‘ Š ’ –ë  ‰ Y

1˜Ù żêÚŽ™§
1.1 ,‡3˜‘³|V (x)¥$ÄŸþmâfŒ±^Xeżê£ã§

 0, x < 0;
Ψ(x, t) =
 αxe−βx eiγt/ℏ , x > 0,

Ù¥§β´¢ê§γ = . ¦µ ℏ2 β 2

(1) ¦αÚβ ƒm'X¶

2m

(2) ¦ ˜Ï–Š⟨x⟩ÚÄþϖŠ⟨p⟩¶
(3) OŽâfŒUÑy ˜¶
(4) ¦V (x)äN/ª.

):
żêU 8˜z§‡¦´åP§=ψ(x → ±∞) → 0§Œ„β > 0.
(1) Z ∞
1 = ⟨Ψ(x, t)|Ψ(x, t)⟩ = |α| 2
x2 e−2βx dx,

‰Ñα = 2⠌±\˜?¿ƒ §{üå„¢ê)

0
3/2
. (
(2)
∞Z
3
⟨x⟩ = α 2
x3 e−2βx dx = .
0 2β
Z ∞
∂
⟨p⟩ = α 2
xe−βx (−iℏ )(xe−βx )dx = 0.
0 ∂x

âf?3,‡ ˜AÇP (x, t) = ⟨Ψ(x, t)|Ψ(x, t)⟩ = |Ψ(x, t)|

(3) 2
= α2 x2 e−2βx . ŒUÑ
y ˜d^‡
d
P = 0,
dx
d2
P < 0,
dx2

1
(½. x = . m
1

(4) Œ±wѧx < 0ž§V (x) = ∞. x > 0ž§dŽ™§

β

ℏ2 ∂ 2
 
∂
iℏ |Ψ(x, t)⟩ = Ĥ|Ψ(x, t)⟩ = − + V (x) |Ψ(x, t)⟩
∂t 2m ∂x2
ℏ2 2
 
−βx iγt/ℏ
−γαxe e = − (β x − 2β) + V (x)x αe−βx eiγt/ℏ ,
2m
ℏ2 2
−γx = − (β x − 2β) + V (x)x,
2m

ℏ2 β
V (x) = − .
mx
= 
 ∞, x < 0;
V (x) =
− ℏ2 β , x > 0.
mx

1.2 y²éu£ã‰˜‘$Äâfżêψ(x)§k
+∞
⟨p̂⟩
Z
dxj(x) = ,
−∞ m

Ù¥§j(x)´AÇ6—ݧ⟨p̂⟩´ÄþϖŠ"
y²µ
âf6—ݽ⃗j = Ψ∇Ψ . 3˜‘œ¹e§j =
 
⃗ ⃗ iℏ iℏ ∂ ∂
⋆ ⋆


− Ψ ∇Ψ 2m 2m
Ψ ∂x Ψ⋆ − Ψ⋆ ∂x Ψ .
Z ∞ Z ∞
∂ ⋆ ⋆ ∞ ∂
dxΨ(x, t) Ψ (x, t) = Ψ(x, t)Ψ (x, t)|−∞ − dxΨ⋆ (x, t) Ψ(x, t)
−∞ ∂x −∞ ∂x
Z ∞
∂
= − dxΨ⋆ (x, t) Ψ(x, t)
−∞ ∂x

Ïd
Z +∞ Z ∞
iℏ ∂
dxj(x) = (−2) dxΨ⋆ (x, t) Ψ(x, t)
−∞ 2m ∂x
Z ∞ −∞  
1 ⋆ ∂
= ) dxΨ (x, t) −iℏ Ψ(x, t)
m −∞ ∂x
1
= )⟨Ψ(x, t)|p̂|Ψ(x, t)⟩
m
⟨p⟩
= .
m

2
1.3˜‘gd$Äâf (Uþ²¡Å)Ð(t = 0)ψ(x, 0) = δ(x)§
¦ψ(x, t)"=J«µ dx cos(αx ) = R dx sin(αx ) = p >
R +∞
−∞
2 +∞
−∞
2 π
2α

)µéugd$ħâfØɃpŠ^(V (x) = 0)§¤±Äþ´Åðþ§Äþ˜

m©ÙؑžmCz. Ïd=†ÄþL–¥'{ü. ÄþL–¼ê
φ (x, t) = e
k . √1
2π
ikx−i ℏk
2m
Z
2
t
∞
ψ(x, 0) = ϕ(k, 0)φx,0 dk,
−∞

Ù¥Xê Z ∞
1 1
ϕ(k, 0) = ⟨φk (x, 0)|ψ(x, 0)⟩ = √ e−ikx δ(x)dx = √ .
2π −∞ 2π
?¿žżêψ(x, t)ÓŒ±3ÄþL–¥Ðm§=
Z ∞ Z ∞
1 ℏk2
ψ(x, t) = ψ(k, 0)φk (x, t)dk = dkeikx−i 2m t
−∞ 2π −∞
Z r
1 i mx2 ℏt mx 2 m i( mx2 − π )
= e 2ℏt e−i 2m (k− ℏt ) = e 2ℏt 4 .
2π 2πℏt
Note:
∞ 1/2
−β 2 (α2 − iγ)
Z   
π
dx exp − α2 x2 + iβx + iγx2 =


2
exp
−∞ α + iγ 4 (α4 + γ 2 )

1.4 âf3Xe˜‘Á³²¥$ħ

 0, 0 ≤ x ≤ a;
V (x) =
 ∞, x < 0, x > a.

t=0 ž§âfżê
πx h πx i
Ψ(x, t = 0) = A sin 1 + eiφ cos ,
a a
Ù¥§φ´¢~ê.
(1) OŽÄUŽÎT̂ ϖŠ⟨T ⟩‘žmCz¶
(2) OŽ‹IŽÎx̂ϖŠ⟨x⟩‘žmCz¶
(3) OŽ³³9Éâf²þŠ^å"

ë‰Yµb½âfŸþm§Kâf¼êÚUþ©O
 q
2

a
sin( nπx
a
), 0 ≤ x ≤ a;
ψn (x) =
 0, x < 0, x > a.

3
 n2 π 2 ℏ 2
En = .
2ma2
Ù¥§n = 1, 2, 3, · · · .
˜‘Á³²¤k)¤ ˜‡Hilbert˜m§?¿¥þ(żê)Œ±3ù‡
˜mUìU\nÐm§=
πx h πx i X
Ψ(x, 0) = A sin 1 + eiφ cos = cn ψn (x),
a a n

Ù¥Xê
cn = ⟨ψn (x)|Ψ(x, 0)⟩.

|^5§N´¦?¿c . ¢Sþ§ p a q 2 q 
πx 1 iφ 2 2πx
n Ψ(x, 0) = A 2 sin a + 2 e sin a .
Œ„
a a

r  
a 1 iφ
Ψ(x, 0) = A ψ1 (x) + e ψ2 (x) .
2 2
|^Ä¥ƒm5§Œ±
5aA2
⟨ψ(x, 0)|ψ(x, 0)⟩ = .
8

=8˜z~êA = ¤±
q
8
5a
.
 
2 1 iφ
Ψ(x, 0) = √ ψ1 (x) + e ψ2 (x) .
5 2

?¿žżꌱÑ
 
2 −iE1 t/ℏ 1 iφ −iE2 t/ℏ
Ψ(x, t) = √ ψ1 (x)e + e ψ2 (x)e .
5 2

(1)
ℏ2 2
Z Z
∗ ∂
⟨T ⟩ = dxψ (x, t)(− ∇ )ψ(x, t) = dxψ ∗ (x, t)(−iℏ )ψ(x, t)
2m ∂t
4 1 4π 2 ℏ2
= E1 + E2 = .
5 5 5ma2
(2)
Z
⟨x⟩ = dxψ ∗ (x, t)xψ(x, t)

4
|^§
2 a 1 a
Z Z Z
2 nπx 2nπx
dxψn2 (x)x = dx sin ( )x = x(1 − cos )dx
a 0 a a 0 a
1 a
Z
1 2nπx 1
= a− x cos dx = a
2 a 0 a 2

2 a
Z Z
dxψn (x)ψm (x)x = dxψn (x)ψm (x)x
a 0
1 a
Z
πx πx
= x[cos(m − n) − cos(m + n) ]dx
a a a
 0
 8mn a , m, n
(m2 −n2 )2 π 2
˜‡Ûêژ‡óê ;
=
 0, m, n ӏÛê½óê .

·‚k
4 1 1 1 16a E1 − E2
⟨x̂⟩ = [ a + × a + 2 cos(φ + t)]
5 2 4 2 9π ℏ
1 64a 3ℏπ 2
= a+ cos(φ − t)
2 45π 2 2ma2
£3¤âfé³³9²þŠ^å
∂⟨Ĥ⟩ ∂ 4π 2 ℏ2 8π 2 ℏ2
F =− =− ( )= .
∂a ∂a 5ma2 5ma3

1Ù ˜‘½
2.1 Ÿþmâf3Xe˜‘³|¥$ħ

 ∞, x < 0;



V (x) = 0, 0 ≤ x ≤ a;


 V0 , x > a.


(1) ¦û½åPU?§ª.
(2) ¦3 3˜‡åP^‡.

ë‰Y
(1) éuåP§0 < E < V . - 0
√ p
2mE 2m(V0 − E)
k= , κ= .
ℏ ℏ

5
Á&)Œ±¤ 



 0, x < 0;
ψ(x) = A sin(kx) + B cos(kx), 0 ≤ x ≤ a;


Ce−κx , x > a.



żê3x = 0?ëY(żêêؘ½ëY)§‰ÑB = 0¶3x = a?§ψ(x)Úψ (x)Ñ ′

ëY§§| 
 A sin(ka) = Ce−κa ,
kA cos(ka) = −κCe−κa ,

Ïd
κ = −k cot(ka).

, §ŠâkÚκ½Â§„Œ±吧§=û½åPU?§ª

κ = −k cot(ka),
 k 2 + κ2 = 2mV0
ℏ2
.

(2) ã){‰Ñk˜‡åP^‡
π 2 2mV0 3π 2
( ) ≤ < ( ),
2a ℏ2 2a
=
π 2 ℏ2 9π 2 ℏ2
≤ V0 < .
8ma2 8ma2

6
2.2 ij 
 V , x ≥ 0;
0
V (x) =
 0, x < 0.

UþE > V âf6lx = −∞•m$Ä"

0

(1) ¦‡ÚßXê"
(2) XJb½³|„k˜‡Jܑ§=V (c) = V (x) − iW δ(x)§ù‡š’³|Œ±£ã
′

âf3DÂL§¥á¯K§Ù¥W ´~ê"žOŽáÂXê"
(3) XJâf6D•´lx = ∞•†D§(Jq´N§ž?Ø’Úš’
³|éâfDÂL§K"

ë‰Y
(1) E > V0 §½Â √ p
2mE ′ 2m(E − V0 )
k= , k = .
ℏ ℏ
u´§·‚Œ±òżê

 Aeikx + Be−ikx , x < 0;
ψ(x) =
 Ceik′ x , x ≥ 0.

·‚|^żê3x = 0?ë^‡§k

 A + B = C,
 k(A − B) = k ′ C.

¦)ù‡§|§k
k − k′ 2k
B= A, C= A.
k + k′ k + k′
\Å!‡ÅÚßÅ©O
′
ψi (x) = Aeikx , ψr (x) = Be−ikx ψt (x) = Ceik x .

7
u´§‡XêÚßXê©O
jr ψ ∗ (x)p̂ψr (x) − ψr (x)p̂ψr∗ (x)
R= = r∗
ji ψi (x)p̂ψi (x) − ψi (x)p̂ψi∗ (x)
p
(k − k ′ )2 2E − V0 − 2 E(E − V0 )
= = .
(k + k ′ )2
p
2E − V0 + 2 E(E − V0 )

jt ψt∗ (x)p̂ψt (x) − ψt (x)p̂ψt∗ (x)

T = = ∗
ji ψi (x)p̂ψi (x) − ψi (x)p̂ψi∗ (x)
p
4kk ′ 4 E(E − V0 )
= = .
(k + k ′ )2
p
2E − V0 + 2 E(E − V0 )

√
(2) E,æ^c¡½Â§k = √
2mE
ℏ

§k = ′ 2m(E−V0 )
ℏ
. Á&żêEæ^5/ª§=
 Aeikx + Be−ikx , x < 0;
ψ(x) =
 Ceik′ x , x ≥ 0.

·‚|^żê3x = 0?ë^‡

ψ(0 ) − ψ(0 )Úψ (0 ) − ψ (0 ) = −
+ − ′ + ′ − 2imW
ℏ2
§k
ψ(0)
 A + B = C,
 k ′ C − k(A − B) = − 2mW
2 C. ℏ

¦)§|§‰Ñ
B ℏ2 (k − k ′ ) − 2mW
= 2 ;
A ℏ (k + k ′ ) + 2mW
C 2ℏ2 k
= 2 .
A ℏ (k + k ′ ) + 2mW
K§‡ÚßXê©O
2 2
B [ℏ2 (k − k ′ ) − 2mW ]
R = = ;
A [ℏ2 (k + k ′ ) + 2mW ]2
2
C k′ 4ℏ4 kk ′
T = = .
A k [ℏ2 (k + k ′ ) + 2mW ]2
y3·‚uyR + T ̸= 1. ½ÂáÂXêα = 1 − R − T §K
8ℏ2 mW k
α=1−R−T =
[ℏ2 (k + k ′ ) + 2mW ]2

(3) ØUCkÚk ½Â

′

(a) éu’³§Á&żê¤

 Aeik′ x + Be−ik′ x , x > 0;
ψ(x) =
 Ce−ikx , x ≤ 0.

8
Šâë^‡§Œ± 
 A + B = C,
 k ′ (A − B) = −kC.

¦)§|§‰Ñ
A k′ − k
= ′ ;
B k +k
C 2k ′
= ′ .
B k +k
‡ÚßXê©O
2
A (k ′ − k)2
R = = ;
B (k ′ + k)2
2
C k 4kk ′
T = = .
A k′ (k ′ + k)2

(b)
|^żê3x = 0?ë^‡ψ(0 ) − ψ(0 )Úψ (0 ) − ψ (0 ) = −
+ − ′ + ′ − 2imW
ℏ2
§k
ψ(0)

 A + B = C,
 k ′ (A − B) + kC− = − 2mW
2 C. ℏ

¦)§|§‰Ñ
A ℏ2 (k ′ − k) − 2mW
= 2 ′ ;
B ℏ (k + k) + 2mW
C 2ℏ2 k ′
= 2 ′ .
B ℏ (k + k) + 2mW
K§‡ÚßXê©O
2 2
A [ℏ2 (k ′ − k) − 2mW ]
R = = ;
B [ℏ2 (k ′ + k) + 2mW ]2
2
C k 4ℏ4 kk ′
T = = .
B k′ [ℏ2 (k ′ + k) + 2mW ]2
áÂXê
8ℏ2 mW k ′
α=1−R−T =
[ℏ2 (k + k ′ ) + 2mW ]2
Œ„§éu’³§‡ÚßXê†âfD•Ã'§¿ DÂL§¥Ãá
Â" éuš’³ ó§‡Xê†D•k'§ßXêØC§k᧿ áÂ
9
Xê†D•k'"ÏLNÜ·š’³§·‚Œ±OцD•ƒ'þf
ì‡"
2.3 Äâf3Xe˜‘Vδ³¥$ħ
V (x) = −V0 [δ(x + a) + δ(x − a)].

(1) ©OOŽó‰¡Úۉ¡GeåPU?úª±93åP^‡.
(2) OŽu)
ß^‡.

