Hypothesis Testing-I
Anitha G (BMAT202L)
Module 5
March 12, 2025
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Content: Module 5
Testing of hypothesis –Types of errors - Critical region, Procedure for
testing of hypothesis- Large sample tests- Z test for Single Proportion-
Difference of Proportion- Mean and difference of means.
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Table corresponding to critical values
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Z-Test for a Single Mean
Hypotheses:
• H0 : µ = µ0 (No difference)
• H1 : µ ̸= µ0 (Two-tailed) or H1 : µ > µ0 or H1 : µ < µ0 (One-tailed)
Test Statistic:
X̄ − µ0
Z= √
σ/ n
where:
• X̄ = Sample mean
• µ0 = Population mean
• σ = Population standard deviation
• n = Sample size
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Z-Test for the Difference of Two Means
Hypotheses:
• H0 : µ1 = µ2 (No difference)
• H1 : µ1 ̸= µ2 (Two-tailed) or H1 : µ1 > µ2 or H1 : µ1 < µ2
(One-tailed)
Test Statistic:
(X̄1 − X̄2 ) − (µ1 − µ2 )
Z= q 2
σ1 σ22
n1 + n2
where:
• X̄1 , X̄2 = Sample means
• µ1 , µ2 = Population means
• σ1 , σ2 = Population standard deviations
• n1 , n2 = Sample sizes
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Z-Test for a Single Proportion
Hypotheses:
• H0 : p = P (No difference)
• H1 : p ̸= P (Two-tailed) or H1 : p > P or H1 : p < P (One-tailed)
Test Statistic:
p−P
Z= q
PQ
n
where:
• p = Sample proportion
• P = Population proportion
• n = Sample size
• Q =1−P
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Z-Test for the Difference of Two Proportions
Hypotheses:
• H0 : p1 = p2 (No difference)
• H1 : p1 ̸= p2 (Two-tailed) or H1 : p1 > p2 or H1 : p1 < p2
(One-tailed)
Test Statistic:
(p1 − p2 )
Z=r
PQ n11 + n12
where:
• p1 , p2 = Sample proportions
• P = p1 nn1 +n
+p2 n2
(Pooled proportion)
1 2
• n1 , n2 = Sample sizes
• Q =1−P
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Q1
A manufacturer of ball pens claims that a certain pen he manufactures has
a mean writing life of 400 pages with a standard deviation of 20 pages. A
purchasing agent selects a sample of 100 pens and puts them for test. The
mean writing life for the sample was 390 pages. Should the purchasing
agent reject the manufacturer’s claim at 5% level?
Ans: H0 is rejected.
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Q2
The sales manager of a large company conducted a sample survey in states
A and B, taking 400 samples in each case. The results were:
State A State B
Average Sales Rs. 2,500 Rs. 2,200
Standard Deviation Rs. 400 Rs. 550
Test whether the average sales are the same in the two states at the 1%
significance level. (Ans: H0 is rejected at 1% level. Average sales within
two states differ significantly)
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Q3
Random samples drawn from two places gave the following data relating
to the heights of adult males.
Place A Place B
Mean height (inches) 68.50 68.58
SD of heights 2.5 3.0
Sample Size 1200 1500
Test at 5% level that the mean height is the same for adults in the two
places. (Ans: H0 is accepted at 5%. Hence the mean height is the same.)
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Q4
The mean height of 50 male students who showed above-average
participation in college athletics was 68.2 inches with a standard deviation
of 2.5 inches, while 50 male students who showed no interest in such
participation had a mean height of 67.5 inches with a standard deviation
of 2.8 inches.
Test the hypothesis that male students who participated in college
athletics are taller than other male students. (Ans: H0 is accepted at 5%
level. We can’t say that athletics are taller than non-athletics.)
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Q5
While throwing 5 dice 30 times, a person obtained success 23 times
(securing a 6 was considered a success). Can we consider the difference
between the observed and the expected results as being significantly
different?(H0 is accepted at 5% level.)
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Q6
A manufacturer claimed that at least 95% of the equipment he supplied to
a factory conformed to specifications.
An examination of a sample of 200 pieces of equipment revealed that 18
were faulty.
Test his claim at a significance level of 0.01 and 0.05.
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Q7
Sky Packets’ Managing Director says with 95% confidence that there has
been a significant improvement in deliveries based on a sample of 81
deliveries, out of which 6 were late. If, in general, 10% of deliveries were
late in the past, should the Managing Director’s statement be accepted?
(H0 is accepted at 5% level.)
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Q8
A company has the head office at Calcutta and a branch at Bombay. The
personal director wanted to know if the workers at the two places would
like the introduction of a new plan of work, and a survey was conducted
for this purpose.
Out of a sample of 500 workers at Calcutta, 62% favoured the new plan.
At Bombay, out of a sample of 400 workers, 41% were against the plan.
Is there any significant difference between the two groups in their attitude
towards the new plan at 5% level? (H0 is accepted at 5% level.)
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Q9
A machine produced 20 defective articles in a batch of 400. After
overhauling, it produced 10 defectives in a batch of [Link] the machine
improved? (Hint: One tail test; H0 is accepted at 5% level. Therefore the
machine has not improved due to overhauling. )
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Q10
Before an increase in excise duty on tea, 400 people out of a sample of
500 persons were found to be tea drinkers. After an increase in duty, 400
people were tea drinkers out of a sample of 600 people. Using the
standard error of proportion, state whether there is a significant decrease
in the consumption of tea. (H0 is rejected at 1%. )
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THE END
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