Lack of coordination: Different ministries involved. (Forest, tribal, panchayati raj).
10. Multiplicity of Legal Provisions (Wildlife, Panchayati Raj extension to scheduled area
act).

COMPLETE FAILURE?

1. Samata v. State of AP, 1997

2. Adivasi, Dalit Cillagers file suit in Jharkhand HC against Land Acquisition for Adani
Power Plant.

Extra:

• No where in the Constitution, we have a definition of the term tribe.

• Article 342 just mentions that they should be as nominated by the President.
• African court orders Kenya to pay $ 1.3 million as reparations to indigenous Ogiek
people.

LAND ACQUISITION, REHABILITATION AND RESETTLEMENT ACT, 2013

MODULE 3
1. Conventions and Protocols for Sustainable Development
2. National Environmental Policies, Laws and Acts
3. Assessment Tools: EIA, SIA, Environmental Auditing

EPI, 2018 → 177/180

• The biennial report is an insight into a country’s policy making and suggests future
areas of thrust in environmental policy.
• The ranking is done for 180 countries based on 24 parameters (divided in two):
o Environment health: It looks into the threat human health faces.
o Ecosystem viability: It is a measure of availability of natural resources.

EPI 2022 → 180/180

LEGISLATIONS IN INDIA:

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 • Several environmental protection legislations were present even before independence.
However, major thrust came after Stockholm, 1972.
• It was only after 1972 that the National Council for Environment Policy and Planning
was set up, which later became Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change.
• Article 48A directs the government to protect environment and wildlife.

WILDLIFE PROTECTION ACT, 1972

• It provides a legal framework for the protection of various species of wild animals and
plants.
• Result of Stockholm, 1972.
• Why needed? Earlier, forests were completely under state domain, and due to no
centralized regulation, there occurred huge exploitation of flora and fauna.
• The act was to check this rampant disregard of Animals.
• In 1970, India had only 5 National Parks, however after the act, it increased to more
than 100.
• Chapter 5 states that every wild animal is the property of the Indian Government.
• Safeguard:
o Any amendment can be brought only after recommendation of an expert
committee to be formed by National Wildlife Board.
o It talks about setting of protected areas.
o Offences under the act are non-bailable and cognizable.

ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION ACT, 1986:

• Article 48A and 51A.

• All legislations prior to this were specific (like land, water, wildlife, etc.)
• However, this was a general act enacted under Article 253 to implement Stockholm,
1972.
• Objectives:
o To implement decisions taken at Stockholm.
o To provide protection and improvement of environment.
o To coordinate activities of various regulatory agencies.
o To provide punishment to those who endanger environment.
• Provides extensive power to centre to take steps for protection of environment.

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 • Vehicular Protection:
o In MC Mehta v. UOI, SC passed order to control chaotic traffic in Delhi.
o Banning vehicles older than 15 years.
• Protection of Coastline:
o CRZ norms, Maradu demolition in Kochi.
• Vellore Citizen’s Welfare Forum:
o TN leather industries accounted for more than 80% export of that community.
o But SC held that, even then, they do not have any right to destruct ecology.
o Matter to be dealt with by a special Green Bench of Madras High Court.

Important Terms:

1. Environment Audit: every person carrying on industry or operation in areas covered by

environment protection acts need to submit an audit report each financial year.

ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT:

• EIA was notified in 2006.

• It makes it mandatory for various projects like mining, thermal plants, etc., to get
environmental clearance.
• It is the assessment of environmental consequences (positive negative) of a plan.
• As per UNEP, it is a tool to identify the environmental, social and economic impacts of
a project prior to decision-making.

Topics to Cover:

1. EIA, Wildlife Protection Act, Environment Protection Act.

2. Stockholm, Rio, Montreal Protocol, Earth Summit, UNEP.

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 MODULE 4
1. Social Sustainability
2. Theoretical framework of Social Sustainability
3. Political Ideologies and Social Welfare Perspectives
4. Social auditing

SOCIAL AUDIT

• Social audit is a process where citizens access and monitor government operations on
the ground, then utilize the findings to demand accountability via the govt in the public
hearing system.
• Social Audit is the process of reviewing and verifying the Social Accounts at the end of
each social accounting period. The term' social audit' is sometimes used generically for
the concept and for the whole process.
• In other words, it is an assessment of how well an entity is performing its goals or
benchmarks for social responsibilities.
• It is the superset of financial audit.
• EG: Checking proper fund allocation is financial audit, but checking construction of
road along with it is social audit.

SOCIAL AUDITOR:

• A social auditor is a person who heads the social audit panel and manages the audit
process at the end of each cycle by issuing Social Auditing Statement.
• As per SEBI rules, a social auditor should be registered with a self-regulatory
organization under the purview of ICAI.
• Financial auditors can become social auditors after completing and getting a course
certificate NISM.
• Requirements if not a financial auditor:
o PG with a minimum 3 years of experience in development sector.
o UG with a minimum 6 years of experience in development sector.
o CMA, or any other person with suitable accreditation with min 6 years
experience.

Social Audit Process:

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 1. Collecting and verifying information
2. Audit evidence
3. Information and documents required by social auditor
4. Evidence building
5. Audit conclusions
6. Contents of audit conclusions

Why Useful?