ë‰Yµ
(1) E < 0åP§duV (−x) = V (x)§éuåPk(½‰¡"-κ = −2mE/ℏ§b =
√

ℏ /mV ´δ ³²AݧŒ±@´δ ³²éżêKk‰Œ"

2
0

a) ó‰¡)µψ(−x) = ψ(x)§Šâ³|œ¹Å¼êŒ±



 Aeκx , x < −a;

ψ(x) = B(eκx + e−κx ), |x| < a;


 Ae−κx ,

x > a.

>.^‡µëY^‡(ùž‡,˜‡>.=Œ§Ï3ué¡5)
ψ(a− ) = ψ(a+ ) =⇒ Ae−κa = B(eκa + e−κa )

C^‡
2mV0 2
ψ ′ (a+ ) − ψ ′ (a− ) = − 2
ψ(a+ ) = − ψ(a+ )
ℏ b

2
−κAe−κa − κB(eκa − e−κa ) = − Ae−κa
b
Ïdk
2
κ(eκa − e−κa ) = ( − κ)(eκa + e−κa )
b

10
=
2 eκa − e−κa
− 1 = κa = tanh(κa)
bκ e + e−κa
½öU?§¤
bκ = 1 + e−2κa

Œ„k =k˜‡)§=ó‰¡)o´k k˜‡åPU?"‡§Œ±^ã){5

§ë„ã 1"k U?§2d8˜z^‡Œ±XêAÚB"
?˜Ú?Ø(JµlU?§Œ±wѧ1 < bκ < 2§=1/b < κ < 2/b§¤±E‰
Œ´−2mV /ℏ < E < −mV /2ℏ "a ≫ b§κ = 1/b§E = −mV /2ℏ §ù†‘þù
0
2 2
0
2 2
0
2 2

üδ³²(J˜§ùL²XJü‡δ³²ålv §ƒpÕá"a ≪ b§κ =

2/b§E = −2mV /ℏ §ùuV → 2V §üδ ³²v Cž§ƒu§‚U\"
0
2 2
0 0

b) ۉ¡)µψ(−x) = −ψ(x)§Å¼êŒ±

κx
 −Ae , x < −a;



ψ(x) = B(eκx − e−κx ), |x| < a;


 Ae−κx ,

x > a.

ψ(a− ) = ψ(a+ ) =⇒ Ae−κa = B(eκa − e−κa )

2mV0 2
ψ ′ (a+ ) − ψ ′ (a− ) = − 2 ψ(a+ ) = − ψ(a+ )
ℏ b
2
−κAe−κa − kB(eκa + e−κa ) = − Ae−κa
b
U?§
bκ = 1 − e−2κa

Ϗ
(−2κa)2 (−2κa)3
e−2κa = 1 − 2κa + + + ...
2! 3!
Œ„bκ ≤ 2κa"k)^‡´b ≤ 2a§= "dž §=−mV /2ℏ < 2mV0 a/ℏ2 ≥ 1 0 < k < 1/b 0
2 2

E < 0"b ≤ 2až§Û‰¡)k k˜‡åP)"a ≫ b§κ = 1/b§E =

−mV /2ℏ §ÓL²XJü‡δ ³²ålv §ƒpÕá¶2a < bž§Ã)¶
0
2 2

2a → bž§E → 0 " −

Œ„§ó‰¡)Uþo´$uۉ¡)Uþ§Ò´`§Äżê´ó‰¡
"
(2) ?Ø
ßáuѯK§E > 0§-
√
2mE
k= ,
ℏ

11
 Figure 1: åPU?
·‚Œ±ò
ßżê



 Aeikx , x < −a;

ψ(x) = Beikx + Ce−ikx , −a ≤ x ≤ a;


 Deikx ,

x > a.

Šâx = −aÚx = a?żê9٘ê÷v>.^‡§k




 Ae−ika = Be−ika + Ceika ,

 Beika + Ce−ika = Deika ,


 ik(Be−ika − Ceika ) − ikAe−ika = − 2mV 0

Ae−ika ,
ℏ2




ikDeika − ik(Beika − Ce−ika ) = − 2mV 0
Deika .

ℏ2

3š²T)^‡
e−ika −e−ika −eika 0
0 eika e−ika −eika
= 0,
( 2mV
ℏ2
0
− ik)e−ika ike−ika −ikeika 0
0 −ikeika ike−ika ( 2mV
ℏ2
0
+ ik)eika
)
ℏ2 k
tan(2ka) = .
mV0

12
2.4 ʇþf=f§=˜‡Ÿþmâfå3Œ»r ±þ$Ä"â
f3 ±þ$Ä´gd§³U""ù‡XÚK‹Iϕ§ƒAKÄþ
p = I §Ù¥I = mr =Ä.þ"
ϕ
∂ϕ 2

(1)3âf$Ä´»þϕ = 0Úϕ = ϕ :˜ü‡´æ£V (0) → ∞§V (ϕ ) → ∞¤§¦

∂t

0 0

âfU30 ≤ ϕ ≤ ϕ ‰ŒS$ħ¦âfUþÚ¼ê¶
0

(2)bâf?u(1)¥Ä§XJ3žt = t â,’ü‡´æ§¦éâfÿþÄ 0

VÇ´õ¶
(3)E,b½âf?u(1)¥Ä§XJ3žt = t ’ϕ = ϕ ?´æ§¦éâfÿ 0 0

þÄVÇ´õ"
ë‰Y
(1) w,§3ϕ < ϕ < 2π(0Ú2π ´Ó˜‡:)‰ŒSéâfVǏ"§
0

ψ(ϕ) = 0.

30 ≤ ϕ ≤ ϕ ƒm½Ž™§
0

ℏ2 ∂ 2
− ψ(ϕ) = Eψ(ϕ).
2I ∂ϕ2
- √
2IE
k= ,
ℏ
K§§)Œ±
ψ(ϕ) = Aeikϕ + Be−ikϕ .

|^żê3ϕ = 0Úϕ = ϕ ë^‡§k 0


 A + B = 0,
 Aeikϕ0 + Be−ikϕ0 = 0.

3š")^‡
1 1
=0
eikϕ0 e−ikϕ0
)
nπ
k= , n = 1, 2, 3, · · · .
ϕ0

13
u´§UþÚżê£8˜z ¤
n2 π 2 ℏ2
En = ,
2Iϕ20
 q
2

ϕ0
sin( nπ
ϕ0
ϕ), 0 ≤ ϕ ≤ ϕ0 ;
ψϕ =
 0, otherwise,
Ù¥§n = 1, 2, 3, · · · "
(2) ·‚Œ±ò’´æ żê

ψ ′ (ϕ) = Aeikϕ + Be−ikϕ

Ù¥§ √
2IE
k= .
ℏ
|^^‡ 
 ψ ′ (0) = ψ ′ (2π),
 d ψ ′ (0) = d ψ ′ (2π),
dϕ dϕ

·‚k
k = m, m = 0, ±1, ±2, · · · .

Ïd§Äm = 0§8˜zÄżê
1
ψ0′ (ϕ) = √ .
2π
u´§’´æ §âf?u#ÄVǏ
Z 2π 2 Z ϕ0
r 2
1 2 π 4ϕ0
P0 = dϕψ0′∗ (ϕ)ψ(ϕ) = dϕ √ sin( ϕ) = . (1)
0 0 2π ϕ0 ϕ0 π3

(3) ·‚ÓŒ±òżê
ψ ′ (ϕ) = Aeikϕ + Be−ikϕ

Ù¥§ √
2IE
k= .
ℏ
|^^‡
ψ ′ (0) = ψ ′ (2π) = 0,

14
k
A = −B.

Ïd§Å¼ê
mϕ
ψ ′ = A sin( ), m = 1, 2, 3, · · · .
2
8˜z 
1 mϕ
ψ ′ = √ sin( ), m = 1, 2, 3, · · · .
π 2
u´§âf?u#ÄVǏ
Z 2π 2 Z ϕ0
r 2
1 ϕ 2 π
P0 = dϕψ0′∗ (ϕ)ψ(ϕ) = dϕ √ sin sin( ϕ)
0 0 π 2 ϕ0 ϕ0
32ϕ0 π 2 ϕ0
= 2
sin .
(4π 2 − ϕ0 )2 2

1nÙ åÆþL«ÚL–C†
3.1 ;ÄþŽÎL̂ = L̂ e + L̂ e + L̂ e §‹IŽÎr̂ = xe
x x y y z z x + yey + zez .
(1) OŽµ[x̂, L̂ ]§[x̂, L̂ ]§[x̂, L̂ ].
x y z

(2) y²µ[r̂, L̂ ] = αr̂ × L̂ + βr̂§¿‰ÑαÚβ Š.

2

ë‰Y
(1) ;Äþˆ©þ/ª

L̂x = ŷ p̂z − ẑ p̂y , L̂y = ẑ p̂x − x̂p̂z , L̂z = x̂p̂y − ŷ p̂x .

Ïd
[x̂, L̂x ] = [x̂, ŷ p̂z − ẑ p̂y ] = 0.

[x̂, L̂y ] = [x̂, ẑ p̂x − x̂p̂z ] = ẑ[x̂, p̂x ] = iℏẑ.

[x̂, L̂z ] = [x̂, x̂p̂y − ŷ p̂x ] = −ŷ[x̂, p̂x ] = −iℏŷ.

(2) Šâ(1)·‚k
[x̂, L̂x ] = 0, [x̂, L̂y ] = iℏẑ, [x̂, L̂z ] = −iℏŷ,
[ŷ, L̂x ] = −iℏẑ, [ŷ, L̂y ] = 0, [ŷ, L̂z ] = iℏx̂,

[ẑ, L̂x ] = iℏŷ, [ẑ, L̂y ] = −iℏx̂, [ẑ, L̂z ] = 0.

15
Ïd§
[x̂, L̂2 ] = [x̂, L̂2x + L̂2y + L̂2z ] = [x̂, L̂2y + L̂2z ]
= [x̂, L̂y ]L̂y + L̂y [x̂, L̂y ] + [x̂, L̂z ]L̂z + L̂z [x̂, L̂z ]

= iℏ(ẑ L̂y + L̂y ẑ − ŷ L̂z − L̂z ŷ)

= −2iℏ(ŷ L̂z − ẑ L̂y ) + iℏ(−ẑ L̂y + L̂y ẑ + ŷ L̂z − L̂z ŷ)
= −2iℏ(ŷ L̂z − ẑ L̂y ) + iℏ(−[ẑ, L̂y ] + [ŷ, L̂z ])

= −2iℏ(ŷ L̂z − ẑ L̂y ) − 2ℏ2 x̂.

éŷÚẑ·‚Œ±aq(J§¤±·‚k
[r̂, L̂2 ] = −2iℏr̂ × L̂ − 2ℏ2 r̂.

Ïd§α = −2iℏ§β = −2ℏ " 2

3.2 3,‡FËA˜m¥§®n‡*d؃ŽÎÂ!B̂ÚĈ Ñ´’ŽÎ§ ¤

kŠØ{¿"§‚÷v = B̂ = Ĉ = 1§[Â, B̂] = 0§[B̂, Ĉ] = 0.
2 2 2
+

(1) ¦3ÂL–¥§ŽÎÂÚB̂ Ý L«.

(2) ¦lÂL–B̂ L–C†Ý .
(3) ¦3ÂL–¥ŽÎĈ L«.

ë‰Y
(1) ϏÂ = B̂ = Ĉ = 1§
2 2 2
Â!B̂ ÚĈ Ñ´’ŽÎ§¤±Â!B̂ ÚĈ ŠÑ
±1"qϏ¤kŠØ{¿§¤±FËA˜m‘ê´2"3ÂL–¥§ÂÝ
L«
 
1 0
 =  .
0 −1

B̂Ý L«
 
b11 b12
B̂ =  .
b21 b22

dÂB̂ + B̂Â = 0§b = b22 = 0

11 "Šâ
    
0 b12 0 b12 b b 0
B̂ 2 =    =  12 21  = 1,
b21 0 b21 0 0 b21 b12

16
·‚kb 12 = 1
b21
"qϏB̂´’ŽÎ§¤±
   
0 b12 0 1/b∗12
 = ,
1/b12 0 b∗12 0

Ïdb 12 = 1
b∗12
"u´§b 12 = eiδ "¤±§B̂Ý L«
 
iδ
0 e
B̂ =  .
e−iδ 0

(2) Šâ§
    
0 eiδ c1 c1
   = λ ,
−iδ
e 0 c2 c2

·‚Œ±¦ÑB̂
   

éuλ = 1µ √12  ee éuλ = −1µ √12  −ee

iδ/2 iδ/2
, .
−iδ/2 −iδ/2

Ïd§·‚Œ±lÂL–B̂L–C†Ý 
 
iδ/2 iδ/2
1 e e
ÛAB = √  .
2 e−iδ/2 −e−iδ/2

5µC†Ý (Û ) = ⟨φ |φ ⟩§Ù¥|φ ⟩´A/BL–Ä¥.

AB ij
A
i
B
j
A/B
k

(3)  B|^^‡[B̂, Ĉ] = 0§·‚Äk3B̂ L–eÑĈ L«£Ï3B̂ L–eB̂ 

L«éÝ ¤§2ÏLL–C†ÂL–eĈ L«"3B̂L–¥Ĉ L«
 
c11 c12
ĈB =  .
c21 c22

Šâ[B̂, Ĉ] = 0§·‚kc = c = 0"=Ù¢§Ø^OŽ·‚Œ±Ñù‡(J§

12 21

Ϗ[B̂, Ĉ] = 0§¤±B̂ÚĈ k
Ó§qϏB̂ÚĈ ŠØ{¿§¤±B̂

˜½´Ĉ §¤±3B̂L–¥§Ĉ ˜½´é">ϏĈ ̸= B̂ Ĉ Š
±1§¤±3B̂L–¥Ĉ L«
 
−1 0
ĈB =  .
0 1

17
Ïd§3ÂL–¥§Ĉ L«=5¿§lB̂L–ÂL–C†Ý 1£2¤¯¥
Û > †

ĈA = (ÛBA )† ĈB (ÛBA ) = (ÛAB )ĈB (ÛAB )†

   
iδ/2 iδ/2 −iδ/2 iδ/2
1 e e −1 0 e e
=   
2 e −iδ/2
−e −iδ/2
0 1 e−iδ/2
−e iδ/2
 
0 eiδ
= − .
e−iδ 0

3.3 f (z)´)Û¼ê.
(1) OŽ[p̂, f (x̂)]Lˆª.
(2) OŽ[x̂, f (p̂)]Lˆª.

ë‰Y
{ü‰{´†OŽ§=
∂ ∂ ∂
[p̂, f (x̂)]|ψ(x)⟩ = −iℏ (f (x)|ψ(x)⟩) + iℏf (x) |ψ(x)⟩ = −iℏ |ψ(x)⟩,
∂x ∂x ∂x
=[p̂, f (x̂)] = −iℏ ∂
∂x
f (x̂). ÓnŒ±[x̂, f (p̂)] = iℏ ∂
∂p
f (p̂).

ù‰{ŒUØ î>§Ï½ ,‡L–. ·‚æ^, ˜«‰{5)ûù‡¯

K.
X
f (x) = cn x n .
n

(1) d
[p̂, x̂n ] = [p̂, x̂]x̂n−1 + x̂[p̂, x̂n−1 ]
= −iℏx̂n−1 + x̂([p̂, x̂]x̂n−2 + x̂[p̂, x̂n−2 ])
= −iℏx̂n−1 − iℏx̂n−1 + x̂2 [p̂, x̂n−2 ]

···
= −iℏnx̂n−1 .


X
[p̂, f (x̂)] = −iℏ cn nx̂n−1 ,
n

18
=
∂f (x̂)
[p̂, f (x̂)] = −iℏ .
∂ x̂
(2) d
[x̂, p̂n ] = [x̂, p̂]p̂n−1 + p̂[x̂, p̂n−1 ]
= iℏp̂n−1 + p̂([x̂, p̂]p̂n−2 + p̂[x̂, p̂n−2 ])
= iℏp̂n−1 + iℏp̂n−1 + p̂2 [x̂, p̂n−2 ]

···
= iℏnp̂n−1 ,


X
[x̂, f (p̂)] = iℏ cn np̂n−1 ,
n

=
∂f (p̂)
[x̂, f (p̂)] = iℏ .
∂ p̂

3.4 ˜‘fM—îþ|n⟩§FfŽÎ(üŽÎ)â÷vâ|n⟩ = √n|n − 1⟩.

(1) ¦âéAuŠαm¥|α⟩§=â|α⟩ = α|α⟩. Ù¥§α´?¿Eê. ^˜‘
fL«.
(2) ¦XeM—îþŠ§

Ĥ = ℏω↠â + V ∗ â + V ↠,

Ù¥§V ´Eê"ÑÙÄäN/ª§^˜‘fL«.
ë‰Yµ
(1)
X
|α⟩ = cn |n⟩
n

â |α⟩ = α |α⟩
X X X √ X
â cn |n⟩ = cn â |n⟩ = cn n |n − 1⟩ = α cn |n⟩ ,
n n n n

19
 X √ X √
cn n⟨m|n − 1⟩ = α cn ⟨m|n⟩ ⇒ αcm = cn nδm,n−1 ,
n n

=
α
cn = √ cn−1 .
n
¤±
α α2 αn
cn = √ cn−1 = p cn−2 = · · · = √ c0 .
n n (n − 2) n!
c0 = eiδ §c 0 = 1. Œ„

n
X X αn X αn
n X α↠†
|α⟩ = cn |n⟩ = √ |n⟩ = ↠|0⟩ = |0⟩ = eαâ |0⟩ .
n n n! n
n! n
n!

Ä8˜z
X |α|2n
n X |α|2n D †n−1
E
⟨α|α⟩ = 0 an ↠0 = 1 1 an−1
(â) 1
n
(n!)2 n
(n!)2
X |α|2n D
†n−2
E
n−2
= 1·2 2 a (â) 2 = ···
n
(n!)2
X |α|2n X α2n 2
= 2 n! = = e|α|
n
(n!) n
n!

¤±8˜z âm¥|α⟩
2
/2 αâ†
|α⟩ = e−|α| e |0⟩ .

ù‡¡ƒZ.
õħ)ŽÎâ ´Äkm¥º †

(2)
ÄrĤ ¤
Ĥ = ℏω ↠+ c∗ (â + c) − ℏω |c|2 = ℏω↠â + c∗ ℏωâ + cℏω↠,

Œ„
V∗ V
c∗ = , c= ,
ℏω ℏω
=½Â#,üŽÎ
V V∗
b̂ = â + , b̂† = ↠+
ℏω ℏω
2
|V |
Ĥ = ℏω b̂† b̂ − .
ℏω

20
ŽÎb̂Úb̂ ÷vþf^‡
†

i  V † V∗
h 
†
= â, ↠= 1.
 
b̂, b̂ = â + , â +
ℏω ℏω
¤±E´˜‡˜‘fHamiltonian§Uþ
|V |2
En = nℏω − , n = 0, 1, 2, · · · .
ℏω
éuÄ  
V
b̂ |0⟩b = â + |0⟩b = 0
ℏω
=
V
â |0⟩b = − |0⟩ .
ℏω b
é'ƒc‰Ñ˜‘füŽÎL«
â |α⟩ = α |α⟩ ,

Œ±‰Ñα = − §=
V
ℏω
|V |2 V †
|0⟩b = e− 2ℏ2 ω2 e− ℏω â |0⟩ .

Œ„ď´˜‡ƒZ.

1oÙ åÆþ‘žmüz9é¡5
8c§®kn«¥‡f(>f¥‡fν §µ¥‡fν Úτ ¥‡fν )§§‚äkš~
4.1 e µ τ

Ÿþ(k>fz©ƒ˜)§,§‚Ÿþäk O§´ùp {z§·

‚b½§‚Ÿþяm . n«¥‡fƒm„¬ƒp=z§¡¥‡f . ·‚ò£
0

¥‡fXÚM—îþCq  
 m0 ℏω ℏω 
Ĥ =  ℏω m0 ℏω  ,
 
 
ℏω ℏω m0

Ù¥§·‚ÀJÄ¥|1⟩ = |ν ⟩§|2⟩ = |ν ⟩§|3⟩ = |ν ⟩.

e µ τ

(1) ž`²ω = 0ž´Ä¬k¥‡f y–. (2) XJω ̸= 0§3t = 0ž)˜‡>f¥

‡f§¦T¥‡f?3Ù¦ü«¥‡fVǑžmüz.
ë‰Y
(1) Ϗ?¿˜‡¥‡fÑ´M—îþ§=?¿¥‡fÑؑžmüz§

21
¤±Ø3¥‡f "
(2) ·‚k‡¦)M—îþŠÚ¥þ"M—îþ§
    
m0 − E ℏω ℏω c1 c1
    
m0 − E c = E c .
    
ℏω ℏω
 2   2 
    

ℏω ℏω m0 − E c3 c3

Š÷v§
m0 − E ℏω ℏω
ℏω m0 − E ℏω = 0,
ℏω ℏω m0 − E

)
E1 = m0 + 2ℏω, E2 = E3 = m0 − ℏω.

òŠ‘\§§)¥þ
     
1  1  1 
1  1  1 
|E1 ⟩ = √  1  , |E2 ⟩ = √  −2  , |E3 ⟩ = √  0  .
     
3  6  2 
1 1 −1

Ïd§
1 1 1
|ψ(0)⟩ = |νe ⟩ = √ |E1 ⟩ + √ |E2 ⟩ + √ |E3 ⟩,
3 6 2

1 1 1
|ψ(t)⟩ = √ |E1 ⟩e−iE1 t/ℏ + √ |E2 ⟩e−iE2 t/ℏ + √ |E3 ⟩e−iE3 t/ℏ ,
3 6 2
u´§tž§T¥‡f?3ν Úν VÇ©O µ τ

2
Pµ (t) = |⟨νµ |ψ(t)⟩|2 = (1 − cos 3ωt),
9

2
Pτ (t) = |⟨ντ |ψ(t)⟩|2 = (1 − cos 3ωt).
9

ë‰Y2 :
·‚†lŽ™§Ñu§iℏ ∂|ψ(t)⟩
= Ĥ|ψ(t)⟩. ?¿žżê3‰½Ä¥˜mL
«
∂t

3
X
|ψ(t)⟩ = Ci (t)|φi ⟩,
i=1

22
“\Ž™§
    
 Ċ1 (t)   m0 ℏω ℏω   C1 (t) 
iℏ  Ċ2 (t)  =  ℏω m0 ℏω   C2 (t)  .
    
    
Ċ3 (t) ℏω ℏω m0 C3 (t)

ù‡ ‡©§|)ÓŒ±‰Ñc¡(J§´'„¡.
4.2 XÚM—îþĤ §§3Ĥ L–eL« 0
 
E0 E1
Ĥ =  .
E1 E0

¦ ŠÚ¶
(1) Ĥ  

(2)XJt = 0ž§XÚ?3|ψ ⟩§3Ĥ L–eL«|ψ ⟩ =  "¦t > 0žX

1
1 0 1
0
ÚG"
(3) ¦XÚ¤?G¥|ψ ⟩AǑžmüz.
1

ë‰Y  

(1) )Š§Hψ = Eψ §Ù¥ψ =  §=

a
b
    
E0 E1 a a
  =E 
E1 E0 b b


   
1 1 1 1
E+ = E0 + E1 , |ϕ+ ⟩ = √   ; E− = E0 − E1 , |ϕ− ⟩ = √  .
2 1 2 −1

(2) ?¿žżꌱ¤
|ψ(t)⟩ = c+ e−iE+ t/ℏ |ϕ+ ⟩ + c− e−iE− t/ℏ |ϕ− ⟩ ,

t=0 , ž  
1
|ψ(0)⟩ = c+ |ϕ+ ⟩ + c− |ϕ− ⟩ =  
0

23
Ù¥Xêc ± = ⟨ϕ± | ψ(0)⟩ = √1
2
"¤±
1
|ψ(t)⟩ = √ e−iE+ t/ℏ |ϕ+ ⟩ + e−iE− t/ℏ |ϕ− ⟩


2
   
−iE1 t/ℏ iE1 t/ℏ E1 t
1 −iE0 t/ℏ  e +e
 = e−iE0 t/ℏ 
cos ℏ
= e .
2 e−iE1 t/ℏ − eiE1 t/ℏ −i sin Eℏ1 t

AǑžmüz
(3) |ψ1 ⟩
  2
E1 t
cos E1 t
P1 (t) = |⟨ψ1 | ψ(t)⟩|2 = e−iE0 t/ℏ (1 0)  ℏ  = cos2 .
−i sin Eℏ1 t ℏ

ë‰Y2
†lŽ™§Ñu§
∂ |ψ (t)⟩
iℏ = Ĥ |ψ (t)⟩
∂t
=     
′
a E0 E1 a
iℏ  =  
′
b E1 E0 b
B儧·‚-E 0 = ℏω0 §E 1 = ℏω1 §Ïd ‡©§|
ia′ = ω0 a + ω1 b

ib′ = ω1 a + ω0 b

ia′′ = ω0 a′ + ω1 b′ = ω0 a′ − iω12 a − iω0 ω1 b = ω0 a′ − iω12 a − iω0 (ia′ − ω0 a)

ia′′ − 2ω0 a′ + i ω12 − ω02 a = 0

a′′ + 2iω0 a′ + ω12 − ω02 a = 0

b′′ + 2iω0 b′ + ω12 − ω02 b = 0

-b = Ge §‰Ñ iωt

ω 2 + 2ω0 ω − ω12 − ω02 = 0


ω± = −ω0 ± ω1

¤±§Ï)/ª
b(t) = Aeiω+ t + Beiω− t = e−iω0 t Aeiω1 t + Be−iω1 t

24
“\Щ^‡b(0) = 0§B = −A§=
b(t) = 2iAe−iω0 t sin ω1 t.

ω1 a(t) = ib′ − ω0 b = −2Ae−iω0 t [−iω0 sin ω1 t + ω1 cos ω1 t] − 2iAω0 e−iω0 t sin ω1 t

Щža(0) = 1§=
1
1 = 2A ⇒ A = .
2
K
ω0 ω0
a(t) = −e−iω0 t (−i sin ω1 t + cos ω1 t + i sin ω1 t)
ω1 ω1
−iω0 t
= −e cos ω1 t
b(t) = ie−iω0 t sin ω1 t

Œ„  
− cos ω1 t
|ψ (t)⟩ = e−iω0 t  .
i sin ω1 t
?¿ž?u|ψ ⟩AǏ 1

E1 t
P1 (t) = |a (t)|2 = cos2 ω1 t = cos2 .
ℏ

4.3 Ÿþµâf?u˜‘f³|V = kx Ä" 1

1 2

(1)X5Xêk â,C¤2k §=³|CV = kx §‘=ÿþâfUþ§¦uyâf?

2
2
2

u#³|V ÄAǶ 2

(2)³|â,dV C¤V §Ø?1ÿþ§²L˜ãžmτ §³|q¡EV §¯τ Ÿo

1 2 1

Šžÿ§âfE¡E5V |Ä. 1

ë‰Yp
-ω = k/µ§ω = p2k/µ = √2ω . V = µω x , V = µω x .
1 2 1 1
1
2 1
2
2
1
2 2
2

(1) |ψ10 ⟩ =
P
n cn |ψ20 ⟩ §Xêc 0= ⟨ψ20 |ψ10 ⟩. ü«ØÓ³|eÄżê
 1/2
α 2 2
|ψ10 ⟩ = √ e−α x /2 ;
π
 1/2
β 2 2
|ψ20 ⟩ = √ e−β x /2 .
π

25
Ù¥§α 2
= µω1 /ℏ §β 2
= µω2 /ℏ =
√
2α2 .

r Z s
αβ −(α2 +β 2 )/2 2αβ
c0 = e dx = .
π α2 + β 2
¤±?u#Ä|ψ ⟩AǏ 20

2αβ 25/4
P = |c0 |2 = = √ ≈ 0.985.
α2 + β 2 1+ 2

2) 1˜gu)âCžt = 0§džÅ¼ê
|ψ(x, 0)⟩ = |φ10 (x)⟩

±|φ 2n (x)⟩ L«V |Uþ§éAU?E

2 n = (n + 1/2) ℏω2 §K|ψ(x, 0)⟩Œ±Ðm
¤|φ 2n (x)⟩‚5U\
X
|φ10 (x)⟩ = C2n |φ2n ⟩

Ù¥XêC 
n

2n

C2n = ⟨φ2n |φ10 ⟩ ,

du|φ ⟩´ó‰¡§kn´óêC ؏0.

10 2n

dUþÅð§τ žżê
X
|ψ(x, τ )⟩ = C2n |φ2n ⟩e−iEn τ /ℏ
n
X
−iω2 τ /2
= e C2n |φ2n ⟩e−inω2 τ .
n

âfE¡E5V |Ä^‡´ 1

e−inω2 τ = 1 n = 0, 2, 4, 6, ...,

=
ω2 τ = mπ m = 1, 2, 3, ...,

½ö
τ = mπ/ω2 .

4.4 ˜‘fM—îþ
1 2 1
Ĥ = p̂ + mω 2 x̂2 .
2m 2

26
(1) XJt = 0žXÚG|ψ(0)⟩ = |1⟩ + i|2⟩§Ù¥|1⟩Ú|2⟩©O´˜‘f1˜
Ú1-u. OŽXÚÄþϖŠ‘žmüz.
(2) OŽXe'é¼êŠ§
C(t) = ⟨0|x̂(t)x̂(0)|0⟩,

Ù¥|0⟩´˜‘fħŽÎx̂(t)½Â
x̂(t) = eiĤt/ℏ x̂e−iĤt/ℏ .

ë‰Yµ
(1)
1
|ψ (0)⟩ = √ (|1⟩ + i |2⟩)
2
1
|ψ (t)⟩ = e−iHt/ℏ |ψ (0)⟩ = √ e−iω1 t |1⟩ + ie−iω2 t |2⟩


2
Ù¥ 1


ωn = n + 2 ω.
   
1 d † 1 d
â = √ ξ + , â = √ ξ − ;
2 dξ 2 dξ
1 d 1
ξ = √ â + ↠, = √ â − â†



2 dξ 2

d d αℏ
= −iℏα = −i √ â − ↠,


p̂ = −iℏ
dx dξ 2
ξ 1
â + â†


x̂ = =√
α 2α

⟨p (t)⟩ = ⟨ψ (t)| p̂ |ψ (t)⟩

1 iω1 t
e ⟨1| − ieiω2 t ⟨2| p̂ e−iω1 t |1⟩ + ie−iω2 t |2⟩



=
2
αℏ
= −i √ eiω1 t ⟨1| − ieiω2 t ⟨2| â − ↠e−iω1 t |1⟩ + ie−iω2 t |2⟩




2 2
αℏ iω1 t iω2 t

 −iω1 t √ −iω t √ −iω t √ −iω t 
= −i √ e ⟨1| − ie ⟨2| e |0⟩ + i 2e 2
|1⟩ − 2e 1
|2⟩ + i 3e 2 |3⟩
2 2
αℏ  √ √ 
= −i √ i 2ei(ω1 −ω2 )t + i 2e−i(ω1 −ω2 )t
2 2
= αℏ cos (ω1 − ω2 ) t
√
= mωℏ cos ωt.