1. Better Policy Formulation:

2. Participatory form of government: Gram Sabha is involved
3. Inclusive growth: Since decisions are taken with the consent of all, marginalized
communities too can keep their point of view.
4. Trains human for future:

Limitation:

1. Not uniformly applied: No centralized law. States may decide which all schemes are to
be exempted. Meghalaya in 2017 has a law that mandates social audits for all state govt
schemes.
2. Dysfunctional Social Audit Units: Not formed in many states. Even if present, they have
no authority. They can just submit the report to the government.
3. Public Awareness:

Measures:

1. Give legal backing

2. Give them funds, functions, and functionaries.
3. Extending it to private entities involved in public good like electricity.
4. Strict monitoring and punitive action.
5. Training camps:

Eg: Jharkhand MGNREGA Scam came in light due to social audit.

MODULE 5
POSITIVIST APPROACH:

• It promotes freedom of accumulation and appropriation by a few.

• This is also known as monetary approach.

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 • This approach focusses just on the physical betterment of the society.
• It leaves aside issues of distribution and justice.
• Even the environmental assets are valued in purely monetary terms.
• It emphasizes on wealth maximization, irrespective of distribution.
• Neglects people care and social organization for the welfare of deprived people.

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT APPROACH:

• Somewhat similar to the Aristotle’s concept, that “Wealth is not the good we are
seeking, for it is merely useful for the sake of something else.”
• Means of living can’t be give primacy over living itself. That’s why earning and wealth
accumulation is not above well being of a person.
• Opulence is an effective instrument, but not a goal.
• GDP is not always a sign of human growth.
o For instance, Sri Lanka has high GDP, but how HDI.

MULTI-DIMENSIONAL APPROACH

• It tries to calculate the intangibles in nature without any common denominator like
money.
• It recognises that any development which disturb a local ecosystem can have adverse
impact across political boundaries.
•

ECO-SYSTEM APPROACH

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 •

LIVELIHOOD APPROACH

MODULE 6
SDG India Index Report 2022 (Comparison with 2018 SGD Index report)

MGNREGA

• Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005.

• History:
o First proposed during PVNR in 1991.
o However, the act could come only in 2005. (earlier NREGA, renamed in 2009)
o Initially launched on a pilot basis in 200 district. (Under Ministry of Rural
Development)
• Provisions:
o It guarantees 100 days employment in every financial year to adult members of
any rural household.
o Unskilled labour
o Employment is to be provided within 5 kms of an applicant’s residence.
o If work is not provided withing 15 days of applying, applicants are entitled to
unemployment allowance.
o 1/3rd jobs reserved for women.
o Wages to be paid as per Minimum Wages Act, 1948.
o Implemented at Gram Panchayat Level.
o Decentralization: At least 50% of the work is to be executed by Gram Sabhas.
• During Covid:
o During covid, 40k crore was granted for MGNREGA.
o State govts issued more than 80 lak cards between April to September 2022.
o As per survey conducted by Azim Premji University, it helped in compensation
20-80% of loss happened due to covid.
• Currently, there are more than 15 crore active workers under MGNREGA.

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 PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM:

• Tendulkar Committee Reports: in 2011-12, around 20% individual were living in

poverty.
• It is an Indian Food Security System established under Ministry of Consumer Affairs.
• System of management of scarcity through distribution of food grains at affordable
price.
• Supplemental in nature, and not intended to make available the entire requirements of
a commodity in a household.
• Operated jointly by the state and central government.
• Currently distributed: wheat, rice, sugar, kerosene.
• Till 1992, it was a general entitlement scheme for all consumers without any specific
target.
• In 1992, it became RPDS, focussing the poor families. In 1997, Fair Price Shops were
opened, and it turned into TPDS.
• During 2nd world war, the system of PDS was introduced.

PROCESS:

1. Procurement: done at union level through FCI. Even if done at state level, it is under
the supervision and guidance of the Union Govt.
2. Storage: It is kept in godowns by FCI. If there is shortage of space, they even hire places
from various agencies. Issue: Inadequate capacity. Damaged foodgrain.
3. Allocation: Crentre allocates food grains from the central pool to the state govt at a
uniform price for distribution through PDS. The onus to identify eligible households is
on the state government.
4. Transportation: the responsibility is shared between Centre and State. Interstate
transportation is the responsibility of the FCI.

SDG INDIA INDEX REPORT 2022 & 2018

• 2nd edition of the SDG India Index was released in 2022.

• It covers 16 goals, as compared to 13 goals in 2018 report.
• Developed by the NITI Aayog in collaboration with Ministry of Statistics, UN, and the
Global Green Growth Initiative.
• Kerala at top, Bihar is the worst performer.

DAKSH KASLIWAL- 21BWL006

 • A composite score (out of 100) of 16 SDGs taken to calculate rank.
• States classified into 4 categories based on their score:
o Aspirant: 0-49
o Performer: 50-64
o Front Runner: 65-99
o Achiever: 100
• All states and Union Territories, except for Delhi, scored above 65.

DAKSH KASLIWAL- 21BWL006