27
(2)

C (t) = ⟨0| x̂ (t) x̂ (0) |0⟩ = ⟨0| eiĤt/ℏ x̂e−iĤt/ℏ x̂ |0⟩

X
= ⟨0| eiĤt/ℏ x̂e−iĤt/ℏ |n⟩ ⟨n| x̂ |0⟩
n
X X
= ei(ω0 −ωn )t ⟨0| x̂ |n⟩ ⟨n| x̂ |0⟩ = ei(ω0 −ωn )t |⟨0| x̂ |n⟩|2
n n
1 X i(ω0 −ωn )t †

2
= e ⟨0| â + â |n⟩
2α2 n
1 X i(ω0 −ωn )t ℏ −iωt
= 2
e δ0,1 = e .
2α n 2mω

½ö|^úªe Be A −A
= B + [A, B] + 1
2!
[A, [A, B]] + 1
3!
[A, [A, [A, B]]] + · · · .
1  2  1 iℏ
[H, x] = p ,x = (p [p, x] + [p, x] p) = − p,
2m 2m m
2
iℏ 1 iℏω
mω 2 x2 , p = − 2iℏx = (ℏω)2 ,
 
[H, [H, x]] = −
m 2  2
2 iℏ
[H, [H, [H, x]]] = (ℏω) − p ,
m
[H, [H, [H, [H, x]]]] = (ℏω)4 x,

=
x̂ (t) = eiHt/ℏ x̂e−iHt/ℏ
"  2  4 # "  3  5 #
it 2 it 4 iℏ it it 2 it 4
= x̂ 1 + (ℏω) + (ℏω) + · · · − p̂ + (ℏω) + (ℏω) + · · ·
ℏ ℏ m ℏ ℏ ℏ
1 
= x̂ 1 − (ωt)2 + (ωt)4 + · · · + p̂ ωt − (ωt)3 + (ωt)5 + · · ·
  
mω
p̂
= x̂ cos ωt + sin ωt.
mω
Ïd
1
C (t) = ⟨0| x̂ (t) x̂ (0) |0⟩ = ⟨0| x̂2 |0⟩ cos ωt + ⟨0| p̂x̂ |0⟩ sin ωt
mω
cos ωt
2 ℏ sin ωt
⟨0| â + ↠|0⟩ − i ⟨0| â − ↠â + ↠|0⟩



= 2
2α 2mω
cos ωt ℏ sin ωt
⟨0| â↠+ ↠â |0⟩ − i ⟨0| â↠− ↠a |0⟩



= 2
2α 2mω
cos ωt ℏ sin ωt ℏ
= −i = (cos ωt − i sin ωt)
2α2 2mω 2mω
ℏ −iωt
= e .
2mω

28
 ½ö{ü‰{´
1 1
x̂ (t) = eiHt/ℏ x̂e−iHt/ℏ = √ eiHt/ℏ â + ↠e−iHt/ℏ = √ â (t) + ↠(t)



2α 2α
 
1
H = a† a + ℏω
2
 †
a a, a = a† , a a = −a
  
[N, a] =
[N, [N, a]] = a, [N, [N, [N, a]]] = a, · · ·

N, a† = a† a, a† = a† a, a† = a† , N, N, a† = a† , · · ·
        

=,
â (t) = a 1 − (iωt) + (iωt)2 − (iωt)3 + · · · = â 1 + (−iωt) + (−iωt)2 + (−iωt)3 + · · · = âe−iωt
   

aq§·‚k
↠(t) = ↠1 + (iωt) + (iωt)2 + (iωt)3 + · · · = ↠eiωt
 

1
âe−iωt + ↠eiωt


x̂ (t) = √
2α
¤±
1 1 ℏ −iωt
⟨0| âe−iωt + ↠eiωt â + ↠|0⟩ = 2 e−iωt ⟨0| â↠|0⟩ =



C (t) = ⟨0| x̂ (t) x̂ (0) |0⟩ = 2
e .
2α 2α 2mω

aq/§éu(1)·‚Œ±æ^ƒqC†§
αℏ
p̂ = −i √ â − â†


2
αℏ αℏ
p̂ (t) = −i √ â (t) − ↠(t) = −i √ âe−iωt − ↠eiωt .



2 2
ù´ƒc†‰Ñúª .

4.5 ˜‡?3y•þ!^|¥‘>f5=fM—îþ
L̂2
Ĥ = + ω0 L̂y ,
2I
Ù¥§I ´=Ä.þ§ω ´~ê. XJt = 0žT=f?3L̂ ÚL̂ 
Ó|1, 1⟩§¦
0
2
z

?¿t > 0žL̂ ϖŠ. z

29
ë‰Y
ϏL ´Åðþ§¿ |1, 1⟩´L §¤±·‚I‡3l = 1f˜mįK. À
2 2

J(L , L )L–§Ä¥{|1, 1⟩ , |1, 0⟩ , |1, −1⟩}§dúª

2
z

L2 |l, m⟩ = l (l + 1) ℏ2 |l, m⟩ , Lz |l, m⟩ = mℏ |l, m⟩

p
L± |l, m⟩ = ℏ l (l + 1) − m (m ± 1) |l, m ± 1⟩

Œ±L 3(L , L )L–¥l = 1f˜mÝ L«

± 2
z
   
0 1 0  0 0 0
√   √ 
L+ = 2ℏ  0 0 1  , L− = 2ℏ  1 0 0 .
   
   
0 0 0 0 1 0
 
√ 0 −i 0
L+ − L− 2ℏ  
Ly = =  i 0 −i  .
 
2i 2  
0 i 0
 √ 
ℏ2 2ℏω0
I
−i 2
0
L2  √
2ℏω0 ℏ2
√
2ℏω0

H= + ω0 Ly =  i 2 −i .
 
2I I 2
 √ 
2ℏω0 ℏ2
0 i 2 I

éz‰ÑUþÚ¼ê
 
i
ℏ2 1 √ 

E1 = + ℏω0 , |1⟩ =  2  ;
I 2 
−i
 
1
ℏ2 1  
E2 = , |2⟩ = √  0 ;
 
I 2 
1
 
−i 
ℏ2 1 √ 
E3 = − ℏω0 , |3⟩ =  2  .
I 2 
i

ùp‰Ñ¢Sþ´L n‡§ÏL ´Åðþ.y y

t = 0ž
i 1 i
|ψ (0)⟩ = |1, 1⟩ = |1⟩ + √ |2⟩ − |3⟩ .
2 2 2

30
?¿ž
i 1 i
|ψ (t)⟩ = |1⟩ e−iE1 t/ℏ + √ |2⟩ e−iE2 t/ℏ − |3⟩ e−iE3 t/ℏ .
2 2 2
⟨Lz (t)⟩ = ⟨ψ (t)| Lz |ψ (t)⟩ = ℏ cos ω0 t.

Kþ`§?¿žŒ±dŽ™§(‘žmüz). OŽ ‡©

§„´kJÝ. éuCz L–Ø2UC¯K§Ü·{Xùp£ã§OŽ(
½#L–§Ð©žżê3#L–¥Ðm§¿ ‘žmüz.
4.6∗ ²£ŽÎT̂ (a)L«²£¥þa²£C†§^=ŽÎR̂ (φ)L«7n¶^=Ýφ n

C†§˜m‡üŽÎΠ̂L«˜m‡üC†. ž`²T̂ (a)ÚΠ̂´ÄŒé´§R̂ (φ)ÚΠ̂´ÄŒ n

é´.
ë‰Y
(1) ²£ŽÎT (a) = e . k²£ ‡üÓuk‡ü 3ƒ‡•²£§¤±
−ia·p/ℏ

Π† T (a)Π = Π† e−ia·p/ℏ Π = Π† Πeia·p/ℏ = eia·p/ℏ = T (−a),

Œ„§T̂ (a)ÚΠØé´.
ΠT (dx) = T (−dx)Π§Œ±Π(1 − ip · x/ℏ)Π = 1 + ip · x/ℏ§ÏdΠ pΠ = −p§ †

=[p, Π] = 0.
+

^=ŽÎT (a) = e . ÄþŽÎ÷vΠ LΠ = L§¤±

−iφn·L/ℏ †

Π† R(φ)Π = Π† e−iφn·L/ℏ Π = Π† Πe−iφn·L/ℏ = e−iφn·L/ℏ = R(φ),

Œ„§R̂(φ)ÚΠé´.
4.7∗ bXÚM—îþ(š")
Ĥ = ez · [α(L̂ × p̂) + β p̂],

Ù¥§e ´z•ü ¥þ§L̂Úp̂©O´ÄþÚÄþŽÎ§αÚβ´~ê. ž`²ù‡X

z

Ú´Ääk˜m²£é¡5!7z¶^=é¡5!˜m‡üé¡5§¿‰ÑαÚβI‡÷
v^‡.
ë‰Y
 
Ĥ = α L̂x p̂y − L̂y p̂x + β p̂z .

31
Äk§·‚‡¦Ĥ ´’ŽÎ§
 
Ĥ † = α⋆ p̂y L̂x − p̂x L̂y + β ⋆ p̂z
 
= α⋆ L̂x p̂y − L̂y p̂x − L̂x p̂y + L̂y p̂x + p̂y L̂x − p̂x L̂y + β ⋆ p̂z
   
⋆
= α L̂x p̂y − L̂y p̂x + α [p̂y , L̂x ] − [p̂x , L̂y ] + β ⋆ p̂z
⋆

 
= α⋆ L̂x p̂y − L̂y p̂x + (β ⋆ − 2iℏα⋆ ) pz .

Ù¥
[p̂y , L̂x ] = [py , ypz − zpy ] = [py , y]pz = −iℏpz ,
[p̂x , L̂y ] = [px , zpx − xpz ] = −[px , x]pz = iℏpz .

?˜Ú§·‚Œ±‰Ñ
[p̂α , L̂β ] = iℏϵαβγ pγ .

ŠâĤ †
= Ĥ §‡¦α = α §=α´¢ê¶β
⋆ ⋆
− β = −2iℏα §=ℑβ = −αℏ.
T̂ = e−ix·p/ℏ §²£öŠ)¤´Äþp̂§¤±‡[Ĥ, p̂] = 0Ҍ±`XÚk²£é
¡5.
[H, p] = α[Lx py − Ly px , p] = α ([Lx , p]py − [Ly , p]px ) .

þãé´ªkα = 0žâé´.
¤±§kα = 0ž§[T̂ , Ĥ] = 0§=XÚk˜m²£é¡5§dž§βš"¢ê.
(β = 0´²Tœ¹)

7z¶^=§)¤´L̂ §Ïd[L̂ , Ĥ] = 0ž§XÚk7z^=é¡5.

z z

[Lz , H] = α[Lz , Lx py − Ly px ] = α[Lz , Lx ]py + Lx [Lz , py ] − α[Lz , Ly ]px − Ly [Lz , px ]

= −iℏαLy py − iℏαLx px + iℏαLx px + iℏαLy py = 0

=‡÷vα´¢ê§ℑβ = −αℏ§XÚk7z¶^=é¡5.
Ϗ§
Π̂† p̂Π̂ = −p, Π̂† L̂Π̂ = L,

¤±
Π̂† Ĥ Π̂ = −H.

32
Ïd§Ø ²Tœ¹H = 0§XÚØäk˜m‡üé¡5.

1ÊÙ ¥%å|
˜‡Ÿþmâf›3r = aÚr = bü‡ØŒBßÓ%¥¡ƒm$ħØ
5.1
3Ù§³"¦âfÄUþÚ8˜zżê.
ë‰Yµdu¥%å|V(r)†LÃ'§¤±Å¼êŒ±ŠCþ©l§=
ψnlm (r) = R (r) Ylm (θ, ϕ) ,

Ïd‰Ñ»•§
 
′′2 ′ 2m (E − V (r)) l (l + 1)
R + R + − R = 0.
r ℏ2 r2
e-u = rR§K‰Ñ»•§
 
′′ 2m (E − V (r)) l (l + 1)
u + − u = 0.
ℏ2 r2
äNK§ 
 0, a ≤ r ≤ b;
V (r) =
 ∞, r < a, r > b.

éuħl = 0§¤±»•§
2m (E − V (r))
u′′ + u = 0.
ℏ2
-k = √
2mE
ℏ
(E > 0) §KŒUżê

 Aeikr + Be−ikr , a ≤ r ≤ b;
u (r) =
 0, r < a, r > b.

|^>.^‡§‰Ñ
Aeika + Be−ika = 0,

Aeikb + Be−ikb = 0.

kš²T)^‡
eika e−ika
= 0,
eikb e−ikb

33
=
eik(a−b) − e−ik(a−b) = 2i sin k (a − b) = 0.

¤±
nπ
kn = , n = 1, 2, 3, · · · .
b−a
ÄUþ
ℏ2 k12 π 2 ℏ2
Eg = = .
2m 2m (b − a)2
3r = a?§»•Ä
u (a) = Aeika + Be−ika = 0,

‰ÑB = −Ae 2ika

,

Aeikr + Be−ikr = Aeikr − Ae2ika e−ikr = eika Aeik(r−a) − Aeik(a−r)

 
ika ′ π
= 2ie A sin k (a − r) = A sin (a − r) .
b−a
Ä8˜z
∞ ∞ b  
2 b−a
Z Z Z
′ 2 π
1= 2 2
R r dr = 2
u dr = |A | sin 2
(a − r) dr = |A′ | ,
0 0 a b−a 2
= r
′ 2
A = .
b−a
q§Ä¥¼êÜ©´Y = 00 √1
4π
§¤±Äżê
 q
1 1 π
 

2π(b−a) r
sin b−a
(a − r) , a ≤ r ≤ b;
ψ100 (r) =
 0, r < a, r > b.

5.2 £ H¤´•Ó ƒƒ˜§جu)βPC§˜Ñ>fÚ¥‡fC¤±-

3

3( He)Ø"b H f3PCc?uħ3β PC˜Ñ>f C¤ He lf§¿ b

3 3 3 +

f¥>fGØÉβPCK"OŽ3β PC He lf?31s!2sÚ2p(kn‡) 3 +

VÇ"
ë‰Yµ
β PCc f؟þCzŒ±ѧÏd§PCc f؆>fXÚzŸþØ
C. PCc §³|V (x) = − C¤V (x) = − (Z = 2). Šâa•f(J§ H f
e2 Ze2 3

Äżꌱ
r r

2
ψ100 (r, θ, ϕ) = e−r/a Y00 (θ, ϕ),
a3/2

34
Ù¥a = ℏ /µe ´BohrŒ».
2 2

PC fØ>Öl+eC¤ +2e£Ï PC a•f¼ê¥aC¤a/2¤§Ï

d§ He lf He lf1s!2sÚ2pżê©O
3 + 3 +

′ 2 −2r/a
ψ100 (r, θ, ϕ) = e Y00 (θ, ϕ),
( a2 )3/2
′ 1 r
ψ200 (r, θ, ϕ) = √
a 3/2
(1 − )e−r/a Y00 (θ, ϕ),
2( 2 ) a
′ 1 r −r/a
ψ21m (r, θ, ϕ) = √ a e Y1m (θ, ϕ). (m = −1, 0, 1)
2 6( 2 ) a
3/2

Ïd§βPC 3
He+ lf?3 VǏ
1s
Z ∞ Z π Z π 2
2 ′∗ 16 2
P1s = r dr sin θdθ dϕψ100 (r, θ, ϕ)ψ100 (r, θ, ϕ) = 2( ).
0 0 0 27
?32sVǏ Z ∞ Z π Z π 2
2 ′∗ 1
P2s = r dr sin θdθ dϕψ200 (r, θ, ϕ)ψ100 (r, θ, ϕ) = .
0 0 0 4
duY †Y §¤±?3n‡2pVÇя0"
1m 00

5.3 b•f3,‡ |eG3g^


ŝ L–eżê

z

ψ100 (r, θ, φ) + ψ211 (r, θ, φ)

 ,
2ψ2,1,−1 (r, θ, φ)
Ù¥§ψ (r, θ, φ)´ |u"ž•ff;żê"
nlm

(1) ¦;ÄþL̂ Úg^ŝ ϖŠ" z z

(2) ¦L̂ ŒUÿþŠÚƒAVÇ"

x

(3) XJ,gÿþL̂ (Jℏ §žÑÿþ G" 2

z
2

ë‰Y
Äkòżê8˜z  
1 ψ100 (r, θ, φ) + ψ211 (r, θ, φ)
|Ψ⟩ = √  ,
6 2ψ2,1,−1 (r, θ, φ)

(1) L̂z ϖŠ

⟨L̂z ⟩ = ⟨Ψ|L̂z |Ψ⟩
  
1  L̂z 0 |ψ100 ⟩ + |ψ211 ⟩
= ⟨ψ100 | + ⟨ψ211 | 2⟨ψ211̄ |   
6 0 L̂z 2|ψ211̄ ⟩
1 1
= (0ℏ + 1ℏ − 4ℏ) = − ℏ.
6 2

35
ŝz ϖŠ
⟨ŝz ⟩ = ⟨Ψ|ŝz |Ψ⟩
  
1 ℏ 1 0 |ψ100 ⟩ + |ψ211 ⟩
= ⟨ψ100 | + ⟨ψ211 | 2⟨ψ211̄ |   
6 2 0 −1 2|ψ211̄ ⟩
ℏ 1
= (1 + 1 − 4) = − ℏ.
12 6
,§†lżꈩþAǏ´Œ±"
1 2 1
⟨L̂z ⟩ = (0 + ℏ) + (−ℏ) = − ℏ;
6 3 2
1 ℏ ℏ 2 ℏ 1
⟨ŝz ⟩ = ( + ) + (− ) = − ℏ.
6 2 2 3 2 6

(2)·‚'%ÔnþÚÝÜ©k'"|ψ ⟩?3l = 0f˜m¥§ |ψ ⟩Ú|ψ ⟩? 100 211 211̄

3l = 1f˜m"du[L , L ] = 0§·‚Œ±©OÄl = 0Úl = 1ü‡f˜m"

2
z

3l = 0f˜m§|ψ ⟩´L §Š0.

100 x

3l = 1f˜m¥§ÀJÄ¥{|ψ 211̄ ⟩, |ψ210 ⟩, |ψ211 ⟩} §L̂ L«

x
 
√ 0 1 0
2  
L̂x = ℏ 1 0 1 .
 
2  
0 1 0

ÏLéz§·‚ŠÚ¥þ
     
1 1 1
 √ 
1 1   √ 
1
  
lx = −ℏ, φ1̄ = − 2 ; lx = 0, φ0 = √  0  ; lx = ℏ, φ1 = − 2 .
 
2  2  2 
1 −1 1

¦+ÄL̂ ŒUÿþŠ§g^Šþڊe´ØÓ§Ïd3l = 1f˜m

x

żê
1 2
|Ψl=1 ⟩ = √ |ψ211 ↑⟩ + √ |ψ211̄ ↓⟩
6 6

36
 1
⟨100, ↑ |Ψ⟩ = √ , ⟨100, ↓ |Ψ⟩ = 0,
6
1 1
⟨2, 1, lx = −ℏ, ↑ |Ψ⟩ = √ , ⟨2, 1, lx = −ℏ, ↓ |Ψ⟩ = √ ,
2 6 6
1 1
⟨2, 1, lx = 0, ↑ |Ψ⟩ = − √ , ⟨2, 1, lx = 0, ↓ |Ψ⟩ = √ ,
2 3 3
1 1
⟨2, 1, lx = ℏ, ↑ |Ψ⟩ = √ , ⟨2, 1, lx = ℏ, ↓ |Ψ⟩ = √ ,
2 6 6
¤±L̂ ŒUÿþŠ−ℏ§0Úℏ§VÇ©O
x

1 1 5
P−ℏ = ( √ )2 + ( √ )2 = ,
2 6 6 24
1 1 7
P0 = (− √ )2 + ( √ )2 = ,
2 3 3 12
1 2 1 2 5
Pℏ = ( √ ) + ( √ ) = .
2 6 6 24

(3) ψ2,1,1 Úψ 2,1,−1 ь±‰ÑL̂ ÿþŠℏ (J§Ïdÿþ G

2
z
2

 
1 ψ211 (r, θ, φ)
√  .
5 2ψ2,1,−1 (r, θ, φ)

18Ù >fg^
Cc5§ÄuþfåÆþfOŽ éŒ?Ð"þfOŽÅÄü ´þf
6.1
'A§ g^Jø ˜‡{ü²5?èþf'A§·‚òÙÄ¥IP| ↑⟩Ú| ↓⟩§
©O“Lŝ Šℏ/2Ú−ℏ/2ü«G. þfOŽÅéþföŠÏLþf€5
z

¢y§˜‡þf€¬3∆tžmSòÑ\C†Ñѧù‡L§dŽ™§£
ã§þfüzŒ±|^žmüzŽÎÛ (t, t )L« 0

|ψ(t)⟩ = Û (t − t0 )|ψ(t0 )⟩,

Ù¥§Û (t − t ) = e §t − t = ∆t§Ĥ û½ù‡üzL§M—îþ.

0
−iĤ(t−t0 )/ℏ
0

(1) k˜«C†¡ƒ£€§§Š^¬¦| ↓⟩Ú| ↑⟩)ƒ §=

 
1 0
Ûφ =  ,
0 eiφ

37
Ù¥§φ´¢~ê"¦¢yƒ£€¤I‡M—îþÝ L«"
(2) k˜«C†¡Ü6š€§§ò| ↑⟩C†| ↓⟩§ò| ↓⟩C†| ↑⟩§=
 
0 1
Ûnot =  .
1 0

¦¢yÜ6š€¤I‡M—îþÝ L«"
ë‰Y
(1) duƒ£€öŠ´éz§Ïdü‡ˆgÕáüz§)˜‡ ƒ §
Ïd    
e−iE1 τ /ℏ 0 1 0
Û (τ ) =  = ,
−iE2 τ /ℏ iφ
0 e 0 e
=
2nπℏ 2mπℏ ℏφ
E1 = ; E2 = − .
τ τ τ
¤±§Û Œ±L«    
(E1 −E2 )τ
−i −i Eτ
(E1 +E2 )τ e 2ℏ 0 (E1 +E2 )τ e ℏ 0
Û = e−i 2ℏ  (E −E )τ
 = e−i 2ℏ 
Eτ
,
i 1 2ℏ 2
0 e 0 ei ℏ

Ù¥E = = E1 −E2 (n−m)πℏ

+ ℏφ
§Ù¥N = n − m?¿ê. ÑÛ ¥
= πℏ
(N + φ
)
Nƒ §ùƒuÑ Ĥ ¥~ê‘. ¤±HamiltonianŽÎŒ±L«
2 τ 2τ τ 2π

 
πℏ φ  1 0 
Ĥ = (N + ) .
τ 2π 0 −1

Œ„§‡¢yù‡H(½ö`öŠ)§‡3z•þ\þ˜‡^|§^|rݏB =
πℏ φ
µB τ
(N + 2π
).

duÛ ´šé§L²ü‡üzƒp'é"Äk¤éÛ éz"ÏL˜

(2) not not

‡NC†Q̂§=  
1 0
Q̂† Ûnot Q̂ = Û ′ =  ,
0 −1
Ù¥C†Ý Q̂  
1 1 1
Q̂ = √  .
2 1 −1
3ézL–¥§aqu(1)§·‚Œ±
2πℏn 2πℏm − ℏπ
E1 = , E2 = .
τ τ

38
Ïd§    
E1 −E2 τ
e−iE1 τ /ℏ 0 E +E
−i 1 2 2 τℏ
e−i 2 ℏ 0
Û ′ =  =e  E1 −E2 τ
,
0 e−iE2 τ /ℏ 0 ei 2 ℏ

Ù¥ E1 −E2
= πℏ

(n − m) + 12 = πℏ

(N + 21 ) §Ù¥N = n − m´?¿ê. ÑÛ ¥ ′

Nƒ (=§Ĥ ~ê‘)§k
2 τ τ
′
 
πℏ 1 1 0
Ĥ ′ = (N + )  .
τ 2 0 −1

Ïd  
πℏ 1 0 1
Ĥ = Q̂Ĥ ′ Q̂† = (N + )  .
τ 2 1 0
Œ„§‡¢yù˜Hamiltonian§I‡3x•\þ˜‡^|§^|rݏB =
πℏ
µB τ
(N + 12 ).

  

6.2 ü‡g^s = 1/2âf(Œ©E)3(S , S )L– β   β " 1z 2z

α1 α2

1)¦H = V (σ σ − σ σ )ŠÚ¥§ V ´~ê"

1 2

0 1x 2y
  1y 2x    0

2) t = 0ž§NX   §¦?¿žuyNX?u   A

1 0 0 1
0 1 1 0
Ç"
ë‰Yµ
(1) 3(S S )L–¥Ä¥©O
1z 2z

|1⟩ = χ+ (1) χ+ (2) |2⟩ = χ− (1) χ− (2)

|3⟩ = χ+ (1) χ− (2) |4⟩ = χ− (1) χ+ (2)

qσ χ x ± = χ∓ , σy χ± = ±iχ∓ 
H |1⟩ = V0 (σ1x σ2y − σ1y σ2x ) χ+ (1) χ+ (2)

= V0 (iχ− (1) χ− (2) − iχ− (1) χ− (2))

= 0

H |2⟩ = V0 (σ1x σ2y − σ1y σ2x ) χ− (1) χ− (2)

= −V0 (iχ+ (1) χ+ (2) − iχ+ (1) χ+ (2))
= 0

39
 Œ„|1⟩Ú|2⟩´H §Šþ0.
q
H |3⟩ = V0 (σ1x σ2y − σ1y σ2x ) χ+ (1) χ− (2)

= V0 (−iχ− (1) χ+ (2) − iχ− (1) χ+ (2))

= −2iV0 |4⟩
H |4⟩ = V0 (σ1x σ2y − σ1y σ2x ) χ− (1) χ+ (2)

= V0 (iχ− (1) χ+ (2) + iχ− (1) χ+ (2))

= 2iV0 |3⟩

Œ„I‡|3⟩Ú|4⟩‚5|ܧ§
    
0 2iV0 c1 c1
  =E 
−2iV0 0 c2 c2
E ± = ±2V0 §éA¥
1
|ψ± ⟩ = √ (|3⟩ ∓ i |4⟩)
2
=
E1 = 0 |ψ1 ⟩ = |1⟩

E2 = 0 |ψ2 ⟩ = |2⟩
1
E3 = 2V0 |ψ3 ⟩ = √ (|3⟩ − i |4⟩)
2
1
E4 = −2V0 |ψ4 ⟩ = √ (|3⟩ + i |4⟩)
2
2) ?¿tž¥
4
X
|ψ (t)⟩ = cn e−iEn t/ℏ |ψn ⟩
n=1
4
X
|ψ (0)⟩ = cn |ψn ⟩ = |3⟩ =⇒ cn = ⟨ψn |3⟩
n=1

=
1 1
c1 = 0 c2 = 0 c3 = √ c4 = √
2 2
1 1
|ψ (t)⟩ = √ e−i2V0 t/ℏ |ψ3 ⟩ + √ ei2V0 t/ℏ |ψ4 ⟩
2 2
1 i2V0 t/ℏ i i2V0 t/ℏ
+ e−i2V0 t/ℏ |3⟩ + − e−i2V0 t/ℏ |4⟩



= e e
2 2
= cos (2V0 t/ℏ) |3⟩ − sin (2V0 t/ℏ) |4⟩

40
   

?¿žNX?u 0   1 AǏsin (2V t/ℏ).

1 0 2
0

†È{
·‚rÄ¥˜m^S 1z ⊗ S2z 5*ЧéAÄ¥˜mÏd´
φ = (| ↑1 ↑2 ⟩, | ↑1 ↓2 ⟩, | ↓1 ↑2 ⟩, | ↓1 ↓2 ⟩)T .

t=0 žÐ|Ψ(t = 0)⟩ = (0 1 0 0) . T

(1)

H = V0 (σ1x ⊗ σ2y − σ1y ⊗ σ2x )

       
0 1 0 −i 0 −i 0 1
= V 0  ⊗ − ⊗ 
1 0 i 0 i 0 1 0
   
0 0 0 −i 0 0 0 −i
   
 0 0 i 0   0 0 −i 0 
= V0  −
   

 0 −i 0 0   0 i 0 0 
   
i 0 0 0 i 0 0 0
 
0 0 0 0
 
 0 0 i 0 
= 2V0  .
 
 0 −i 0 0 
 
0 0 0 0

Ù{L§ë„c¡OŽL§"
6.3 Äg^s = ℏXÚ§æ^ŝ L–"
1
z

(1) ¦ŽÎP̂ = αŝ + βŝ ŠÚ8˜z§Ù¥α!⠏~ê¶

2

x y

(2) eXÚ?3P̂ ,‡þ§¦ÿþŝ (J+ ℏAÇ" y

1
2

ë‰Yµ(1)    
ℏ 0 1  ℏ  0 −i 
ŝx = , ŝy = .
2 1 0 2 i 0
¤±  
ℏ 0 α − iβ
P̂ = .
2 α + iβ 0

41
P̂ §     
ℏ 0 α − iβ c c
 1  = λ 1 .
2 α + iβ 0 c2 c2
)Š
ℏp 2 ℏp 2
λ1 = α + β 2, λ2 = − α + β 2,
2 2
ƒA¥þ
   
√1 √1
2 2
|ψ1 ⟩ =  α+iβ
, |ψ2 ⟩ =  α+iβ
.
√ −√
2(α2 +β 2 ) 2(α2 +β 2 )

(2) 3ŝ L–e§ŝ §

z y
    
ℏ  0 −i   c1  c1
= λ ,
2 i 0 c2 c2

Š
ℏ ℏ
λ1 = , λ2 = − ,
2 2
ƒA¥þ    
√1 √1
2 2
|ϕ1 ⟩ =  , |ϕ2 ⟩ =  .
i
√
2
− √i2
Ïd§?3|ψ ⟩ž§ÿþŝ (J+ ℏAǏ
1 y
1
2

1 β
|⟨ϕ1 |ψ1 ⟩|2 = + p ;
2 2 α2 + β 2

?3|ψ ⟩ž§ÿþŝ (J+ ℏAǏ

2 y
1
2

1 β
|⟨ϕ1 |ψ2 ⟩|2 = − p .
2 2 α2 + β 2

6.4 ,‡dü‡s = 1/2ۍg^|¤XÚ§ÙM—îþH = J(ŝ ŝ + ŝ ŝ ) + x x

1 2
y y
1 2

J ŝ ŝ §Ù¥ŝ Úŝ “Lü‡g^§J ´~ê"½Â'é¼êC = ⟨0|ŝ · ŝ |0⟩/ℏ §Ù

z z
0 1 2 1 2 s 1 2
2

¥|0⟩´XÚÄ"XJC > 0§·‚¡ü‡g^´c^'é§XJC < 0§·‚¡ü‡

s s

g^´‡c^'é"b½·‚¤ÄXÚ¥J > 0"

(1) ¦XÚg^'éá5éJ 6'X" 0

42
(2) éuJ = J œ¹§2Ú\˜‡÷z•rݏB ^|§ž‰ÑXÚg^'éá5
0

u)=C(=u)/c^‡c^0½ö/‡c^c^0'é=C).^|rÝ"
ë‰Y
(1) ·‚Œ±òM—îþU
J + −
H= (ŝ ŝ + ŝ− + z z
1 ŝ2 ) + J0 ŝ1 ŝ2 ,
2 1 2
, ÀÄ¥{| ↑↑⟩, | ↑↓⟩, | ↓↑⟩, | ↓↓⟩}§ÑM—îþÝ L«§2éz¦ÑĶ½
öUìƒc·‚JL|^†È*ŒHilbert˜m{§†rH ¤4 × 4Ý L«§
, éz‰ÑÄUþ"
·‚Œ±Šâ®ŝ · ŝ ´g^ü­Úg^n­§5†ÑM—îþ 1 2

"
·‚òM—îþU
H = Jŝ1 · ŝ2 + (J0 − J)ŝz1 ŝz2 .

Œ±y²[ŝ ŝ , ŝ ŝ ] = 0§
z z
1 2
x x
1 2

[ŝz1 ŝz2 , ŝx1 ŝx2 ] = ŝz1 ŝz2 ŝx1 ŝx2 − ŝx1 ŝx2 ŝz1 ŝz2 = ŝx1 ŝx2 ŝz1 ŝz2 − ŝx1 ŝx2 ŝz1 ŝz2 = 0.

ùp§·‚|^ ØÓg^ƒmŒ±†(é´)§ éuӘg^§ŝ Úŝ ‡é´§ x z

=ŝ ŝ = −ŝ ŝ §ù´g^1/2XÚAk5Ÿ"Ó§Œ±y²[ŝ ŝ , ŝ ŝ ] = 0"Ï

x z z x
z z
1 2
y y
1 2

d§[ŝ ŝ , ŝ · ŝ ] = 0§M—îþÒ´g^ü­Úg^n­"u´§M—îþ
z z
1 2 1 2

ÚUþ
3 1
|1⟩ = |0, 0⟩, E1 = − ℏ2 J − ℏ2 (J0 − J),
4 4
1 2 1 2
|2⟩ = |1, 1⟩, E2 = ℏ J + ℏ (J0 − J),
4 4
1 2 1
|3⟩ = |1, 0⟩, E3 = ℏ J − ℏ2 (J0 − J),
4 4
1 2 1
|4⟩ = |1, −1⟩, E4 = ℏ J + ℏ2 (J0 − J).
4 4
éug^ü­§C s = −3/4 < 0 §éug^n­§C s = 1/4 > 0.
g^ü­
− − +
1 2 z z s+
1 s2 + s1 s2
Cs = ⟨1|ŝ1 · ŝ2 |1⟩/ℏ = 2 (⟨↑↓ | − ⟨↓↑ |) (s1 s2 + (| ↑↓⟩ + | ↓↑⟩)
 2ℏ
 2
1 1 1 1 1 3
= + − − =− .
2 4 4 2 2 4

43
g^n­
− − +
1 s+
1 s2 + s1 s2
Cs = ⟨2|ŝ1 · ŝ2 |2⟩/ℏ2 = ⟨↑↑ |(s z z
s
1 2 + | ↑↑⟩
ℏ2 2
1
= .
4
N´y§éu|3⟩Ú|4⟩§C = . s
1

Ïd§·‚I‡(½XÚÄ‘J Cz"Šâþ¡UþŠLˆª§E > E §

4

0 3 1

¤±XÚÄ3|1⟩Ú|2⟩£½ö|4⟩¤ƒm=†"E < E ž§XÚ´‡c^'é§ 1 2

E > E ž§XÚ´c^'é§=C.:
1 2

3 1 1 1
− ℏ2 J − ℏ2 (J0 − J) = ℏ2 J + ℏ2 (J0 − J)
4 4 4 4
)J = −J "Ïd§J > −J ž§XÚ´‡c^'é§J < −J ž§XÚ´c^'
0 0 0

é"
(2) 3J = J œ¹e§ ^|u"ž§XÚÄ´g^ü­§XÚ´‡c^'é
0

"Ú\^| XÚM—îþ
µB
Ĥ = Jŝ1 · ŝ2 − µs · B = Jŝ1 · ŝ2 + 2B (ŝ1z + ŝ2z ),
ℏ
Ù¥§g^^ݏµ̂ = −2 ŝ§µ ´À^f"XÚog^Úog^z©þÅð§X
s
µB
B

ÚE,´g^ü­Úg^n­"dž§3g^n­¥§|1, −1⟩äk$
ℏ

Uþ§E = ℏ J − 2Bµ § g^ü­Uþ؝6u^|§E,E = − ℏ J "Ï

2
1 2
B 1
3 2

d§u)g^'é=C^‡E < E §=B > §¤±u)=C.^|rݏ

4 4
ℏ2 J
2 1 2µB

ℏ2 J
Bc = .
2µB

6.5 n‡Óâf3Xe˜‘³|¥$ħ

 0, 0 ≤ x ≤ a;
V (x) =
 ∞, x < 0,x > a.

âfmÃpŠ^"Ŝ = Ŝ + Ŝ + Ŝ og^z©þ§Ù¥Ŝ !Ŝ ÚŜ ©On‡

z z
1
z
2
z
3
z
1
z
2
z
3

âfg^z©þ"
(1) XJn‡âf´g^1/2âf§¦XÚÄUþÚ{¿Ý§¿ÑÙ¥Ŝ Œ z

Šżê"
44
 XJn‡âf´g^1âf§¦XÚÄUþÚ{¿Ý§¿ÑÙ¥Ŝ ŒŠ
(2) z

żê"
ë‰Y: éuÓâf§I‡ÄNżêé¡/‡é¡5§±9éu¤’f ó§
kPauli؃Nnå"
ü‡âf£;Ü©¤r
2 nπx π 2 ℏ2 n2
|n⟩ = sin , En = .
a a 2ma2
g^1/2âf¤’f§ü‡>f،UӞ?3Ә‡üâf§Ïdďü
(1)
‡g^ƒ‡âf?3|1⟩§˜‡?3|2⟩"ÄUþ
3π 2 ℏ2
Eg = 2E1 + E2 = .
ma2
Ϗ3?3|2⟩âfg^kü«ŒU§¤±Ä{¿Ý2"·‚ò1i‡>f‹IL«
(x , θ )§Ù¥x ¢˜m‹I§θ g^©þ‹I"Ŝ ŒŠG?3|2⟩â
i i i i
z

fg^•þ§u´Å¼ê
ψ(x1 , θ1 ; x2 , θ2 ; x3 , θ3 )

 3/2 (sin πxa 1 )δθ1 ↑ (sin πxa 2 )δθ2 ↑ (sin πxa 3 )δθ3 ↑
1 2
=√ (sin πxa 1 )δθ1 ↓ (sin πxa 2 )δθ2 ↓ (sin πxa 3 )δθ3 ↓ .
6 a
(sin 2πx
a
1
)δθ1 ↑ (sin 2πx
a
2
)δθ2 ↑ (sin 2πx
a
3
)δθ3 ↑

(2) g^1âf´ÀÚf§n‡âfŒ±?3Ә‡üâf§ÏdÄUþ
3π 2 ℏ2
Eg = 3E1 = .
2ma2
Uþ†g^GÃ'§z‡âfg^kn«ŒU§3Ŝ L–e©OP|1⟩§|0⟩§|1̄⟩§ z

¤±o
kn = 3 = 27«ŒU"
3

S z /ℏ |ψ⟩ N
3 |111⟩ 1
2 |110⟩ , |101⟩ , |011⟩ 3
1 |111̄⟩ , |11̄1⟩ , |1̄11⟩ ; |100⟩ , |010⟩ , |001⟩ 6
0 |11̄0⟩ , |101̄⟩ , |011̄⟩ ; |1̄10⟩ , |1̄01⟩ , |01̄1⟩ ; |000⟩ 7
−1 |11̄1̄⟩ , |1̄11̄⟩ , |1̄1̄1⟩ ; |1̄00⟩ , |01̄0⟩ , |001̄⟩ 6
−2 |1̄1̄0⟩ , |1̄01̄⟩ , |01̄1̄⟩ 3
−3 |1̄1̄1̄⟩ 1

45
dž§g^ژm‹IŒ±©l§Ïn‡âf˜mÜ©´Ó˜‡üâf§¤±˜
mÜ©U÷v†é¡§Ïdg^Ü©7L†é¡"g^27«ŒUGo
Œ
±|ÜÑ10«†é¡G§Ù¥§og^z©þ3ℏ1«§og^z©þ2ℏ1«§
og^z©þℏ2«§og^z©þ02«§og^z©þ−ℏ2«§og^z©þ
−2ℏ1«§og^z©þ−3ℏ1«"
S z /ℏ ψ (symmetric) N
3 |111⟩ 1
2 √1 (|110⟩ + |101⟩ + |011⟩) 1
3
1
1 √
3
(|111̄⟩ + |11̄1⟩ + |1̄11⟩) ; √13 (|100⟩ + |010⟩ + |001⟩) 2
1
0 √
6
(|11̄0⟩ + |101̄⟩ + |011̄⟩ + |1̄10⟩ + |1̄01⟩ + |01̄1⟩) ; |000⟩ 2
−1 √1 (|11̄1̄⟩ + |1̄11̄⟩ + |1̄1̄1⟩) ; √13 (|1̄00⟩ + |01̄0⟩ + |001̄⟩) 2
3
1
−2 √
3
(|1̄1̄0⟩ + |1̄01̄⟩ + |01̄1̄⟩) 1
−3 |1̄1̄1̄⟩ 1

Œ„§{¿Ý10"Ù¥Ŝ ŒŠÅ¼ê z
 3/2
2 πx1 πx2 πx3
ψ(x1 , x2 , x3 ) = sin sin sin |1⟩|1⟩|1⟩.
a a a a

ü‡Ÿþm§g^ Óâf›3x•þ‰˜‘$Ä"b½§‚ƒmƒ
6.6 1

pŠ^†g^Ã'§ †§‚ƒmålk'§äN/ª
2


 0, |x − x | ≤ a;
1 2
V (x1 − x2 ) =
 ∞, |x1 − x2 | > a.

Ù¥§x Úx ©Oü‡âf‹I"
1 2

(1) ¦XÚÄUþÚÄżê¶
(2) XJÚ\˜‡z •^|§g^3d^|eÉŠ^Ĥ = −λ(σ + σ )§Ù m
z
1
z
2

¥σ´|Ý §λ = "¦džXÚÄUþÚÄżê"
π 2 ℏ2
ma2

ë‰Y
(1) ƒpŠ^†g^Ã'§;Úg^gd݌±©l"g^Ü©§ü‡>fŒ±ko«
G§=ü­
1
|s⟩ = √ (| ↑↓⟩ − | ↓↑⟩)
2

46
n­
|t+1 ⟩ = | ↑↑⟩
1
|t0 ⟩ = √ (| ↑↓⟩ + | ↓↑⟩)
2
|t−1 ⟩ = | ↓↓⟩.

XÚ;Ü©½Ž™§
ℏ2 d d
− ( 2 + 2 )Φ(x1 , x2 ) = EΦ(x1 , x2 ).
2m dx1 dx2
ƒpŠ^†ƒéålk'§Œ±ÏLÚ\XeCþòüN¯KzüN¯K"Ÿ%‹I
ڃé‹Iµ
mx1 + mx2 1
xc = = (x1 + x2 ), x = x1 − x2 .
m+m 2
oŸþÚzŸþµ
mm 1
mc = 2m, µ= = m.
m+m 2
XÚżꌱ
Ψ(xc , x) = ϕ(xc )ψ(x).

Ÿ%$ÄÜ©§µ
ℏ2 d
− ϕ(xc ) = Ec ϕ(xc ).
2mc dx2c
ƒé$ÄÜ©§
ℏ2 d
− ψ(x) = [E − Ec ]ϕ(x) = Er ϕ(x).
2µ dx2
Ÿ%$ÄÜ©)
√
1 2mEc
ϕ(xc ) = √ eikc xc , kc = ± .
2π ℏ
ƒé$ÄÜ©)
r
1 nπ n2 π 2 ℏ2
ψ(x) = sin (x + a), En = , n = 1, 2, 3, · · · .
a 2a 4ma2
XÚ;żê
r
1 1 nπ
Ψ(xc , x) = √ eikc xc sin (x + a),
2π a 2a
éuħATkk c =0 §3Äg^Ü©±9>fXÚżê‡÷v‡é¡'X§·
‚k 
 √1 cos nπx |s⟩, n = 1, 3, 5, · · · ;
2πa 2a
|Ψ⟩ =
 √1 sin nπx |t⟩, n = 2, 4, 6, · · · .
2πa 2a

47
Ù¥§|s⟩“Lg^ü­§|t⟩“Lg^n­¥˜‡"
ďn = 1§ÄUþ
π 2 ℏ2
Eg = ,
4ma2
Äżê
1 π
|Ψg ⟩ = √ cos x(| ↑↓⟩ − | ↓↑⟩).
2πa 2a

(2) Ú\^| §ØKŸ%$ÄÜ©§ÏdÄE,éAuk c =0 §g^Ü©Uþ

2π 2 ℏ2 2π 2 ℏ2
|s⟩ : 0, |t+1 ⟩ : − , |t0 ⟩ : 0, |t−1 ⟩ : .
ma2 ma2
Ïd§Än = 2§ƒAg^Ü©|t +1 ⟩ = | ↑↑⟩ "ÄUþ
π 2 ℏ2
Eg = − ,
ma2
Äżê
1 π
|Ψg ⟩ = √ sin x| ↑↑⟩.
πa a

6.7 3˜‘Á³² 
 0, 0 ≤ x ≤ a;
V (x) =
 ∞, x < 0,x > a.

¥kü‡g^s = 0Óâf§âfmÃpŠ^"
(1)ÑNX$ü‡U?§Ñ{¿Ý§¿‰ÑƒAżê¶
(2)Ó(1)§âfg^s = 1/2;
(3)Ó(2)§âfƒm3Óg^k'ƒpŠ^³V = As · s (A > 0)" 1 2

ë‰Yµ˜‘Á³²üâfUþÚżê
 q
2
2 2 2
nπ ℏ 
a
sin nπx
a
0<x<a
En = ψn (x) = (n = 1, 2, ...)
2µa2  0 x > a, x < 0

(1) ĵξ = 2E = §š{¿§Ψ = ψ (x ) ψ (x )

1 1
π 2 ℏ2
µa2 1 1 1 1 2

1˜-uµξ = E + E = §š{¿§Ψ = [ψ (x ) ψ (x ) + ψ (x ) ψ (x )]
2 1 2
5π 2 ℏ2
2µa2 2 √1 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1

(2) ĵξ = 2E = §š{¿§Ψ = ψ (x ) ψ (x ) |00⟩

2
π 2 ℏ2
1 1 µa2 1 1 1 1 2

48
 1˜-uµ

ξ 2 = E1 + E2 = 5π 2 ℏ2
2µa2
§4­{¿§

 √1
[ψ1 (x1 ) ψ2 (x2 ) + ψ1 (x2 ) ψ2 (x1 )] |00⟩

 2 

 |11⟩

 

Ψ2 =

 √1 [ψ1 (x1 ) ψ2 (x2 ) − ψ1 (x2 ) ψ2 (x1 )] |10⟩
2



 


  |11̄⟩


(3) V = As1 · s2 = A2 S 2 − 23 ℏ2 s1 · s2 = 21 (S 2 − s21 − s22 )

ĵξ = 2E − Aℏ =
1 §š{¿§Ψ = ψ (x ) ψ (x ) |00⟩
1
3 2 π 2 ℏ2
µa2
− 34 Aℏ2 1 1 1 1 2

1˜-uµξ = E + E − − Aℏ §š{¿§
4
3 2 5π 2 ℏ2 3 2
Aℏ = 2 1 2 2µa2

[ψ (x ) ψ (x ) + ψ (x ) ψ (x )] |00⟩"(5µdžg^n­Uþp§g^Ü©
4 4

Ψ =
2 √1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1

Uþ Aℏ )
2
1 2

Ù¥
4

1
|00⟩ = √ (χ+ (1) χ− (2) − χ+ (2) χ− (1)) |11⟩ = χ+ (1) χ+ (2)
2
1
|10⟩ = √ (χ+ (1) χ− (2) + χ+ (2) χ− (1)) |11̄⟩ = χ+ (1) χ+ (2)
2

?Ø:XJ3þK¥ƒpŠ^´V = −As · s (A > 0)" 1 2

XJü‡âfÑ?3³²$U?§du;ܩżê†´é¡§g^Ü
©Å¼ê†7L‡é¡§¤±U´s = 0§=Ψ = ψ (x )ψ (x )|00⟩§´‡š{¿ 1 1 1 2

§éAUþ´E = + Aℏ "Uìþ¡(J§XJü‡âf©O?u³ π 2 ℏ2
µa2
3 2

²$ü‡U?þ§og^s = 0½ö1ь±§©OéAUþ + Aℏ (s =
4
5π 2 ℏ2 3 2
2µa2

0)Ú − Aℏ (s = 1)§cö´š{¿§ ö´n­{¿§äNżê/ª

4
5π 2 ℏ2 1 2
2µa2

„(2)"¤±·‚„I‡' + Aℏ Ú − Aℏ Œ"A > ž§Än

4
π 2 ℏ2 3 2 5π 2 ℏ2 1 2 3π 2
µa2 2µa2 2µa2

­{¿§E = − Aℏ ¶A < ž§Äš{¿§E = + Aℏ "

4 4
5π 2 ℏ2 1 2 3π 2 π 2 ℏ2 3 2
g 2µa2 4 2µa2 g µa2 4

1ÔÙ Cq{
3?na•f¯Kž§·‚Ï~òfØwŠ‘>:âf§´¢SfØ
7.1
´˜‡deZŸfÚ¥f|¤kŒ¢N§§Œ±w‰´˜‡kŒ»R¥
N§ ˜‡Ünb´oØ>Öê+Zeþ!©Ù3ù‡¥NS"±¢S>f¤É³
U†òfØÀ:âfž ‡6§OŽØ>Öê+Zea•fÄUþ˜
?‡6?"
49
ë‰Y
fØ>֗ݏ
Ze 3Ze
ρ= 3
= .
4πR /3 4πR3
Šâpd½n·‚Œ±OŽÑfØS >|rݧ3r > R?§Šâ
I
Ze
E · dS = ,
S ε0
·‚k
1 Ze
E= ,
4πε0 r2
3r < R?§Šâ
ρ 4π 3 Zer3
I
E · dS = 4πEr2 = r = ,
ε0 3 ε0 R 3
·‚k
S

1 Zer
E= .
4πε0 R3
Ïd§fØ)>³§3r > R?§
Z r
1 Ze 1 Ze
U (r) = − dr = ,
4πε0 ∞ r2 4πε0 r
3r < R?§
R r
r3
Z Z  
1 Ze 1 Zer 1 Ze 3r
U (r) = − 2
dr − 3
dr = − .
4πε0 ∞ r 4πε0 R R 4πε0 r 2R 2R3
Ïd§>f³U   
 − 1 Ze2 3r − r3
, r ≤ R;
4πε0 r 2R 2R3
V (r) = 2
 − 1 Ze , r > R.
4πε0 r

u´§‡6‘   
 − 1 Ze2 3r − r3
− 1 , r ≤ R;
4πε0 r 2R 2R3
Ĥ ′ =
 0, r > R.
•fÄÃ{¿§Ïd§•fÄUþ˜?‡6?
Z
(1) ′ ∗
E1 = ⟨100|Ĥ |100⟩ = ψ100 (r, θ, ϕ)H ′ (r)ψ100 (r, θ, ϕ)r2 sin θdrdθdϕ

ϏH (r)†θÚϕÃ'§¤±ÝÜ©È©1§eérÈ©§
′

R 2
r3
Z  
(1) 1 4 −2r/a Ze 3r
E1 =− e − − 1 r2 dr.
4πε0 a3 0 r 2R 2R3
ϏR ≪ a§¤±þªÈ©¥e −2r/a
≈1 §Ïd
R
Ze2 r3 Ze2 R2
Z  
(1) 1 4 3r 2
E1 =− − − 1 r dr = .
4πε0 a3 0 r 2R 2R3 5πε0 a3

50
7.2∗ ÄXe‘Á³²§

 0, 0 ≤ x ≤ a, 0 ≤ y ≤ a;
V (x) =
 ∞, . Ù§œ¹
(1) ˜‡âf3T³²¥$ħâf„ɘ‡ ³|V Š^§ ′

V ′ (x) = λxy,

Ù¥λ > 0§¿ λ´þ"|^‡6nØOŽXÚÄÚ1˜-uUþ˜??"

(2) ü‡g^s = 1/2Óâf3³³¥$ħâfƒmkXe>ƒpŠ^§

′
Vint = −ηŝ1 · ŝ2 δ(r1 − r2 ),

Ù¥§ηþ§ŝ Úŝ ü‡âfg^§r Úr ü‡âf‹I"|^‡6nØOŽ

1 2 1 2

XÚÄUþ˜??"
ë‰Y
(1) ™‡6XÚÚŠ
2 n1 πx n2 πy
|n1 , n2 ⟩ = sin( ) sin( ),
a a a
π 2 ℏ2 2
En1 ,n2 = (n + n22 ),
2ma2 1
Ù¥§n Ún ê"
1 2

ÄéAun = n = 1§Ã{¿§ÏdÄUþ˜??
1 2
Z a Z a
(1) ′4λ πx 2 πy
E1,1 = ⟨1, 1|Ĥ |1, 1⟩ = 2 dx dyxy sin2 sin .
a 0 0 a a
|^ 
2
a a
, m = n;
Z
mπx nπx 4

dxx sin sin = ,
0 a a 2
 [(−1)m+n − 1] 22mna2 2 2 , m =
̸ n.
(m −n ) π

k
(1) λa2
E1,1 = .
4
1˜-ukü­{¿§©OéAun 1 §
= 1 n2 = 2 n1 = 2 n2 = 1 Ú § §Ïd·‚I‡
^{¿‡6nØ"I‡Ý §
λa2 256λa2 λa2
⟨1, 2|Ĥ ′ |1, 2⟩ = , ⟨1, 2|Ĥ ′ |2, 1⟩ = , ⟨2, 1|Ĥ ′ |2, 1⟩ = .
4 81π 4 4

51
Ïd§1˜-u˜??éA§
    
λa2 256λa2
c1 c1
 4 81π 4   = E1(1)  .
256λa2 λa2
81π 4 4
c2 c2

)
(1) λa2 256λa2
E1 = ± .
4 81π 4

g^1/2¤’f§Äü‡âfÑ?3üâf|1, 1⟩§og^ü­§Ïd§
(2)
ď
2 πx1 πy1 πx2 πy2
|ψ0 ⟩ = ( )2 sin sin sin sin |0, 0⟩s ,
a a a a a
Ù¥§|0, 0⟩ s = √1 (|
2
↑↓⟩ − | ↓↑⟩) ´g^Ü©żê"ÄUþ˜??
(1) ′
E0 = ⟨ψ0 |V̂int |ψ0 ⟩
Z
4 πx1 πy1 πx2 πy2
= −η 2 dx1 dy1 dx2 dy2 δ(r1 − r2 ) sin2 sin2 sin2 sin2
a a a a a
×s⟨0, 0|ŝ1 · ŝ2 |0, 0⟩s
3ηℏ2
Z
πx1 πy1
= 2 dx1 dy1 sin4 sin4
a a a
27 2
= ηℏ .
64
Ù¥
1 3
⟨0, 0|s1 · s2 | 0, 0⟩ = ⟨0, 0|(S 2 − s21 − s22 )| 0, 0⟩ = − ℏ2 .
2 4

7.3∗ 3,‡¬N|¥§g^S = 2lfM—îþ

Ĥ = αŜz2 + β(3Ŝx2 + Ŝy2 ).

Ù¥§β ≪ α"±¹β‘‡6§|^‡6nØOŽXÚU?–˜?Cq"
ë‰Y
‡6‘Œ±U
 !2 !2 
Ŝ+ + Ŝ− Ŝ+ − Ŝ−  = 1 Ŝ+2 + Ŝ−2 + Ŝ+ Ŝ− + Ŝ− Ŝ+ .
   
Ĥ ′ = β 3 +
2 2i 2

52
|^Äþ,üŽÎ4íúªŒ±(S = 2)
p
S ± |S, m⟩ = S(S + 1) − m(m ± 1)ℏ|S, m ± 1⟩.
√ √ √ √
Ŝ+2 |0⟩ = 6ℏŜ+ |1⟩ = 2 6ℏ2 |2⟩ , Ŝ+2 |−2⟩ = 2ℏŜ+ |−1⟩ = 2 6ℏ2 |0⟩ , Ŝ+2 |−1⟩ = 6ℏŜ+ |0⟩ = 6ℏ2 |1⟩ .
     
2 2
Ŝ+ Ŝ− + Ŝ− Ŝ+ |2⟩ = 4ℏ |2⟩ , Ŝ+ Ŝ− + Ŝ− Ŝ+ |−2⟩ = 4ℏ |−2⟩ , Ŝ+ Ŝ− + Ŝ− Ŝ+ |0⟩ = 12ℏ2 |0⟩ ,
   
Ŝ+ Ŝ− + Ŝ− Ŝ+ |1⟩ = 10ℏ2 |1⟩ , Ŝ+ Ŝ− + Ŝ− Ŝ+ |−1⟩ = 10ℏ2 |−1⟩ .

, ·‚k
Ŝz |m⟩ = mℏ |m⟩ .

3Ŝ L–e§ÀÄ¥{|2⟩, | − 2⟩, |0⟩, |1⟩, | − 1⟩}§"?ڇ6M—îþ©O

z
   √ 
4 0 0 0 0 4 0 6 0 0

 0 4 0
  √ 
 0 0 

 0
 4 6 0
0 

√ √
Ĥ ′ = βℏ2 

2
  
Ĥ0 = αℏ  0 0 0 ,
0 0   6 6 12 0 0 .
   
 0 0 0 1 0   0 0 0 10 3 
   
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 3 10

"?CqeˆU?
E1 = E2 = 4αℏ2 , E3 = 0, E4 = E5 = αℏ2 .

y3ÄUþ˜?Cq§éu11!2U?§U`´{¿§I‡^{¿‡6?n"Œ
±w3{¿f˜mSšé0§ù¿›X3˜?Cqeجu)Ä¥­|§U?Ø
¬u)©§¤±Œ±†‰Ñ(^{¿‡6‰ÑÓ(J)
D E D E
(1) (1)
E1 = 2|Ĥ ′ |2 = 4βℏ2 , E2 = −2|Ĥ ′ | − 2 = 4βℏ2 .

éu13U?§´š{¿§¤±
D E
(1) ′
E3 = 0|Ĥ |0 = 12βℏ2 .

éu14!5U?§´{¿§¿
 f˜mSšé؏"§I‡^{¿‡6?n§òÝ
βℏ  103 103 éz§Uþ˜?Cq
2

(1) (5)
E4 = 7βℏ2 , E4 = 13βℏ2 .

53
7.4 Ä3Xe˜‘f³³¥$ÄŸþmâf§
1
V (x) = mω 2 x2 ,
2
^C©{OŽÙÄUþ"
(1) b·‚ÀXeÁ&żê,
1
ψα (x) = ,
x2 + α
Ù¥α > 0"¦C©ÄUþ"
(2) b·‚^C©{ÄUþ0.6ℏω §ž‰ÑÁ&Ä|0̃⟩†ýÄ|0⟩
­Üݧ=|⟨0̃|0⟩| Š"
2

ë‰Y
ŒU^È©úªµ Z
dx 1 −1 x
= tan ,
x 2 + a2 a a
2n − 3
Z Z
dx x dx
2 2 n
= 2 2 2 n−1
+ 2
,
(x + a ) 2(n − 1)a (x + a ) (2n − 2)a (x + a2 )n−1
2

xm dx xm−2 dx xm−2 dx
Z Z Z
2
= − a .
(x2 + a2 )n (x2 + a2 )n−1 (x2 + a2 )n

(1) XÚM—îþ
p̂2 1
Ĥ = + mω 2 x̂2 .
2m 2
π
⟨ψα |ψα ⟩ = 3/2 ,
2α
2
πℏ π 1
⟨ψα |Ĥ|ψα ⟩ = 5/2
+ mω 2 1/2 .
8mα 4 α
Ïd§
⟨ψα |Ĥ|ψα ⟩ ℏ2 1
E(α) = = + mω 2 α.
⟨ψα |ψα ⟩ 4mα 2
Šâ
dE(α) ℏ
=0 ⇒ α= √ ,
dα 2mω
k
ℏω
Emin (α) = √ .
2

54
(2) ÄÁ&żꌱ3˜‘f˜m¥Ðm§=
X
0̃ = cn |ψn ⟩ .
n

Ïd3dÁ&żêeUþ
X
⟨E⟩ = |cn |2 En ,
n

Ù¥E = (n + 1/2) ℏω´˜‘fUþ"Œ±wѧ3‰½⟨E⟩ = 0.6ℏωœ¹

n

e§‡¦ 0̃|0 ¿›XØ Ä©þ Ґ¹1˜-u§

2

 
2 2

3 2
⟨E⟩ = α E0 + 1 − α E1 = − α ℏω = 0.6ℏω,
2

α2 = 0.9.

=
2
0̃|0 min
= 0.9.

1lÙ þf[
˜‡XÚM—îþĤ = Ĥ + V̂ §®E Ĥ ˜‡­{¿U?§éA
8.1 0
0
0

ψ Úψ ž§‡6Ý ´µ
(0)
1
(0)
2
 
6 2
V = ℏω  
2 3

(1) ¦˜?CqUþÚ("?Cqżê"
(2) 3t = 0ž§XÚ?uGψ §¦3‡6Š^e§,˜žt[Gψ ¥
(0) (0)
1 2

VÇ"
ë‰Y
){˜
(1) d{¿‡6úª§Uþ˜??÷v§

6ℏω − E (1) 2ℏω

= 0,
2ℏω 3ℏω − E (1)

55
)ÑE (1)
1 = 2ℏω §E (1)
2 = 7ℏω §{¿)Ø"¤±§˜?CqUþ
E1 = E 0 + 2ℏω,

E2 = E 0 + 7ℏω.
 

("?CqÅ¼ê Ψ0 =  
a
b
§§÷v§
    
6 2 a a
ℏω     = E (1)   .
2 3 b b

òE (1)
= 2ℏω “\§Œ¦a = − §ÏdƒA8˜z("?Cqżê
b
2
 
(0) 1 1
Ψ1 = √  .
5 −2
 

ÓŒ±)ѧE = 7ℏωž§ (1) (0)

Ψ2 = √15  
2
1
"
(2) tžG  
c(t)
ψ(t) =  .
d(t)

±ψ Úψ Ä¥§M—îþŒ±
(0)
1
(0)
2
 
(0)
E +6 2
Ĥ = Ĥ0 + V̂ = ℏω  .
(0)
2 E +3

ψ(t) ÷vŽ™§ÚЩ^‡
     
(0)

 ∂ 
c E +6 2 c
iℏ ∂t  = ℏω   ,



d 2 E (0) + 3 d


   

 c(0) 1
ψ(0) =  =  .

 

d(0) 0



-    
c c1 (t)
  = e− ℏi (E 0 +6ℏω)t  
d d1 (t)
“\Ž™§  
 ċ = −2iωd ,
1 1
 d˙1 = −iω(2c1 − d1 ),

56
)
A iωt
c1 = 2Be−iωt − e
2
d1 = Ae4iωt + Be−iωt

Ù¥§AÚB–½Xê"dЩ^‡  
1
ψ(0) =  
0

c (0) = 1§d (0) = 0§=

1 1 
 A + B = 0,
 4B − A = 2,

)A = − §B = "¤±2
5
2
5
 
4 −iωt 1 4iωt
i 0 +6ℏω)t e + e
ψ(t) = e− ℏ (E  5 5 .
2 −iωt 2 4iωt
5
e − 5
e
 

ψ(t) = 
c(t)
d(t)
 = c(t)ψ1(0) + d(t)ψ2(0) §Ïd§tžTNXdψ [ψ VÇ (0)
1
(0)
2

 2
2 −iωt 2 4iωt 8
W1→2 = |d(t)|2 = e − e = (1 − cos 5ωt).
5 5 25

){
d¹ž‡6úª Z t 2
1 ′
Wk′ →k = Hk′ ′ k eiωk′ k t dt′ ,
ℏ
òH §ω “\
0
′
12 = 2ℏω 12 =0
1
W1→2 = 2
|2ℏωt|2 = 4ω 2 t2 .
ℏ
?ص){˜žî‚(J§){´˜?‡6Cq(J"‡6OŽ7L÷v‡6
Ø·^^‡§ùŒ±lî‚)Ðmª¥wѧ
25ω 2 t2 (5ωt)4
 
8 8 25
W1→2 = (1 − cos 5ωt) = 1 − (1 − + + · · · ) = 4ω 2 t2 − ω 4 t4 + · · ·
25 25 2! 4! 3
ωt ≪ 1ž§Ñp‘§‡6OŽ(J†î‚(J˜—"
8.2 Ä3Xe˜‘f³²¥$ÄŸþm§>Öþqâf§
1
V (x) = mω 2 x2 .
2

57
3t = 0ž§Ú\˜‡÷x•Xe/ªêóÀ>|E §
E(t) = E0 e−t/τ ,

Ù¥§τ ´óÀ°Ý§E ´þ"

0

(1) ¦‡6Úåâf3ˆ‡½ƒm[ÀJ½K"
(2) b3Ú\>|câf?3ħ|^˜?‡6nØOŽ3>|Ú\žm âfE
,?3ÄVÇ"
(3) XJ³²„3Xeš{‘§

VAH (x) = λx4 ,

Ù¥λ´þ§@o3ò[VÇÄλ œ¹e§¦[ÀJ½K" 2

ë‰Y
(1) ™‡6Xڏ˜‡˜‘f§½Uþ
1
En = (n + )ℏω.
2
‡6M—îþ
Ĥ ′ = qE(t)xe−t/τ .

½|i⟩Ú|j⟩ƒm[ÀJ½KdÝ ⟨i|Ĥ (t)|j⟩û½" ′

r
ℏ
⟨i|Ĥ ′ (t)|j⟩ = qE⟨i|x|j⟩ = qE ⟨i|(â + ↠)|j⟩,
2mω
Ïd§ÀJ½K
∆n = ±1.

(2) Šâ£1¤¥ÀJ½K§âfU[1˜-u§[VǏ
Z ∞ 2
1
P10 = 2 ⟨1|Ĥ ′ (t)|0⟩ei(E1 −E0 )t/ℏ dt
ℏ 0
2 2 ∞ 2
q E
Z
= ⟨1|(â + ↠)|0⟩e(iω−1/τ )t dt
2ℏmω 0
2 2 2
q E 1
=
2ℏmω iω − 1/τ
q2E 2τ 2
= .
2ℏmω(1 + ω 2 τ 2 )

58
Ïd§ÄVǏ
q2E 2τ 2
P0 = 1 − P10 =1− .
2ℏmω(1 + ω 2 τ 2 )

du[VÇ'u‡6‘3UþƒmÝ §·‚I‡¦ÑV —é

(3) AH

Uþ?§ [VÇ'uÝ ²§¤± ¦Ñ[Vǖλ ? 2

§·‚I‡¦ÑV —Uþ?–λ§=Uþ˜?Cq"Šâ
AH

ℏ 2
VAH (x) = λ( ) (â + ↠)4 ,
2mω
·‚Œ˜?‡6CqeUþ
|n′ ⟩ = |n⟩ + λC1 |n − 2⟩ + λC2 |n + 2⟩ + λC3 |n − 4⟩ + λC4 |n + 4⟩.

ϏK8I‡ä= U?mk[§¤±·‚ØI‡OŽÑC !C !C ÚC äN 1 2 3 4

Š"Šâ£1¤¥vkÄV ž[ÀJ½K§·‚Œ±Ä V ÀJ½K

AH AH


∆n = ±1, ±3, ±5.

1ÊÙ âf3>^|¥$Ä
9.1 Ÿþm>f3ð½^|B = (B cos α, B sin α, 0)¥$ħt = 0ž>f?
0 0

uS = ℏ/2þ§ØÄ>f;$Ä">fg^^ݏµ = − S§¿
z s
e

-ω = "¦
mc
eB0

(1) ?¿žt>fżêψ(S , t)¶

2mc

(2) ,‡žt>fg^u)‡=AǶ
(3) ?¿žÿþŜ ŒUŠÚƒAAǧ±9?¿ž⟨S ⟩Š"
x x

5µ>f^Ý3^|¥ÉƒpŠ^H = −µ · B" s

ë‰Yµ
(1)σ L– z
 
−iα
eℏB0 0 e
H = −µs · B = (cos ασx + sin ασy ) = ℏω  .
2mc eiα 0

59
Ïd)ŠÚ¼ê
 
1 1
E+ = ℏω |+⟩ = √  ;
2 eiα
 
1 1
E− = −ℏω |−⟩ = √  .
2 −e iα

        
1 1 1 c+ + c−
|ψ(Sz , 0)⟩ = |χ+ ⟩ =   = √1 c+   + c−   = √1  .
0 2 e iα
−eiα 2 (c+ − c− ) eiα
½ö†
 
1 1
 = √1 ,
 
c+ = ⟨+|ψ(Sz , 0)⟩ = √ 1 e−iα 
2 0 2
 
1  1
 = √1 .

c− = ⟨−|ψ(Sz , 0)⟩ = √ 1 −e −iα 
2 0 2

Ïd    
1 eiωt + e−iωt cos ωt
|ψ(Sz , t)⟩ = = .
2 iα −iωt
e e iα iωt
−e e iα
−ie sin ωt

(2)
P (Sz = −ℏ/2) = |⟨χ− |ψ(Sz , t)⟩|2 = sin2 (ωt) .

(3) 3σ L–e§S ŠÚ©O

z x
 
1 1
λ+ = ℏ/2, |x+ ⟩ = √   ,
2 1
 
1 1
λ− = −ℏ/2, |x− ⟩ = √  .
2 −1

¤±ŒUÿþŠÚƒAAǏ
1 1
λ+ = ℏ/2, P+ = |⟨x+ |ψ(Sz , t)⟩|2 = + sin α sin (2ωt) ,
2 2
1 1
λ− = −ℏ/2, P− = |⟨x− |ψ(Sz , t)⟩|2 = − sin α sin (2ωt) .
2 2

60
?¿ž⟨S ⟩Š x

⟨Sx ⟩ = ⟨ψ (Sz , t)| Ŝx |ψ (Sz , t)⟩

  
ℏ 0 1 cos ωt
cos ωt + ie−iα sin ωt 


=  
2 1 0 −ieiα sin ωt
ℏ
= sin α sin 2ωt.
2
½ö
ℏ
⟨Sx ⟩ = λ+ P+ + λ− P− = sin α sin 2ωt.
2

‘á£>f3‘²¡S$Ĥœ$L¥>fM—îþŒ±Xe©
9.2
þ/ª§  
0 p̂x − ip̂y
Ĥ = vf  ,
p̂x + ip̂y 0
Ù¥v ´~ê"3R†²¡•£z•¤\þ˜‡rݏBþ!^|§žOŽù‡
f

XÚKU?"
ë‰Y
·‚ÀJLandau5‰§
A = (0, Bx, 0).

u´§Äþy•©þC
p̂y → p̂y + eB x̂.

Ïd§M—îþŒ±
 
0 p̂x − ip̂y − ieB x̂
Ĥ = vf  .
p̂x + ip̂y + ieB x̂ 0

½Ž™§
    
0 p̂x − ip̂y − ieB x̂ ψ(x, y) ψ(x, y)
vf   =E ,
p̂x + ip̂y + ieB x̂ 0 ϕ(x, y) ϕ(x, y)

=
vf (p̂x − ip̂y − ieB x̂)ϕ(x, y) = Eψ(x, y),

vf (p̂x + ip̂y + ieB x̂)ψ(x, y) = Eϕ(x, y).

61
Šâþ¡üª§·‚k
vf2 [p̂2x + p̂2y − eBℏ + 2eB x̂p̂y + e2 B 2 x̂2 ]ϕ(x, y) = E 2 ϕ(x, y).

ϏM—îþ¥Ø¹ŷ§¤±ϕ(x, y)Œ±
i
ϕ(x, y) = µ(x)e ℏ py y .

Ïd§·‚k
py 2
[vf2 p̂2x + vf2 e2 B 2 (x̂ + ) ]µ(x) = (E 2 + eBℏvf2 )µ(x).
eB
-m = §ω = 2v eB§KþªC
1
2vf2
2
f

p̂2x
 
1 2
 py  2
µ(x) = E 2 + eBℏvf2 µ(x),


+ mω x̂ +
2m 2 eB
´˜‘fUþŠ§"¤±
 
2 1
E + eBℏvf2 = n+ 2vf2 eBℏ,
2
Ïd √ √ √
E = ±vf 2eBℏ n ∝ ± n.

5¿§·‚ùp´ÏLϕ(x,p y)÷v§Uþ§XJ|^ψ(x, y)÷v§

{§q¬E = ±v 2eBℏ(n + 1)§ùž‡%§ù‡(J‡¦ψ(x, y) ̸= 0§
f

·‚żê´ü©þ§‡ψ(x, y)Úϕ(x, y)˜‡Ø"Ҍ± §ùpψ(x, y) ´Œ±

u"§ ϕ(x, y)ØUu"§¤±E = ±v 2eBℏn"ù˜:·‚3e¡Ž{¥w
√
f

¬˜Ù"
ù«M—îþaquƒéØþfåÆ¥£ßþDirac¤’fM—îþ§·‚
Œ±wÑù«âfKU?†Ï~šƒéØâfkéŒØӧش'uên
´√n§¿ 3"UKU?"
·‚Œ±æ^±e{"|^ÅÄþ
Π̂x = p̂x + eAx , Π̂y = p̂y + eAy ,

½Âž«Ú)ŽÎ
1 1
â = √ (Π̂x − iΠ̂y ), ↠= √ (Π̂x + iΠ̂y ).
2ℏeB 2ℏeB
Ú ÷v[â, â ] = 1"M—îþŒ±
â ↠†

   
√ 0 â 0 â
Ĥ = vf 2ℏeB   = ℏω  ,
↠0 ↠0

62
Ù¥ω = v "Ĥ §Ĥ|ψ⟩ = E |ψ⟩"·‚N´
q
2eB
f ℏ n

 
†
ââ 0
Ĥ 2 = ℏ2 ω 2  .
†
0 â â

Ïd§·‚kü‡§§
ℏ2 ω 2 â↠|ψ1 ⟩ = ℏ2 ω 2 (↠â + 1) = En |ψ1 ⟩,

ℏ2 ω 2 ↠â|ψ2 ⟩ = En |ψ2 ⟩.

|^ŽÎn̂ = â â|n⟩§·‚k
†

|ψ1 ⟩ = |n − 1⟩, |ψ2 ⟩ = |n⟩,

n = 0ž§|ψ ⟩ = 0"
1

Ïd§Ĥ Š2

En2 = ℏ2 ω 2 n,

Ĥ Š √
En± = ±ℏω n.

Ĥ §  
1 |n − 1⟩
|En± ⟩ = √  .
2 ±|n⟩

1›Ù Ñ
10.1 ˜‡Ÿþm§Äþp = ℏkâf)A³V (r) = V 0
ae−r/a
ѧ٥V
0 >
0§a > 0"|^À CqOŽ‡©Ñ¡ÚoÑ¡"
r

ë‰Y
ŠâÀ Cq‡©Ñ¡úª§·‚k
Z ∞ 2
4m2 V02 a2
σ(θ, ϕ) = 4 2
e−r/a sin qrdr
ℏq 0

£q = 2k sin ¤
2 2 6
4m V0 a θ
= 4 .
ℏ [1 + 4k 2 a2 sin2 (θ/2)]2 2

63
oÑ¡
2π π
4m2 V02 a6
Z Z Z
1
σt = σ(θ, ϕ)dΩ = dϕ dθ sin θ
ℏ4 0 0 [1 + sin2 (θ/2)]2
4k 2 a2
16m2 V02 a6
= 4 .
ℏ (1 + 4k 2 a2 )

10.2 ʇŸþm$UâféXeM¥³Ñ§

 0, r > r ;
0
V (r) =
 ∞, r ≤ r0 .

ÄsÅѧOŽ‡©Ñ¡ÚoÑ¡"
ë‰Y
Šâ?n¥%á|¯K˜„{§3Äs©Åœ¹e§-u(r) = rR (r)§ 0

Kr > r ž»•§
0
d
u(r) + k 2 u(r) = 0
dr
éuM¥³§·‚ku(r ) = 0§ÏdsÅÏ)
0

 A sin k(r − r ), r > r ;
0 0
u(r) =
 0, r ≤ r0 .

ùp§k = √2mE/ℏ"Šâƒ£½Â§·‚kƒ£δ 0 = −kr0 "Ïd§s©ÅÑ̏

1
f0 (θ, ϕ) = − e−ikr0 sin kr0 .
k
ϏÄs©Å§¤±‡©Ñ¡
sin2 kr0
2
σ(θ, ϕ) = |f0 (θ, ϕ)| = .
k2
oÑ¡
4π
σt = 2
sin2 kr0 .
k
éu$Uѧkr 0 ≪1§Ïd
σ(θ, ϕ) ≈ r02 , σt = 4πr02 .

64
10.3∗ Äü‡Ÿþm§g^1/2š4zÓâfѧ§‚ƒmƒpŠ^

 −V σ · σ , r ≤ a;
0 1 2
V (r) =
 0, r > a.

Ù¥§σ Úσ ´|Ý §V > 0"3$UCqe§Äs©Å§OŽ‡©Ñ¡Ú

1 2 0

oѡ"
ë‰Y
ŠâƒpŠ^/ª§üâfżêg^ژmÜ©Œ±©l"Äs©Å§Kżê
˜mÜ©´é¡§Šâ|n§g^Ü©7L‡é¡§¤±g^Ü©´ü­"Š
â
2
σ1 · σ2 = [S(S + 1) − S1 (S1 + 1) − S2 (S2 + 1)],
ℏ2
S1 = S2 = 1/2 ±9ü­S = 0§·‚Œ±džƒpŠ^

 3V , r ≤ a;
0
V (r) =
 0, r > a.

éus©Å§»•§
d2
2
u(r) − κ2 u(r) = 0, (r ≤ a)
dr
d2
u(r) + k 2 u(r) = 0, (r > a)
dr2
Ù¥
2µ(3V0 − E) 2µE
κ2 = , k2 = .
ℏ2 ℏ2
ùpµ = m/2´zŸþ"Šâ¥%å|‡¦§u(r)÷v
u(0) = 0,

Ïd§3r < a«

u(r) = A(eκr − e−κr ).

3r ≥ a«§u(r)Œ±
u(r) = B sin(kr + δ0 ).

Šâ)/ª§·‚uyδ Ò´ƒ£"|^r = a?żê9ÙêëY^‡§k

0

tan(ka + δ0 ) tanh κa
= ,
k κ

65
)
k
δ0 = arctan( tanh κa) − ka.
κ
$Uâf÷vk ≪ 1§k ≪ κ ≈ κ §Ù¥κ 0
2
0 = 6µV0 /ℏ2 §Ïd§
tanh κ0 a
δ0 ≈ ka( − 1).
κ0 a
ÄÓ5§Ñ¡
4
σ(θ, ϕ) = |f (θ, ϕ) + f (π − θ, π + ϕ)|2 = sin2 δ0 .
k2
éusÅѧvkn­ z§¤±§oÑ¡
Z
1 4π 2 tanh κ0 a
σt = σ(θ, ϕ)dΩ = 2
δ0 = 4πa2 ( − 1)2 ,
4 k κ0 a
Ù¥§κ 0 =
√
3mV0 /ℏ"

66